parvin partovi

Ecosystem services include a wide range of direct or indirect services related to human well-being, which are obtained through biophysical processes, but their production, distribution and reproduction are influenced by the management of urban social and ecological systems. The whole effort of this research is to identify and categorize the integration obstacles of ecosystem services in urban planning. The method of this article is a meta-study, which examines the structure and content of selected studies in four analytical sections: meta-data, meta-method, meta-theory and meta- synthesis. The statistical population of this study includes 47 scientific-research articles in the period of 2010-2022. In the findings section, obstacles were classified into 31 categories, 9 combined categories and 3 themes (Structural, economic and epistemic). Lack of standard methods, weak participation of stakeholders, lack of awareness and ecological knowledge, thematic gap, lack of data and lack of budget and financial resources are the most important obstacles and challenges of this integration.

Urban areas, as human-environment systems, depend heavily on natural ecosystems for sustainability and well-being. Therefore, integrating ecosystem services into urban planning is essential for promoting sustainable urban development. Among the various decision-making processes impacting ecosystem services in cities, urban planning is arguably the most critical. Despite the increasing academic interest in ecosystem services, there are still significant knowledge gaps regarding their integration into urban planning. Incorporating ecosystem services into the management of urban land is crucial for the rational allocation of land and effective ecological management in urban areas.However, several obstacles hinder this integration, including the inadequacies in the content and process of urban development plans, the limitations of current planning tools, the lack of knowledge about ecosystem services, the absence of relevantinstitutions and executive organizations, and the deficiency in the application of ecosystem services knowledge in practice and policy. Moreover, the necessary legal and regulatory frameworks are often lacking. This paper aims to examine both the current and potential utilization of ecosystem services in urbandevelopment plans, specifically focusing on the city of Arak.

Two dominant scientific approaches are employed to evaluate the uptake and operationalization of ecosystem services in urban planning: interviewing stakeholders and analyzing the content of plans and policies. Content analysis of urban development plan documents provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential, gaps, and limitations related to the inclusion of ecosystem services in urban planning practices. To achieve this goal, a content analysis method with a directional approach (deductive method based on theory) was utilized. The study examined the extent to which 19 ecosystem services were addressed within three components of the Arak development and construction plan: the information base, vision/objectives, andactions.
A scoring protocol was developed to assess the quality of ecosystem services inclusion in urban plans. This protocol used a 3-point scale, with scores ranging from zero (no inclusion), one (implicit inclusion), to two (explicit inclusion).

Among the regulating services, air purification and local ventilation services were mentioned 109 times, with the highest frequency (34 times) in the analysis section (database). The content analysis revealed that healthy water production was referenced 99 times, while food production was mentioned 82 times. Regarding supporting services, soil quality was noted nine times in total, with the highest mention (four times) in the analysis section. Among cultural services, recreational services and mental experiences were mentioned 94 times, with the highest frequency (26 times) in the city survey and knowledge section.The results indicate that the ecosystem services concept is partially integrated into the mentioned development document. However, the document lacks a holistic view of urban ecology and its benefits. In the three examined components, ecosystem services were mentioned 607 times, both implicitly (312 times - 51.4%) and explicitly (295 times - 48.6%), with the most attention given to the information base component (358 times - 59%). The significant difference in the score for cultural services (400) compared to provisioning (274), regulating (198), and supporting (30) services suggests that cultural services are more comprehensively included in the Arak metropolis plan.

The inconsistency in addressing each service or concept across the three components highlights a lack of significant correlation between data collection, analysis, goal formulation, vision development, plan preparation, and the establishment of rules and regulations. Another critical issue is the misalignment between the process and content of these plans with new concepts, as well as the weakness of the comprehensive rational process in integrating these concepts. To incorporate new ideas like ecosystem services into urban development plans, not only is there a need to strengthen content and process, but also to improve planning tools. Empirical studies suggest that tools such as Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) can help bridge this gap.

Incorporating the concept of ecosystem services into new laws, guidelines, or revisions of existing plans and programs is a complex process that cannot be accomplished in the short term. The presence of informed stakeholders, public decision-makers, and experts is essential. Additionally, it is crucial to form interdisciplinary teams within both consulting engineering firms that prepare urban development plans and public institutions responsible for drafting and approving these plans. Tools such as Strategic Impact Assessment (SIA) are recommended to evaluate proposed alternatives and select the final options.

The quality of natural resources has been significantly degraded due to the increase of urban population along with the expansion of cities, development of transportation networks and industrial activities. In this regard, sustainable urban development was proposed as a model to address these challenges and an opportunity to establish a new mechanism to build a desired urban future with the precondition of coordination with natural ecosystems. Land use change due to rapid urbanization has led to environmental changes affecting ecosystem services. The impact of land use change on the ecological environment has become one of the important research areas to the extent that the integration of ecosystem services in urban planning is now highly welcomed. A review of studies shows that the integration of ecosystem services in development planning is still in its infancy. Common approaches have focused more on understanding the concept of ecosystem services (understanding by experts, policymakers, and stakeholders, and content analysis of documents) and have not definitively integrated ecosystem services into urban plans. The integration of ecosystem services into planning has been discussed mainly at the theoretical level and there is less evidence of practical efforts. Although the mapping, assessment, and evaluation of ecosystem services have developed significantly over the past decade, there are still problems in defining and operating ecosystem services in planning due to static monitoring frameworks and inadequate tools. Lack of standards in evaluation and targeting protocols, lack of expertise, lack of data are other barriers to operationalization of this process.

Preserving the Natural Environmental Cultural Heritage (NECH) and improving the urban Quality of Life (QOL) are among crucial urban planning issues with critical roles in the sustainability of cities. There are several sources on the QOL in cultural heritage documents, i.e., scientific and operational reports, but the relationship between the QOL and cultural heritage has not been appropriately explicated yet. Zayandehrud River in Isfahan City is a natural environmental cultural heritage. It suffers from ignoring its heritage values and human hazards (drought) while depriving citizens of potential and actual capabilities. So, through urban planning, heritage values help to enhance the urban QOL and affect surrounding areas. The present study described the NECH values of the Zayandehrud River in Isfahan and the components of the QOL of the surrounding residents and emphasized the importance and extent of the relationship between the two basic concepts. This is an applied study based on quantitative and qualitative (Mixed methods) approaches. Data collection is based on documentaries, field studies, surveys, observation tools, and structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done using document analysis, along with quantitative analyses such as Friedman's test and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed that the NECH values of the Zayandehrud River have a significant impact on the dimensions of the QOL of the surrounding residents, and applying principles adapted to the natural environment heritage of the cities is coextensive with upgrading the resident’s quality of life.

The world is becoming increasingly urbanized with more of the population living in cities. Urban developments drastically change the water cycle. Large amounts of hard infrastructure and changes imposed to the natural landscape leads to formation of impervious surfaces and loss of urban vegetation which will in turn have a noticeable impact on water balance and increases in the volume and rate of stormwater runoff. Iran is a land-abundant and water-short country. The food needs of a rapidly growing population and strategic policy goals to move the country towards food self-sufficiency will only put further pressure on water resources in the coming decades. Adding to these pressures will be even faster growth in demand for industrial and domestic water for an urbanizing population. Recently there has been efforts in the form of different urban design and planning approaches being all over the world, such as water sensitive urban planning and design, Low Impact Development, sustainable urban drainage systems and green infrastructures. Water sensitive urban design and planning is the integration of urban planning and design with sustainable water-cycle management, bringing ‘sensitivity to water’ into urban planning and design, as it aims to ensure that water is given due prominence within the urban planning process. However, Iranian cities still use the conventional approach for urban water management. Capacity building is needed to change the water resources management approach in Iran. One of the necessary measures to facilitate capacity building is providing guiding tools for planners and designers and to ensure that urban plans and practices are supported by an appropriate set of water sensitive principles. Lack of a policy guiding tool will lead to inefficient planning and failure of the implementation process. A supportive conceptual framework is one of the important tools for implementing WSUD. This article aims to:-  Present an operational water sensitive urban planning and design definition
-  Define dimensions, components and criteria of the water sensitive urban design conceptual framework
The research methodology is guided by a pragmatist paradigm. It seeks to understand the factors that shape water sensitive urban planning and design concept. In order to do this, a systematic review of over 170 chosen resources, regarding Integrated Urban Water Management, Water Sensitive Urban Planning and Design and similar approaches in different countries was conducted and based on the findings from the literature review, a conceptual model was developed and presented. First, water sensitive urban planning and design descriptive propositions were extracted through qualitative context analysis of the selected literature and an operational definition of water sensitive urban planning and design was presented. According to this definition, components of the conceptual framework were specified. In the next step, principles of water sensitive urban planning and design were extracted and organized by the components. These principles act as criteria of the conceptual framework. The water sensitive urban planning and design conceptual framework consists of procedural and substantial dimensions, hydrological, functional, aesthetical, ecological, social and managerial components and it provides planners and designers with the underpinning principles necessary for water sensitive policy making.

Today, the sustainability of cities is based on the citizenship and participation of cities and is achieved with the commitment of the civil society in residential communities. Local community contracts have been introduced by Habitat as a grassroots process that emphasizes the presence of people in all local programs. This approach has been considered by many developing countries for several years in order to empower and improve local governance.

Due to the innovation of the subject in Iran, it is intended; By selecting Abkooh neighborhood in Mashhad as a case study, the approach of social contracts in local empowerment should be introduced and feasibility study using the method of grounded theory.

Explaining the thematic framework of this research by library method and feasibility study of field approach by interview with interview and questionnaire. The research method is descriptive-analytical according to the applied external purpose and its nature. Sampling in the interview and questionnaire was done in a purposeful manner until saturation. The method of analyzing the findings is based on content analysis.

The results of the analysis show 193 open source, 12 subcategories, 2 main categories and a core that play a key role in the feasibility of the conventional approach in the Abkooh neighborhood of Mashhad.

According to the results, although the implementation of the local community contract approach at the neighborhood level may seem easy and possible, but the realization of this approach in Abkooh neighborhood requires the integration and alignment of organizations involved in the context. On the other hand, the lack of funding to delegate neighborhood organizing measures to citizens, the lack of integration in management, decision-making and monitoring the organization of worn-out structures and the weak culture of participation in people and city managers are some of the issues that must be considered before implementing the approach.

Accentuating the role of semi-public spaces (such as cafes, theatres, galleries) and the desire to create communities different from formal discourse in the hidden layers of society, can be a response to the weakness of the public realm in entirely public spaces of the city. The point that is overlooked in many urban studies is the seemingly small, simple and different utopian spaces that in the concepts of this research are examples of other spaces which had a less seen function in a city like Tehran, but have their own particular sets of fans amongst the people. Spaces that, apart from the leisure application for some, are not considered in the planning and design of the city. In such circumstances, presenting a new reading of them and identifying their features and types helps to present an appropriate theory to introduce different spaces in Tehran. The main purpose of this study is to identify the essence of these different spaces (other space) in Tehran (the central district) with emphasis on their cultural context. To achieve this goal, in the methodological process, a qualitative approach with Strategic basic objective and an interpretative/constructivist paradigm was employed. To carry out this process, abductive logic was used and the method of this research is a link between ethnographic methods and grounded theory which is presented as the “grounded theory ethnography” method.  Regarding to ethnography, its later approaches and the method of grounded theory refer to its constructivist type. In the process of applying the method in the cultural context of the central area of Tehran, in addition to the researcher's observations, 24 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. After employing the initial data coding process and generating 1610 codes in combination with the interview notes, with the help of memo writing, focused coding process was performed to create subcategories. In this path, 15 subcategories were identified which, by raising the level of abstraction, result in 6 main categories, which are: Cultural-artistic theme, being different, the existence of critical thinking in users, the importance of the concept of space, the place of contemplation and the meaningfulness of space. Finally, the concept of " contemplative - imaginative other space" as a core category was presented in detail and an ethnographic text, which is the consequence of an ethnographic research, was written. This is influenced by the cultural context that shapes these spaces which led to the development of a subculture with its own characteristics among the users of these spaces that has been increasing during the last decade. The result of this research is a micro-theory to introduce the essence of the spaces that were questioned for the researcher from the beginning. Despite the resemblance to similar terms in theoretical texts (third space and heterotopia), these other spaces do not fully conform to any of these concepts and have their own unique attributes (6 main categories). It should be noted that the findings of this study are appropriate to the context and existing conditions and more extensive research is required in order to expand it.

the increasing population and their concentration in cities ,These population units are facing various problems and issues .That solution is to pay attention to sustainable development.the aim of this research is to to discuss successful urban agriculture development policies, in order to execute them in Isfahan city and to increase sustainable development .The methodology applies an adaptive strategy,and practices a mixed approach in order to gather the required data and information.Also, documentary analysis, and library & field research has been applied.First, a systematic review of resources has been done and by studying and assessing the successful experiences of urban agriculture development in Europe, and through utilizing the comparative review method and content analysis, the operating model of the research has been presented.The outcome of this stage was the extraction of the components and policies of urban agricultural development in various aspects in accordance with the main research objective.Subsequently, by organizing a questionnaire and completing it by 33 urban experts who have been identified using the snowball method, attempts were made to apply and experimentally execute the operating research model in the city of Isfahan, in order to evaluate this urban area in terms of urban agricultural development, and to determine the practical and executive policies in this city.The results of the study show that By means of implementing policies such as establishing a responsible institution, creating local groups, starting online stores, preventing the expansion of the city onto agricultural lands, Creating weekly markets, using incentive schemes, coupled with making optimum use of various spaces such as parks, sites adjacent to the Zayandeh Rud river, agricultural lands near the Marchin neighborhood, can be considered as a major step towards the development of urban agriculture and the use of the positive & constructive economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors in Isfahan city.

In research conducted on the city and issues related to space and place in urban planning, it can be helpful to use both ethnography and grounded theory methods depending on the researcher’s purpose. However, the weaknesses of each of these methods lead to a number of gaps. The method of ethnography is highly useful for in-depth research and understanding of culture, but it suffers from the lack of a coherent analysis stage, and does not necessarily lead the researcher to the appropriate theory. Meanwhile, its open-ended nature fails to meet urban researchers’ expected outputs. On the other hand, one of the most important factors that justify the method of grounded theory is the lack of theories appropriate to the context under study. This method offers a coherent, systematic analysis, and the clear output is to arrive at the theory. The sociological origins of its proponents suggest that in the frequent applications of this method in academic research, individuals and the relevant social and psychological issues have often mattered rather than spaces. Moreover, the extensive use of the current systematic version has increased the possibility of converting the method to a mechanical one and reduced its depth. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to adopt a method involving a combination of the above two (ethnography and grounded theory) so that they can fill each other’s gaps and provide a suitable, efficient framework for conducting studies in the field of urban studies. Theoretical FrameworkAmong all methods of qualitative studies, ethnography is one that reveals many details (Stevenson, 2003). The term ethnography is rooted in cultural anthropology. Ethno- means people or ethnicity, and -graphy means to describe something. The American anthropologist Clifford Geertz believes that a very important part of ethnography is a complete, accurate description (Neuman, 2015, Volume II: 278-279). Ethnography facilitates broader research on individuals in different communities, both at the city or a smaller scale. As a qualitative research method, it considers the story told by the participants (Pardo & Prato, 2018: 389). Ethnographic research ends in a summary of how a group functions in everyday life, and the reader thus gains an understanding of a group with which he/she is unfamiliar (Creswell & Poth, 2018: 271). Grounded theory, on the other hand, was developed in 1967 by two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. As a low-level or middle-range theory, it emerges from a particular position, and is a competitor for grand theories (Glaser & Strauss, 1967: 34-35). Moreover, it is a tool that can prepare the researcher in the field of urban studies to develop relevant theories (Allen & Davey, 2017: 1). 

Scholars such as Kathy Charmaz welcome entry into a methodological conflict and call other researchers to the field (Charmaz, 2006). The purpose of this research is to design a hybrid of the two methods of ethnography and grounded theory to help to fill their gaps as a suitable, efficient tool for conducting research in the field of urban studies. This has been carried out through a systematic review of each of the two approaches and study of the methods of their combination. Finally, the grounded theory ethnography has been tested on a sample café in the center of Tehran. 

In this research, various combinations of ethnography and grounded theory have been studied and classified into three categories. The first involves studies that consider one of these two methods as a subset of the other or as superior to and more complete than the other. The second group emphasizes the importance of ethnography and achievement of the constructivist grounded theory, where Kathy Charmaz is the leading figure. The third category emphasizes the simultaneous use and combination of the two methods, where ethnography is used for data collection, and grounded theory is used for analysis. In this study, a combination of the second and third approaches has been adopted. Grounded theory ethnography can be defined as a method that utilizes both approaches, and proceeds with the stages of cognition and analysis simultaneously according to both methods. The final product is a theory derived from the constructivist approach and supported by ethnographic cotextuality. The method consists of four steps: 1. initiation of the fieldwork, 2. data collection (involving observation, interview, photography, sketching, and maps), 3. analysis (involving coding and memo writing), and 4. achievement of the theory and documentation.

 Conclusion

This study has demonstrated that grounded theory ethnography is a method that can cover the drawbacks of both methods of ethnography and grounded theory, and can be used in conditions where both methods are required. This is the case where the issue of understanding the culture of the examined context is one of the researcher’s main concerns. Moreover, there has been no specific theory to introduce the phenomenon under study, turning it into an important aim of the research to achieve such a theory. The above hybrid approach is highly applicable particularly in the field of urban studies because of the efficiency of investigation of the city and urban space in ethnography due to the emphasis on entry into the field of research and the relevant strategies and on the observation involved in the method. However, the method suffers drawbacks including the lack of a clear analytical stage and open-endedness, which can be covered by grounded theory. Using grounded theory ethnography and going through its four stages, the researcher can conduct in-depth studies according to the cultural context of the field. AcknowledgmentThis research has been extracted from the Ph.D. thesis of Maryam Farash Khiabani, entitled Unraveling the essence of other spaces of the city of Tehran (central district) with emphasis on cultural context, defended in the Department of Urban Planning at the University of Art under the supervision of Dr. Parvin Partovi.

Museums, due to fundamental changes in a modern world, have changed from a place for just preserving and protecting treasures and charms to a place of dignity and service toward visitors. As a platform for creating meaning have always tried toidentify the perceptions of visitors in order to improve the quality of visits. The concept of the visitor's lived experience has a considerable capacity to justify the visitor's perception of the museum, and as an individual and mental issue, it takes place in the overlap of three individual, physical and socio-cultural contexts. The present study expands the knowledge in this regard by redefining and integrating the concept of the museum visitor experience in the holy place. The present study, along with identifying the efficient factors, has expanded knowledge in this regard by redefining and integrating the concept of visitors' experience in a sacred place. The aim is to reveal the nature, the way and the reading of visitors' experience in museums of Imam Reza's Holy Shrine as a symbol of a sacred place This research has an applied objective and utikizes an interpretive approach with a qualitative strategy. The research method is selected in the theoretical section of systematic review resources and in the case study section, directional qualitative content analysis has been selected. The results of the study showed that the visitors' experience in museum, because of the expanding the sacredness, is influenced by two domains of inter and intra person experience. Visitors' experience in Imam Reza's Holy Shrine's Museums along with the emphasis on the cognitive dimension of experience by the museum staff, is more religious. 

Rapaport is one of the culturalists who has done extensive research in the field of culture in the field of architecture and urban studies and has devoted a large part of his research life to behavior-environment studies. Therefore, it is very important to study the evolution of his ideas in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine Rapaport's line of thought in the field of culture and behavior-environment studies, especially in the last two decades, and to identify his latest theories. This research is a descriptive review in which the documentary method and the study of authoritative articles and books have been used. As a result, by moving from the artistic paradigm in architecture to the scientific paradigm in the field of cultural studies in architecture and urban planning, Rapaport has achieved important achievements, especially in the field of behavior-environment studies. In the last two decades, he has sought to develop scientific theories that can help operationalize the category of culture. According to Rapaport, all of his research has been a preliminary step towards his descriptive theory, which indicates the continuity and continuity of Rapaport's reading process; It is as if each piece is added to the previous pieces. Despite some criticisms of Rapaport's behavior-environment studies approach, it can still be said that this approach is still a major breakthrough in design.

As a society becomes a destination for tourism, the lives of its residents are affected and achieving sustainable tourism to preserve and enhance the characteristics of the residents is of particular importance in the field of tourism planning and development. The presence of tourists in the host cities has positive economic, social, and environmental impact on the local and national levels, however, increasing economic interests have affected residents as well as historical and cultural heritage. With increasing the growing trend of internal and external tourism, sustainable tourism development in a district requires attention to desires and perceptions of the host community to tourism phenomenon, and overlooking this matter can create challenges for tourism development in the long term. Tourism is a multi-faceted phenomenon, and its analysis focuses on two basic aspects. The first aspect relies on the trend of economic marketing and the second aspect is based on the socio-cultural framework. The general public has been opting for the first aspect by examining the phenomenon of tourism from the quantitative position and leaving the gap in the theoretical and methodological research and this gap reflects a complex relationship between the facts and their meanings. This duality shows the dominance of the positivism approach to the study of tourism phenomenon while also implies eliminating a significant volume of cultural and social issues related to tourism in such studies. According to available statistics, the Historic City of Yazd has had a significant growth in tourism in recent years. Considering the fact that Yazd is a religious society, economic motivation is not merely a reason for participation or non-participation of the residents. The factors that determine the satisfaction of residents toward tourism are their perception of tourism, the tourists behaviour, and the impact that tourism has on the lived experience of residents. This research uses the interpretive paradigm and in particular, the phenomenological approach derived from Heidegger's ideas to address the perceptual aspect of tourism from the perspective of those experiencing it, namely the host community. Data collection has been carried out through semi-structured field observations and semi-structured deep interviews from residents in Yazd historical district using the first-person approach and existential phenomenology. The data has been analyzed by using qualitative content analysis method with coding process, and the conceptual framework of the phenomenological narrative of residents in Yazd historical district from the tourism phenomenon and its main and subsidiary elements has been developed. According to the research findings, lived experience of historical district residents (in term of individual characters, lived relations, values) and lifeworld characteristics of the historical district (in term of business space, physical space, social space, and individual-residence space), have been identified as influencing factors in the phenomenology of lived experiences of Yazd historical district residents in encountering tourism.

With the paradigm change in urban planning in the 1980s, the community has assumed a central role. As a result, the community provides the smallest scale for urban planning in recent theories such as communicative planning theory, collaborative planning theory, multicultural planning, transactive planning, and argumentative planning. Following the changes in urban planning throughout the world ever since 2000, particular attention has been paid to the community in urban planning around Iran, where the concept of community has been controversial. While some Iranian experts support the idea that the notion of neighborhood can be used instead of community, others deploy different conceptions of community in western urban sociology regardless of the social, cultural, economic, and political context of Iranian cities. As a result, neither community-based studies nor urban plans are sufficiently successful. For appropriate application of the notion of community, therefore, it is necessary to find out which conception of community can best be adapted to the Iranian urban planning system. Before this question can be answered, three fundamental inquiries need to be addressed: (1) what are the assumptions behind deployment of community theories in urban planning? (2) what does community mean in the new urban planning paradigm? and (3) what does community mean in the context of Iranian cities? This research was conducted to answer the first question. Thus, the study began with an account of community theories through an examination of accredited documents with an emphasis on urban sociology. The theories reviewed here included Tonnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft, Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity, Urban Community of Chicago School, Network Community, Personal Community, Cultural Community, Political Community, Post-modern Community, and Virtual Community. The similarities and differences between the conceptions of community were identified through a variation-finding comparative analysis of the theories. Then, the reasons behind these similarities and differences were derived from both narrative reviews and comparative analyses using qualitative content analysis. According to the comparison results, the similarities and differences were rooted in three major factors: (1) the dominant theoretical bases of each theory, (2) the dominant paradigm and approach of each theory, and (3) the social, economic, cultural, and political changes in the world at the time when the theory had been developed. In other words, each theory gave an account of the community in a specific social, economic, and political context, deploying a particular paradigm and sociological approach; thus, a theory of the community should be used that best fitted both the expert theoretical insight and the context the community is located in. Based on these results, three factors need to be taken into consideration for deployment of the western conceptions of community: (1) the social, cultural, economic, and political context of the target city or neighborhood, (2) the urban planning theory of the research or the plan, and (3) the purposes of the research or plan development. A combination of these three factors could contribute to the process through which the appropriate theory of community could be selected for investigation of the notion in specific contexts.

Since the late 1960s, as a result of the exacerbation of urban problems, there has been a widespread reaction against the dominance of ride. In this regard, the pedestrian movement, which aimed to restore and develop pedestrian spaces in cities, became one of the axes of urban planning and design. On the other hand, in recent decades, the central and old textures of cities have been left to their own devices and due to negligence, they have faced many problems. Highlighting historical places, producing and reproducing collective memories and centers of attachment, is the first step to mental attraction to historical environments, which raises a broad category and a phenomenon called urban tourism. One of the cases that helps to rebuild these textures is to pay attention to pedestrians and humanizing the environment, so today's urban community needs studies that analyze and scrutinize pedestrian crossings in the city and encourage the citizen to find a new balance between different ways of moving. The revival of the historical textures that make up the core of cities, in addition to improving the quality of the environment and re-establishing social life, also promotes tourism. Saqqez city, which is one of the oldest cities in Iran and the world, despite its significant population in Kurdistan province and its high potential, such as a complex of amusement parks along the river, the city's historic Grand Bazaar and a large number of travelers to buy from the border town of Baneh, it lacks the ability to attract tourists in its proper form; therefore, planning for the mentioned spaces to attract tourists and spend leisure time is very important in the development of this city. The present study tried to identify the desired axes of walking in the central part of the historical city of Saqqez to promote urban tourism and to suggest the selected axis to create pedestrian path.

The present study is an applied one in terms of purpose and also is based on quantitative methods. The statistical population of this study includes residents of Saqqez city and tourists who visit the city's attractions. The volume of statistical sample according to the population of Saqez city in 2016, which is 226451 people, has been considered. By using of the Cochran's formula, the number of selected samples to distribute the questionnaire among urban residents and tourists is 384. In order to implement the Delphi method, the opinions of 12 Saqqez experts and city managers have been used. In order to select the selected axis using the Inverted Hierarchical Weight Process (IHWP) and define and refine the criteria, the level of interference of the central texture of Saqqez city was proposed to suggest the necessary fields of walkability. Finally, through measurement quantification, calculations related to feasibility and prioritization, after feasibility of axes in the historical central texture of Saqqez city, using the Quantitative Analyze Matrix (QAM) model, the axis that received the highest score in terms of walkability was selected as the pedestrian target axis for planning.

The study area at the historic center of Saqqez city has valuable grounds and buildings in which physical intervention is subject to its own limitations. Therefore, in order to increase the coefficient of realization of the research, at first, the capability of intervening the areas in the texture was analyzed by IHWP method and the most intervention textures were designated to locate and select the appropriate axis to create the pedestrian path. After collecting the scores of each of the intervention criteria and the formation of the database, they are classified into four classes and the central texture of Saqqez city in four priorities of completely desirable, relatively desirable, relatively undesirable and completely undesirable lands for intervention-based services, which the Imam Khomeini, Jomhouri, Saheli, Beheshti and Vali Khan axes were identified to provide support services for the pedestrian axes. Then, in order to locate and select the appropriate axis of the pedestrian path using the Quantitative Analyze Matrix (QAM) model, after introducing the prone streets of the area and after going through the Delphi method and weighting steps using Expert Choice software through comparative comparison according to the extracted criteria and in the form of a Likert scale, the axes were examined and finally, among the axes in the central core of Saqqez city, Imam axis was selected with a score of (2.84) for pedestrian path planning.

Today, feasibility studies of desirable pedestrian axes are one of the urban needs in this area. In the present study, after performing quantitative calculations and qualitative analyzes, Imam axis gained the highest score with a relatively desirable quality status for creating pedestrian path in the central core of Saqqez city. It is natural that over time, the coefficient of importance and current status of each axis has changed, and given the tourism potential of other axes, it is not unreasonable to expect that in the coming years other axes will have a higher score and create the desired pedestrian path. Looking at the findings of the present study, it can be inferred that in the middle cities of Iran, especially those with a population of less than 250,000 and also according to economic, political, managerial, cultural, physical, spatial situations, etc., the potential of such cities to create the pedestrian path was low unless the city's historical dimension and the presence of prominent historical elements were influential enough to send a significant population to the city; because the demographic factor is a very important element in the creation and prosperity of the pedestrian path. So, looking at the current situation of the streets of the central part of Saqqez city and the results of the analysis, the relatively favorable option does not create a significant for urban management to create pedestrian path, and only with the passage of time and reaching the age of 20-30 can tourism flourish and hoped to revive the historical texture by creating sidewalks.

Museum as a tourist destination is known as a place for interacting objects, concepts and visitors. Most museums exist in order to attract and serve visitors – as many as possible. If we knew who visited museums and what meanings they make, from the experience we would know something about the role that museums play in societyToday, considering the audience-centered approach of museums, they are after visitor’s experience, and consider it as their research priority.

The visitors’ experience of museum, even though it is mentioned by John H Falk and Lynn D Dierking as a scientific term less than two decades ago, still consists of a great deal of rupture and ambiguity in explaining the main components and factors influencing the concept of museum visitors experience. The present study is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach with the aim of presenting a conceptual model and an analytical framework of the visitors’ experience in the museum. The method used in the collection process is a systematic review of knowledge associated with visiting studies with an emphasis on the experience of the visitor. Referred sources in this regard generally over the period from 1922 to the present, and emphasize the use of first hand resources. Required data are collected by documentary and library studies. This paper, as a meta- study research, with meta synthesis and the analysis of the results of prior-art theories and research in this regard, seeks to answer the concept of the visitors’ museum experience, first the main concept associated with the subject of evaluation and definition and then, while monitoring the genealogy of the relationship between the subject and the museum, the importance and place of the museum’s experience, the satisfactory experience in this area is expand and explained. Then, using previous researches and scientists’ and scholars’ point of view, the factors of the emergence and evolution of the individual visitor experience have been analyzed.

Analyzing these findings, the conceptual framework of the Museum Visitor Experience and the formation of its factors and categories are presented. Hereby the triggering factors are divided into two groups, in-person and out-person. In-person factors include a set of previous knowledge and experiences, motivation, engagement, interests and expectations, personal identity and individual preferences. Out-person factors are divided into three groups of physical-environmental factors, socio - cultural factors and time. Physical-environmental factors include spatial and visual elements which are related to the individual sense of being in the environment, and socio - cultural factors include variables in social and the cultural contexts. In a sense, the sociocultural context described in the previous chapter serves as a bridge between the individual’s sense of self, the personal context, and the physical context, the individual must live within. Time as an external third factor is considered as an effective variable since it is a platform for the formation and survival of experience.

This paper aims to explore the dialectic of the interior space and the exterior space as one of the prominent features of place through the lens of phenomenology, which regards place as the existential basis of mankind in the universe. The spatial structure of place encompasses conceptual, operational and extensional models –cases which contain both the generalities and the details of spatial structure and allow for phenomenological analysis and interpretation of place. In this approach, the phenomenon of place as the spatial and existential basis of mankind has a special significance. Understanding the features and structure of place can help us better perceive its nature and can lead to formation of cognitive foundations in the deep relationship between mankind and the universe. Given the shortcomings of quantitative approaches, architecture is becoming more interested in the phenomenological thinking system. The methodology of this study moves from theory to research and from research to theory in an exploratory manner with a mixed nature and with emphasis on qualitative investigation. Relying on phenomenological approach, which calls for return to the things themselves, this study attempts to revisit the phenomenon of place with a closer look, to explore the nature of dialogue between the inside and the outside as a structural feature and to examine the relationship between mankind, place and universe; it attempts to answer this question: how is it possible to approach the structural nature of a place by means of dialectic understanding of the interior space and the exterior space of that place. For this purpose, first the most important concepts and topics in phenomenology and their relationship with the subject of the inside and the outside are reviewed; then, the concepts of the inside and the outside are analyzed by means of exploring the phenomenon of place and its constituting structures from different perspectives; finally, a conceptual model for understanding the nature and qualities of this relationship in different places will be proposed. Library research is the main data collection tool in this study, majorly revolving around reviewing of the opinions of important theorists in this field for explanation and interpretation of the concepts of the inside and the outside. The result is a conceptual model for the dialogue between the inside and the outside which is formed based on the presence and experience of mankind in place and includes concepts such as philosophy, poetic image, identity and architecture as well as components such as spatial structure, character, boundary, area, path and center. This model can help us expand our conceptual and operational understanding of the relationship between the interior space and the exterior space. When the aim is understanding the roots and philosophical principles of the inside and the outside with a phenomenological approach, concepts such as intentionality (as the nature and main root), presence, absence, ready-to-hand, present-at-hand and proximity, which facilitate understanding of the subject, must be studied at the highest order.

Uncontrolled urban development in the present age has caused many problems that cannot be solved by traditional management and requires the participation of all citizens in the administration of urban affairs. Today, citizen participation and its application in urban planning, as one of the characteristics of the development of a country, is considered by designers and urban planners. Citizen participation is effective in the success of local development plans, so it has become one of the main issues of urban planning today. The role of children, who make one third of urban population (citizens), is neglected in many cases. In recent years, there has been much research on children’s participation, but it can be said that, in practical terms, this concept faces many obstacles. Many of the issues we are facing today, such as leaving the neighborhood, lack of security, etc., are due to neglecting all citizens, especially children, in the city and, at a smaller scale, in the neighborhood. Accordingly, it is essential that children participate in local development planning. Undoubtedly, children’s participation needs a thorough perception of the concepts related to child. It requires a full understanding of the concepts of the child and the benefits and challenges of children’s participation. Finally, it is necessary to answer the question of what the methods of children’s participation in the process of preparing and implementing local development planning are. The theoretical foundation and global experiences related to children’s participation is presented to answer this question. Then, the case study of Sarshoor neighborhood is introduced and the results are presented. Finally, the conclusions are made based on the analysis of theoretical concepts, answering the main questions by Delphi method, and experts’ opinions. The results indicate that contextualization is the most influential factor in the planning process, as compared to other factors including culture-building, institutionalization and durability of participation. The two factors of institutionalization and participation control are the most influential factors in the implementation of plans. When these factors are realized, children tend to become more involved in the development process of the neighborhood because (1) their abilities focus on themselves in this process, (2) they are provided with an opportunity in this process, (3) participation methods become available to them, and (4) they become aware of their rights. At the end, the cycle of the process of neighborhood development projects is proposed based on the components of children’s participation in the Sarshoor neighborhood. The findings of this study will not only help planners and designers to better understand the way children are involved in planning and designing processes, but also provide an appropriate framework for using effective factors on the participation of children in local development projects. It is suggested that the factors proposed in this paper be applied according to the specific conditions and characteristics of each neighborhood.