osman hedayat

The current research aims to evaluate and examine the role of rural itinerants in the integration of rural society into the market economy. The approach of this research is based on the views raised in economic sociology and inspired by the theories of Polanyi, Granwater, Smelser, Swedberg, Slater and Tonkis.The narratives of 15 itinerants in the villages of the Hawraman region of Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces were analyzed due to a paucity of information. Utilizing the principles of Clandinin and Conley’s narrative research, data from semi-structured interviews were acquired through the snowball method and analyzed using thematic analysis. The results were obtained in the form of five secondary categories: Nomadism as a network of social relationships, rural nomadism and local development, urban-rural links and the role of rural nomads in them, the expansion of communication and transportation and the reduction of the presence of nomads, and the expansion of the role of capital and money in villages and the role of nomads.The elimination of itinerants and, as a result, the emergence of border trade and market practices in the region was the result of the separation of economic relations from social relations and the expansion of communication and transportation. Therefore, the role and position of itinerants in the rural integration and development acted as a reverse mechanism, leading to a decline in their role and position as the market economy progressed.

The present research, by problematizing the water crisis in Iran and Kurdistan province, has tried to analyze the situation of institutional and public water transfer disputes as a solution to this crisis. In this regard,  the question of whether the transfer of water in the province has provided an opportunity for its development or if it has led to development bottlenecks, analyzing the debates and controversies of two institutional perspectives in the form of experts and managers of the regional water company of the province has been raised. Kurdistan and civil and environmental activists are concerned about the transfer of water from the west to the east of the province. Therefore, the sustainable development approach, which seeks the connection and interaction of the three spheres of society, economy and environment, has formed the theoretical basis of this research. The methodology is based on theoretical and experimental goals and position, while institutional ethnography is based on the experiences, knowledge, views of the interviewees [31 semi-structured interviews], and the review of statistics and documents related to the discussion of water, and its leading crisis has been water transfer in Kurdistan province. According to the analysis of 6 secondary categories, the results show that managers and experts consider climate change and natural obstacles to water exploitation as the basis of many conditions and obstacles to sustainable management of water resources, while activists focus on the weakness of sustainable management of water resources. They also emphasize, managers and institutional experts highlight the lack of integrated water management and the lack of funds as the basis of institutional weakness and the indifference of the academic elite and provincial representatives to the water issue, and the lack of bargaining power in allocating water to the province. They consider political issues and lack of public participation as the reason for this. And finally, it can be concluded that water transfer is not considered an opportunity but a bottleneck and challenge for the province's development.

Bachtiar Ali’s novel, My Uncle Jamshid Khan: Whom the Wind Was Always Taking, is one of the prominent novels in Kurdish literature that narrates the turbulent social life of the Kurdish nation in Iraqi Kurdistan. Using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, which examines the text at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation, to the ideologies inside and outside the novel and the type of encounter the novel has with them in the social and political context of Iraqi Kurdistan since the 80s and 90s has been paid. The findings indicate that by using magical realism in this novel, the author shows a good way to protest the existing situation and the increasing prevalence of problems and sufferings of the society, and shows his confusion from this situation in the form of imagination and reality., the author tries to criticize the dominant ideologies of this era such as Baathist fascism, the dominance of communist ideas, the imposed war between Iran and Iraq, civil wars between Kurdish parties and extremism. Islam has emerged as a phenomena such as the dominance of the media and the press in the social and political environment, as well as the problem of immigration and refugees. The main theme of the novel is a critique of the current situation and the ruling ideologies in these two decades of Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as expressing the confusion of the Kurdish nation and subject.

The purpose of the present study is to study the historical sociology of international relations in the context of the formation of the social-political currents of Kurdistan of Iran in its historical backwardness using the theory of Uneven and compound development. The main question of the research is that Iranian Kurdistan in the [second] Pahlavi period, despite the weakness of economic, social and cultural indicators, how is it possible to form currents in the socio-political context in a state of historical backwardness? The prevailing view on development in a general sense dictates that a level of economic, political, social and cultural development is necessary for the formation of social political currents. So how is it that in Iranian Kurdistan, despite the state of underdevelopment, we are faced with the formation and multiplicity of currents [and consequently their intersection]? The method used in this study is the method of historical sociology that has been influenced by the sequence of internal terms itself, the idea of Uneven and composite development, Uneven, composition, and development. According to the theoretical discussions and studies on the Kurdistan of Iran in the 60s, 70s Data selection and discussions have been made from the theoretical validity of the extent of the findings to the historical data. The results show that the logic of the formation of socio-political currents in Iranian Kurdistan was formed not by referring to the internal/external changes of the Kurdistan society, but based on its interaction and coexistence with societies that have been in a state of asynchronous synchronicity in terms of the development of Iranian Kurdistan. Therefore, the formation and later meeting of currents in Iranian Kurdistan in this historical situation can be on the one hand caused by the whip of external necessity in an asynchronous situation with the movement of points and the Historical Lag of Kurdistan in a simultaneous situation with the international affairs. The international community knew that this was possible by combining and replacing the international affairs with the internal affairs of Iranian Kurdistan.".

The current research aims to phenomenologically understand how the girls living in border lines face life after graduation. It uses girls' experiences as a basis for the situation analysis of graduates in border regions to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. Becuse of their inferior status, which can be due to gender discrimination, or/and their being border residents, or/and being an ethnic and religious minority, they have considered graduation as the only way out of the multiple intersections of inequality they face in life. The current research has discussed this subject with the graduating border-living girls to discover whether higher education has led them to improve their status. Therefore, the lived experience of female graduates of public universities has been studied in four dimensions: lived body, lived time, lived space, and lived human relationships after graduation. It  attempts to restore the voice and position of girls as subordinates in graduation status in a borderline, gender, and educational situation. For this, Max Van Manen's hermeneutic and methodological approach has been applied to interpret and analyze the experiences of 30 female graduates in various fields of public universities in rural and urban border areas of Marivan, Sarovabad, and Baneh. Considering that the narratives of university the border-living graduated girls are studies, a hermeneutic theoretical basis is adopted and mega-narratives, on the one hand, and rejecting pre-existing assumptions, are avoided. In this research, hermeneutic phenomenology (interpretation) with emphasis on Max Van Manen's perspective and technique is applied to acquire the lived experiences of female graduates. According to van Manen, harmonic phenomenology provides a systematic approach to studying and interpreting a phenomenon, and it also allows the phenomenon to be analyzed and discovered with an interpretative point of view so that the researcher can gain a deeper understanding during the interpretation process. The results showed that the interviewees' understanding of their bodies is indicative of a worn-out body, caused by the entry into higher education and the borderline situation. Girls experience time in the forms of stress and social suffering, and they perceive border space after graduation as an unsafe and unstable space. Themes indicate the idea of discerning time as understanding the suffering of exclusion and marginalization from development and politics. The subject-border situation has created an environment for female graduates that is insecure and unstable. A space born from the frontier position, the position of femininity, the position of graduation. This space has influenced and shaped both the body and time. The chain of dimensions was completed with the description and analysis of human relations lived in the border situation. In such a way that they put human relationships after graduation in a borderline position with contradictory relationships. Relationships that were formed by disconnecting from the previous position and entering the university, and then returning to the borderline position due to rejection in the work and job process, lack of re-creation of a better position and position. They also interpret human relationships in the form of contradictory relationships, which indicate a break from the relationships before and after the graduates, relationships that are unstable and experienced as interruptions. Therefore, although they have not been able to change their position by graduating, they have found a deep understanding of it, which indicates questioning the role of higher education in the change of women in border areas. The discussion of marginalized subjects due to being in a borderline position and being a woman has been this research's theoretical, experimental, and methodological position. The discussion of the life world of female graduates living in the border areas of Kurdistan province, who are in multiple intersections of subjugation, brings us to the multidimensionality and multifacetedness of their views, critiques, and situational pluralism. Discovering the multi-layered nature of their subordinate position - the layer of location (bordering), time position (graduate in the current state of the higher education system), ethnic position (being Kurdish), religious position (being Sunni), and more importantly, gender position (female) Being a girl) is one of the results of this research.

 Literature has always been part of the ideological struggle and the struggle against power structures. With the advent of the Frankfurt School, the issue of criticism and the negative view of the present of human society took on a more serious and coherent dimension. The achievement of the Frankfurt School is the "theory of critical aesthetics", which considers the original art to be independent and to reject and change the existing situation. The novel "No Friendship except Mountain" is based on a kind of critical realism that challenges power structures. The purpose of this study is to read the situation of immigration and asylum using Behrouz Buchani's novel "No Friend except the Mountain". Immigration and Asylum is a pretext for criticizing the current situation in liberal-democratic countries, which tries to narrate the situation of "Manus" prison by using the method of expression and protest tone and the use of symbols and metaphors. This challenges the emergence of new forms of capitalism and colonialism that manifest themselves in the refugee subject and refugee status.

This study is based on the analysis of the mechanisms of failure of cooperatives in the border areas of Kurdistan province. To achieve this, using the theoretical saturation obtained from the semi-structured interview data with 41 members of the board The board and CEO of border cooperatives of four border towns of Kurdistan province came to this end. The results show the existence of conditions of border underdevelopment due to weak communication and economic infrastructures. The causal and intervening conditions for the failure of cooperatives in the informal economy of the border showed that the dominance of the contradictory policies of state institutions and the lack of participation and knowledge of members about the cooperatives provided the conditions for this failure. This situation shows the lack of efficiency and weakness of the cooperatives, which is reflected in the consequences and socio-economic damages. The functional failure of the cooperatives has consequences such as the failure of the border resident’ card and the fuel card plan, the neglect of the employment of border residents, cultism and its damage, the reduction of the life expectancy of villagers in border areas, the collapse of the local economy and serious economic problems, and a decline in trust. It has become social in two dimensions: institutional and popular. Therefore, in order to maintain and improve the position and role of cooperatives, it is possible to apply government support and monitoring strategies, strengthen the general participation of the rural community, and improve the financial base of the cooperative.

The Naysar metropolitan area is the largest district with the largest population and at the same time has the most challenges and problems. Among these challenges and issues is the issue of ownership and housing, which in addition to planners and officials, has also involved the residents and landowners of this region. Therefore, the present study, considering the theory of urban regeneration and the current trend, seeks to analyze how the spatial-physical development of this area and the conflicts that have formed around land conflicts and provide property and housing rights to the residents of this area. . The method used in this study is an institutional ethnographic method that seeks to change the status quo with the strategy of defending the lower classes (residents). Therefore, using semi-structured interview data with 25 managers and urban planners as well as local trustees and collecting statistics and institutional information related to the measures taken in the study area, to analyze the current situation and present Solutions have been taken. The results show that due to the power of landlords and entrepreneurs, as well as institutions such as the municipality, marginalized people have been rejected or forced to accept the status quo in these conflicts. The categories of rural urban infrastructure, unconstitutional construction and smuggling of urban services, lack of strategic urban planning, lack of sufficient funds and lack of interaction of stakeholders indicate the conditions that have caused socio-economic instability.

The basic premise of this study is that border areas are considered as isolated areas - especially in terms of education - due to the nature of underdevelopment, and the border situation has led to the marginalization of education. In this research, considering the approaches to educational inequality, using the theories of O'Walley, Bourdieu and Ilyich, Bowles and Gintis, we have explained the educational issues in the border areas of Nanour and Khao and Mirabad districts. To this end, we are tired of the institutional ethnography method for analyzing documentary and statistical data and interviews. Therefore, it has analyzed statistics and educational documents in the notices, development documents, sites and sections of the educational institution, as well as interviews with teachers, principals and informants about the status of institutional education in the study areas. The results show that education in the studied border areas due to the dominance of the border economy, lack of educational facilities and lack of educational justice, unemployment and Kolberi and subsequent formation of soldier-teacher-Kolber and student-Kolber subjects and The lack of qualified and experienced teacher forces, as well as cultural factors and reasons, has been marginalized. This has ultimately led to students dropping out of school, increasing illiteracy and intensifying underdevelopment, and so on. Therefore, in the policies and programs of the country, especially in the programs of institutions related to formal and public education, including education, it is necessary to make a positive discrimination in the field of improving the level of education, allocation of facilities and forces in these areas.

From its earliest period of formation, the Kurdish novel has been a correlation of political and social developments and conflicts. Among the collection of novel analysis methods, the critical discourse analysis method is more consistent with the nature of this type of novel. One of the methods of examining this particular type of novel analysis and its most effective approach is the subconscious approach, which pays sp, special attention to its situational and political context in examining the text and examines it in three levels of description, explanation, and interpretation. The novel The Last Pomegranate of the World is one of the Kurdish political novels that read the events of the Kurdish uprising against the Ba'athist regime in Iraq and the coming to power of the semi-independent Kurdish government under the banner of the political parties in the region. The analysis of the text's propositions at the explanatory level shows that the political events of the period and the tumultuous atmosphere of the 1975s, the civil wars between the Kurdish parties, and the turbulent period that followed, have always failed, disappointed, and degraded. The novel's critical analysis is based on the novel's content, a critique of violence, politics, and power, which revolves around the fundamental theme of anti-authoritarianism and anti-politics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the activities of non-governmental organizations in the tendency towards nature and respect for the environment among students in Baneh and Marivan (Kurdistan Province). This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. 381 high school students were selected as the sample size and a standard questionnaire was distributed among them by stratified sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis method was performed according to the nature of data collected from Pearson correlation coefficient statistics and one-sample t-test in SPSS software. The results showed that the variable that had a higher mean than other variables among the respondents was the activity variable of non-governmental environmental associations. Another result of the present study was that the relationship between the performance and activities of the association was Environmental aspects of non- governmental institutions and students have been a positive and direct relationship in the society in question.

In the present study, Foucault's concepts of popular memory and anti-memory perspective are employed in order to re-construct memory and anti-memory strategies in Kurdish Novelistic discourse. The major assumption is that the Kurdish novel has undertaken this reconstruction, and so we have used the method of narrative analysis for this. Ata Nahaee’s first novel, Shoran Flower, with a realistic style to the strategies of re-reading the political realities of the past through the strategy of confronting the people with the imposed government, as well as the help of folklore and symbolizing the characters, speaks of events that took place in the middle of the First World War. Secondly, and at the same time as state-building, it has brought nationalist treatment to the Kurdish people in Iran, and this has caused confusion and memory loss among them. Nahaee’s second novel, Birds in the Wind, deals with the experience of a generation and the experience of its defeat. With reminiscent strategies for recreating generational memory and romanticizing space and tone to portray the tragedy of oblivion, the novel tells the story of a generation that did not achieve its dreams and was forgotten. Nahaee’s third novel, Bet on the Fate of Halale, re-reads the history of Iranian Kurdistan and its political realities. The novel betting on the chance Halale seeks to create a new experience of generational memory by politicizing folklore and using anti-memory metaphors, as well as discussing immigration and asylum and re-creating history. These three novels seek to recreate a generational and anti-memory memory that is bottom-up and anti-memory of Iranian nationalism.

The main issue of this research revolves around the fact that rural border residents have many problems earning a living, which has resulted in dependence on the help of support institutions. Based on the experiences of border residents in the form of interviews with 4 key informants in the villages of Khavomirabad rural district of Marivan city, in contrast to the supportive policies of government institutions, the policies and strategies adopted in this regard have been analyzed. In this regard, the participatory development approach and the institutional ethnographic method were used. The results were discussed and analyzed in the form of secondary categories, the shock of the end of activities of border markets, the failure of restorative policies, dependence on the assistance of supportive institutions, and spontaneous popular actions. The analysis of these categories showed that institutional policies supporting border residents have been ineffective and often negative. In contrast, the actions of rural border guards, which are described in the category of spontaneous actions of the people, have been indicative of confronting and filling the gaps of these actions and policies. Measures such as public participation in agriculture and animal husbandry, the creation of charitable funds, and public assistance in the development and reconstruction of villages have been a response to the policies and the unstable economic and social situation of these areas.

Abstract The hypothesis - based on the present study, suggests that border markets and related development have not been a good policy for the development of border areas. The present research method is the Grounded theory in which it deals with the field conditions, causation and intervention, consequences as well as strategies. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview with 45 stakeholders and stakeholders as targeted examples, including village heads, members of district and village councils, market experts, and saturation data. There were deep conversations. Based on the logic of the field theory method, the data were extracted in three levels of open, central, and selective coding. The number of concepts developed in this stage was 134 basic concepts, 15 core categories, 4 main categories, and one nuclear category. The main categories are; Lack of development infrastructure, the collapse of the agricultural and livestock sector, and socio-cultural isolation, inefficiency in restorative policies. An analysis of these categories led us to the core category of institutional and structural rejection of border communities. Based on this, it can be concluded that the logic governing border-based development, by presenting markets as the most important axis of development in these areas, has rejected border communities and destroyed their capacities and potentials. 

In historical periods, frontier communities were mainly communities that were, on the one hand, free in a certain territory and were ready to take risks and confront foreigners in defense of the mainland and were no different from centralists; but on the other hand, they have been constantly exposed to suspicion and marginalization. In other words, in many cases, border residents have been evaluated in the context of action, along with negative aspects, and usually, aspects and cultural values ​​or economic resources and possessions or even their common historical heritage with residents within borders and inland areas have been ignored. The aim of the present study is to look at the borderline and the conditions of families and their problems by following family injuries. The existence of a border economy and, consequently, its harms on the family and the context and conditions of frontier settlement can advance the roadmap of this research through the perspective of family experts. However, it should be asked what injuries are seen in families in border areas, and what is the context of these injuries, the causal conditions, and interventions that occur, and what are the consequences? What is the relationship between the border and the family? and what changes in the face of border conditions has made the issue of family pathology important?

  Interviews were analyzed using the Grounded Theory Methodology in which it seeks the context of the formation of problems, causal and interventional conditions, consequences and strategies. Interview duration ranged from 60 minutes to 120 minutes, and interviews were conducted with three family experts and civil society activists. These included family counselors, sociologists and university professors, psychologists and civic activists, as well as assistants and experts from the Relief, Welfare, Sports and Youth Departments of Marivan and Baneh, who were interviewed at their workplaces and they were conducted individually and in the form of in-depth interviews. In terms of analytical technique, thematic analysis technique was used.

The interviews with 30 people reached theoretical saturation and in the form of 19 primary categories there were also five secondary categories: the transformation of socio-cultural values, the dominance of the border economy, Culbery and family injuries, disregard for educational and counseling issues, and ignoring new issues and family injuries. The results indicate changes in the socio-cultural system of families with the introduction of conflicting values, polarization of the age of marriage, weak intergenerational ties and the dominance of the cultural atmosphere of Iraqi Kurdistan and tourists. In this situation, the society is in a turmoil of issues and problems that need to be examined more seriously. Here, what has formed the core category is the family category in crisis. A family whose values are transformed. The conditions under which the frontier economy has prevailed and Culbery itself is the damage of this economy and the reproduction of more serious and tangible damage. Also, a situation that has led to a lack of interest in education and counseling, and the result of all this is new injuries and issues that are increasing every day and has caused a crisis in the structure and heart of families.

Economic gaps and inequalities, lack of investment and youth unemployment, and people’s dependence on unsustainable border livelihoods, rising cost of living, and the spread of border corruption are among the most important consequences of the border economy in these areas. Culbery was  cited as the situation with as harming the economy and at the same time causing other harms, such as increasing sexual and physical harm, increasing domestic violence, consuming energy for Culbery and lowering Culbery. This situation has also exacerbated the harms of lowering the age of the victims, early divorces and the prevalence of family sexual issues, the harms of cyberspace and the emotional divorce of couples, which are ignored due to the lack of education. Therefore, in order to provide any solution for these injuries, the cooperation and coordination of stakeholder government institutions, family counseling clinics, non-governmental organizations and families should be prioritized.

Current study seeks to present a narrative of the residents of the suburbs of Sanandaj on the provision of services and urban facilities. This was in contrast to the narratives of the Water and Wastewater Company's experts and statistics, documentation and information were posted on the company's website. The underlying assumption of this study revolves around the fact that suburbs lack adequate facilities and services and have been neglected. To this end, we have used sustainable urban development approaches, urban regeneration and quality of life to explain and change this. With regard to the subject and purpose of the study, we used the institutional ethnographic method by which the researcher seeks to expose the status quo and then provide strategies for changing the status quo. Therefore, data were gathered through theoretical, purposeful sampling with maximum diversity and semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation with 20 subscribers and 7 experts of Kurdistan Water and Wastewater Company, as well as statistics and relevant documents were collected. The information collected was discussed in terms of concepts, primary and secondary categories. Primary categories were conflicting secondary services, quality of technical management, poor technical management, lack of coordination of events, lack of inter-organizational collaboration, inappropriate network infrastructure, and lack of customer-centricity, uncertainties, and overheads. They were drawn and extracted from these categories; the nuclear category of structural and institutional exclusion and the lack of coordination in the implementation and ambiguities of the bill. The results indicate a lack of sustainable urban development in the marginal areas and consequently a decline in the quality of life. This is reflected in the structural and institutional challenges faced by the suburbs in terms of their utilization of urban facilities. The lack of coordination in the implementation and ambiguities of the water and wastewater company has aggravated the process and caused underdevelopment issues. Therefore, what is needed on the outskirts of Sanandaj is the re-creation of a city that is making changes to the development of water and wastewater network infrastructure, maintaining and protecting the network, and transparency in customer billing and promotion, which is the quantity and quality of service provided in these areas.

The present study seeks to identify the conditions and possibilities for intervention in changing customs policies to recognize and highlight the role of the Porters (Koolbars) in Boarder areas.  Customs policies have affected the life-world of the inhabitants of borderline areas. The basic assumption is that the customs policies have marginalized the inhabitants of borderline areas and Porters (Koolbars). The method used in this research is institutional ethnography. In this regard, we have used purposeful and theoretical sampling for selecting the two kind of data based on individuals and customs documents.
The findings suggest that the borderline Koolbars' (porters) role, position, community, culture and actions should be taken into account in customs policies and practices. Although the formal policies sought to eliminate illegal transformation of goods by Koolbars, they acted in many ways, including the formation of a border council, unofficial and local groups, border guards and civil protests to maintain their way of breadwinning. Therefore, inclusion of their role in customs laws and regulations, the formation of special committees, financial investment, and the provision of welfare services for them could be more beneficial and sustainable.

The purpose of the present study is to analyse the narration of interest groups about social capital collapse among entrepreneurship of rural production in Kurdistan province. Based on this, using the theories of Coleman, Putnam Bourdieu as prominent thinkers in the field of social capital and inferiority, and Nahapiet and Ghoshal as prominent thinkers of institutional and organizational context of this concept, we have tried to explain the conceptual framework of social capital to answer the questions and research goals. These theorists emphasize the relationships and connections in society and organizations and give social capital a collective and transpersonal character. According to the fundamental proposition of research, research is conducted in qualitative tradition, and for data production, participatory observation, deep interview and group discussion have been used. In the analysis of data, we used the method of narrative analysis. Sampling was purposeful sampling, theoretical and sampling with maximum diversity. Accordingly, based on theoretical content saturation, 9 group discussions and 43 deep structured interviews were conducted with co-operative directors, board members and members of the nine production cooperatives. In total, data generated in the form of the first 65 primary concepts, four major categories and a central core are coded and analysed. Major categories derived from narratives include: decline in trust in cooperatives, undesirable participation, social indifference and organizational inefficiency, and reduction of social solidarity. The findings of the narrative analysis of the interest groups of rural production cooperatives show that social capital among these organizations in recent years has not only eroded but collapsed , due to lack of government support, the involvement of the rural cooperative organization in the process and the selection of cooperative bodies, especially the manager, the laws and rigid frameworks, similar unsuccessful experiences, the establishment of rural social order, the emergence of new administrations in the administration of rural public affairs, parallel institutions and co-operatives, and lack of transparency in the financial and management issues of these cooperatives and erosion of social capital among interest groups. This has altered the existential nature of production cooperatives in the rural areas studied, and has strengthened distrust and lack of participation among the villagers.