parviz sobhani

Ensuring public security is always associated with the emergence of mutual violent assaults between police and citizens, during which police officers often face citizens’ behavioral-activist violence. The present research aims to phenomenologically analyze police officers’ experiences of citizens’ activist violence, emphasizing the geography of the city of Sanandaj in Kurdistan Province. 

The present study was conducted based on a qualitative approach using interpretive phenomenology. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 police officers who had lived experiences of violence in the city of Sanandaj. Purposeful sampling was used to select the samples, and then data collection continued based on the criterion of theoretical saturation, ultimately leading to a thematic analysis of the information. 

The findings indicate police officers’ narratives of experienced violence (verbal-psychological and at times physical) as a normalization of rebellion in their lifeworld. Most violence in operational units occurs as a result of verbal-physical encounters between police and citizens. Regarding the factors and contexts of violent assaults, 8 main categories emerged: coercive-aggressive responses to protests and gatherings, enforcement of laws and notification-execution of judicial verdicts, structural violence, and distrust in the police officers and authority of the law, lack of structural support, security atmosphere of the province, media modeling, police officers’ weak communication skills. Concerning the consequences of violence, 6 categories were identified and obtained: continuity of rebellion and escalation of social violence, weakening police authority and its social prestige, breaking the taboo of law violations and increasing crime rate, feelings of helplessness, and weakening of the employees and their families’ psychological spirit, erosion of social capital, and reduction of work efficiency.

The results indicate that the adverse economic-living conditions of the people on one hand, the weaknesses in the communication skills of some officers, the poor performance of the judiciary in handling relevant cases, inadequate organizational training in institutionalizing self-control, failure to publicize police actions, and the unfamiliarity of many officers with local culture, the dominance of a security viewpoint among officers, and delayed response to sensitive situations at the provincial level have had an increasing impact on the behaviors and violent assaults of citizens.

Faulty virtual education platforms and the use of educational networks such as the "Shad," along with some other factors, played an effective role in reducing the quality of education during the Corona pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to know the status and evaluate the performance of this system on the students of Qorve city in Kurdistan province.

The method of this research is qualitative. Semi-structured interviews with students and teachers who had more than two years of experience using this system were used to collect data. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached, during which 8 teachers and 17 students were interviewed in the target city and villages. The validity of the research was obtained in consultation with the relevant experts and the reliability was obtained using the retest method.

The results of the interviews indicated 41 core categories under 11 key categories as follows: Weakness of the internet infrastructure and lack of smartphones, decrease in team work and social interactions, educational failure of students, change in educational-research attitude, decline of teachers' supervision and lack of accurate assessment of students, decrease in trust and social solidarity, causing physical, mental and behavioral injuries, increasing creativity and skill, lack of appropriate culture in the use of virtual space, strengthening self-reliance and increasing the sense of responsibility and complementary role like the Shad network.

Familiarity, awareness and of course enough virtual space interactions have become a vital issue especially for education in the contemporary globalized world. Such interactions will undoubtedly lead to the degradation of the quality of education and will result in training students who graduate degrees with high GPAs but without enough qualitative scientific content, if proper software and hardware platforms are not created and if the development of forecasts and background knowledge in this regard are ignored.

The outbreak of COVID-19 virus was the beginning of dramatic changes in the individual and social relationships of families and, consequently, society as a whole, so that its’s psychological and social consequences caused a change in the daily lives of families. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the transformation that took place in the individual and social relationships of families during COVID-19 virus pandemic.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and is considered as a qualitative research. The adopted method is narrative analysis and the data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 10 professors of social sciences and psychology in Sanandaj universities. The sampling method was snowball. The data were finally counted and categorized through three stages of open concepts, central categories and key categories.

The research findings indicated five key categories: 1. Contraction in social relations, 2. Transformation of leisure, 3. Exacerbation of self-morbidity, 4. Reduce social responsibility and, 5. Escalation of interpersonal tensions.

The psychological and social consequences of Corona have been such that many issues have arisen, such as the increase in divorce in families due to lack of necessary skills between couples to interact constructively during this period, the occurrence of family homicides due to lack of self-control in times of crisis, intensifying isolation and loneliness and changing the lifestyle of families has been effective and has caused many communication crises for families.

Covid-19 has become a nasty pandemic whose effects have been recognized to the point of collective trauma. Measures and protocols to deal with this pandemic have almost as many consequences as the disease itself, and the home and family as the safest and, of course, the most important center for combating the disease have become very important due to the intensification of measures such as social distancing and quarantine. And of course, at the same time, it has faced serious dangers from violence to separation and educational crisis, and so on.The present article has performed a qualitative analysis to identify family relationships and hazards in Kurdistan during this crisis. The method of the present study has been expensive theory and a sample of key experts and informants that has continued to the point of saturation of interviews.The results of the study indicate that returning home and staying in it to deal with Corona has caused the importance of mother and wife in family relationships, but this importance does not really mean secrecy and sorrow and rather has been painful and painful. The results also indicate the prominence of categories such as social subordination, family atomization, educational and leisure crisis and such cases as central categories.

Car has an important role in the progress of police organizational missions, as endeavor to preserve and protect it, can be determinant in accuracy and speed of doing delivered organizational duties. The aim of this research is to Investigate the influential factors of organizational vehicles optimal maintenance in the police commandment of kurdistan province.

This research is practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive in terms of method and data type is qualitative-quantitative which is done through the segmented surveying. The statistical society of the present study in quantitative section was the Police commandment of kurdistan Province personnel who had car crash with police cars in five years from 2016 to 2020 were guilty that according to the received statistics, they were around 100, selected wholly. In qualitative section also, the statistical society selection is aimed and the samples selection were according to the theoretical saturation. Smirnoph-Gelmograph tests was used to assess the normalization of data, and Kidou, Enwa and Friedman tests were used for quantitative hypotheses examination, and in qualitative section also content narrative analysis method was used.  

Findings showed factors such as individual-characteristic features, job and organizational, social capital, maintenance system, management style and maintenance ones are in sequence of priority influential over optimal maintenance of organizational vehicles.   

Results indicates that regarding geography status of the province, type and number of assigned organizational missions, individual, job and organizational factors have the most influence on the optimal maintenance of police commandment of kurdistan province’s vehicle navigation that can be achieved through reformation in law, education-centrism, correct supervision and inspection and using reward and punishment system.

The present study, while analyzing the contexts and obstacles to the realization of smart police, has addressed its role in providing social security across the community.

This study is some sort of qualitative research conducted using Delphi technique. The statistical population included key informants (experts and specialists in various fields of ICT and social security of Kurdistan province Police), 12 of whom were selected by purposive sampling method based on maximum diversity and expertise. Research data was collected through interviews with a written group discussion approach, and analyzed conceptually in four stages.

The findings indicate that barriers such as traditional management, lack of collective will, slogan-like view toward intelligence, not paying attention to the applications of scientific-research activities, lack of cooperation from other organizations, delayed communication of employees with new technologies, employees not being motivated to attend new training courses, not using the specialized and skilled forces in the NAJA in the process of smartening, some commanders and managers applying their  own personal tastes and the limited financial resources in some police departments, prevent the NAJA from moving towards smartening.

Therefore, realization of smartening NAJA, leads to the enhancement of the accuracy and speed of employees in investigations, reduction of employees' vulnerability, enhancement of their self-confidence, improvement of people's trust in the police, improvement of NAJA’s social status, increasing the cost of crime commitment for criminals, reduction of crime grounds, enhancement of environmental surveillance and sending signals to criminals that they cannot easily commit crimes.

Due to the critical position of police stations in providing law enforcement services to citizens, they play an important role in promoting public satisfaction of the performance of the NAJA. The aim of this study was to achieve an optimal model of supervision on police stations in the framework of the Police Stations Transformation Program.

This research is qualitative; and applied in terms of purpose. In this study, thematic narrative analysis method was used to analyze the data. The statistical population was all experts in the field of organizational supervision on Sanandaj police stations. The sample size of twenty people was obtained by snowball sampling method. Data analysis was performed through semi-structured interviews with samples</span> and based on three-steps coding of main, central and open.

 The data were coded in the form of 12 central categories, under the six main categories of upgrading communication and telecommunication platforms, metamorphosis in supervising structures, comprehensiveness in supervising, getting feedback from supervisings, training-oriented supervising, strengthening self-supervising and ethics in supervising.

The results showed that the optimal model of supervision on police stations in the framework of the Police Stations Transformation Program should have components such as make supervising smart and using the maximum potential of remote control equipment, holding commanders accountable for staff performance, considering organizational charts for police stations, institutionalizing the culture of self-supervising, paying attention to the principle of informing and guiding employees in supervising, avoiding tendency to dabbling, increasing and creating trust among observers and supervisors during the supervising process and creating an executive guarantee for the results of visits.

Field and Goal; Supervision as a crucial categories of organizational management, has an influential role in the progress of the organization and achieving goals. Any problem in this way will have critical circumstance for organization. So, the aim of this project is to achieve an ideal pattern of supervision in police border units emphasizing the Province of Kurdistan. Method; The approach of this survey is qualitative and narrative analysis has been used through semi-structured interview with 30 specialists of supervision unit. Samplings are aimed and snowball. Findings show 21 pivotal categories under 8 main categories of reinforcing communicational infrastructures, supervisors field presence, change in the mechanisms of supervision, holism in supervisions, feedback in supervisions, education-based supervisions, reinforcing self-supervision and ethic-based supervision. Results showed that an ideal sample of supervision on border units needs the complete recognition of border situation, caring about the role of technology, reviewing the organizational chart, changing the supervision toward a hole organizational culture, attending education in all supervisions, caring about ethics in supervisions, running special supervisory teams and emphasizing the category of self-control.

The perception of "addict" is neither a natural phenomenon nor pure reality that have one meaning in all societies and cultures but a stigma on individuals by the mechanisms of society. The main purpose of this research is a critical thought over social construction of "addict" perception, that how some people by some complex mechanisms, stigmatized as an addict in society and gradually accept the results of this new self-perception in their individual and social lives. On the other hand, the aim of this survey is critical study of the formation of stigma culture. So we analyze the formation mechanisms of addict stigma in subculture of drug abusers. This research, relying on stigmatization theory, attempts to explain the ways in which the culture of stigmatization is socially constructed. The cases of study are selected by way of snowball sampling and are interviewed individually. The method is narrative analysis and the narrations of the subjects have been interpreted through thematic analysis. The findings show that mechanisms such as "social divergence", "self-degradation", "self-alienation", social exclusion", "negative self-identification" and negative person-hood are among the main factors of constructing the culture of stigmatization and image of addiction by drug-abusers. Gradual acceptance of addict stigma results from discontinuity of the individual from society and joining the subculture of drug abusers. Individual exclusion and joining this subculture will lead to their self-deterioration and character-emptiness of previous images and meanings. So, stigma culture forms from a gap between the dominant culture and joining the the opposite subculture.

Kurdistan is one of the provinces with low level of theft occurrences. Considering the theories based on cultural elements and components and adopting quantitative approach and survey method, this study aimed at identifying the socio-cultural preventives of tendency towards committing theft. The statistical population of the study included the citizens, experts, law enforcement experts, and cultural affairs experts of different organizations in Sanandaj from which 265 persons were selected as the sample. The results showed that the citizens’ beliefs in religious teachings, their adherence to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an, Sharia affairs, and Halal- and -Haram;observing Islamic ethics, social control, and self-control; respecting the collective values; the rule of law; high social security in the province; high level of contentment; familialism and family orientation; patience, tolerance, and fatalism; socioeconomic homogeneity of the society ; and citizens' awareness of the crimes were among the most important preventive measures against the occurrence and/or less tendency to committing theft in Sanandaj. In sum, the results of the study indicate a high level of effectiveness of socio-cultural preventive measures against tendency towards committing theft in this region. Although the context of each issue or problem and its solutions are different, the results of this study support the effectiveness of relying on culture and its elements in reducing crimes and in establishing security in the society, especially in vulnerable ones.

Instagram is one of the most important social networks that has provided an attractive space for self-representation and virtual interaction. The attractiveness of this social network is somehow due to the diversity and exchangeability of images, photos and signs which are frequently commented by millions of users. This research is about to interpret the Instagram users’ narratives of body images, through relying on three theories: the theory of self-representation (Goffman), cultural representation (Giddens), and somatic society (Turner & Shilling). The main question is how users read and consume body image in Instagram? We have used narrative interview to gain the stories users make about their experiences of being and searching in Instagram. The sample is selected among users in Sanandaj city by way of snowball sampling method (16 case: 11 male, 5 female). The findings show that users’ reading and consumption of body images can be categorized into five main categories or patterns: interactional, symbolic, representational, taste oriented and leisure oriented. The first implies users’ attempts to reflect their social life and manage impressions on others; the second category is about embodiment and imitating the dominant body images; the third means that users usually tend to be seduced and like to be immersed in images; the fourth implies finding the desired followers; and the fifth is about how to spend free time.

The role of the NAJA Border Command vehicle fleet in moving personnel and equipment needed by border units and advancing the missions of this organization is inevitable. On the other hand, the optimal maintenance of this fleet in the current economic conditions requires a collective effort within the organizational culture. The present study analyzes the role of organizational culture in the optimal maintenance of the vehicle fleet in the NAJA Border Command. The approach adopted in this qualitative research and the use of documentary analysis methods including reports of road experts and technical commissions of Kurdistan’s  logistics Border Command as the target community Regarding the damages to the vehicle fleet and the analysis of the narrative of 15 experts in the field of  net  and  drivers of the vehicle fleet of this command using semi-structured interview tools, the research findings indicate 10 key categories and 31 concepts under the 5 main categories including training and maintenance , Specialized management, commitment and responsibility, the excellence of the culture of maintenance and supervision is correct. The results show that factors such as disregard for traffic laws, failure to receive adequate driving training With the conditions of the mission area, excessive speed and acceleration, not paying attention to the organizational rules in driving and maintaining the vehicle, and not having the necessary ability and skill to control the vehicle in critical situations have the greatest role in causing damage to the Border Command vehicle fleet

Organizational culture, similar to the collective spirit in an organization, refers to the actions, behavior, and character of employees toward individuals and the phenomena around them which attention to it, causes the growth and development of the organization. Narrative analysis of the NAJA Border Command staff on the characteristics of the desired organizational culture is the aim of present research. This study has used the views of thinkers in the field of organizational culture such as Phillips, Davis and Shine and by adopting a qualitative approach, has chosen the method of narrative analysis with the tool of narrative interviews with 20 employees of this command. Findings of the research indicate 85 open concepts and 24 categories, under 8 main themes (strategic command and management, creative management of human resources, innovation, knowledge and research, management and needs assessment, spiritual capital, social situation promotion, optimal property maintenance, supervision and purposeful inspection). The results of this study show that the realization of a desirable, efficient and productive organizational culture in the border, depending on components such as scientific-research topics and prioritizing for future research,  the groundwork for strategic management in the organization, paying attention to the position of human resources and adopting a rational procedure in intelligent recruitment, scientific and modern military training appropriate to the type and areas of mission and training committed and specialized personnel according to the needs, benefiting from the experiences of the organization's past elites, paying attention to the talents and specialties of individuals and making them fertile, creating dynamism among the organization's youth by benefiting from their thoughts and ideas and refusing to be dogmatic about their opinions, interacting with scientific-military centers in order to benefit from their thoughts and ideas and to promote the level of social interactions and finally the localization of the organizational charter appropriate to the socio-cultural conditions of the border areas.

Management is a vital element in the mobility and progress of every organization. The present study aims at analyzing the role of management and managers in increasing the spirit and motivation of Police Border Command Personnel in meeting their organizational missions. To do so, the theories of theorists like Taylor, Schiner, Mazlow and Herzberg is used as a basic. The used approach is qualitative and the method is grounded theory, by means of open and semi-structured interview with 17 persons of those serving in the Kurdistan Border Command. Findings show that the five following categories are the main ones causing diminish of motivation among the Border Command personnel: 1. Concern about the procedure of management and commandment, 2. Personnel's cultural and social concerns, 3. Personnel's economic and life concerns, 4. Personnel's environmental concerns, 5. Personnel's emotional and mental concerns. Each of these categories can effect on each other mutually. According to the results, the following factors over them, the management has direct influence; can lead to the increase of motivation among personnel. 1. Avoiding violence and haste in decision-making, 2. Avoiding discrimination, 3. Avoiding prejudice, 4. Bing sample and pioneer in the organization, 5. Scientific and logical outlook, 6. Confronting gossiping, 7. Professional ethics-centering, 8. Inciting and motivating collective wisdom, 9. Intensifying empathy, 10. Merited-leading, 11. End-reflecting, 12. Inducing hope in the collection. Finally, meeting these categories will lead to 1. Organizational belonging and commitment, 2. Intensifying service spirit and working motivation of the personnel in Police Border Command.

Police is a social organization that along with its important duty which is affording discipline and security, presents various services to the citizens. Because of expressive nature of the missions of this organization, it’s always evaluated by society. Occurring some malfunctions, misbehaviors, and different cases of corruption on the side of some police personnel has led to this fact that people generalize it to the whole organization and even the executive system of the country. The present article uses qualitative approach and analyze the phenomenon of corruption among police staff by means of phenomenological method. This article referring to theories of some theorists such as Roebark and Barker, Punch, Syed and Bruce and others analyzes corruption typology, macro and micro corruption, theory of few apples and so on. The results show that some factors such as social and economic conditions of society, taste-relational selection and recruitment far from terms and conditions, unbalance between salary and social welfare, commitment to the codes of silence, lack of true supervision are influential in reinforcement of corruption in police organization. Finally, the approaches necessary to combat corruption in the organization of police go around concepts such as true supervision over recruitment, education and supervision, using stick and carrot approach, strong navigation and management and involving society.

This study seeks to answer the question whether there is significant relationship between the causes of social and economic factors (such as feelings of anomie, distributive justice, the relationship with the offender, structural pressure, the gap between goals and means of achieving to the objectives and the greedy people)with smuggling trends or not? The methodology used in this study is survey and tools to collect data are questionnaire. The statistical population involved frontiersman trafficking border in Baneh in 1392. The sample size was 274 that divided into three categories: Cole Brown, merchants and smugglers by inappropriate classification sampling and cochran methods, then for marketers and and Cole Brown is used targeted sampling and for traffickers of snowball sampling method. The result showed that there is direct significant relationship between unemployment, unequal distribution of facilities, deprivation, structural pressure and variable depended to tendency and accepting smuggling as a job; in other words, the more mentioned indices, the more tendency to smuggle they have and there is significant relationship between smuggling course and tendency to do it. Cole Brown smuggle not out of satisfaction but also the obligation and traffickers and partly sellers involved in smuggling because of profiteering and high income of smuggling; also, the more communicate with the people involved in smuggling, the more the acceptance and tendency it as a legal one. At the end of the article to get out of the current situation, suggestions provide to officials and authorities such as the creation of free trade-industrial zone in Baneh for development and job creation, equitable distribution of business cards between Cole Brown and the border villages and reducing the administrative bureaucracy in order to facilitate the legal import.