r. rahmani

The relationship between soil invertebrates and silvicultural practices in the oriental beech forests (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), a widespread forest tree in the Hyrcanian region, is not fully understood. The diversity of soil invertebrates is a crucial variable in the ecological evaluation of managed forests. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impacts of silvicultural practices on soil invertebrates, which is essential for sustainable forest management. The soil invertebrates studied included Earthworms, Winged insects, Aranea, Pseudoscorpions, Collembola, Protura, Diplura, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Pauropoda, and Isopoda. The objective was to compare the abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates between two managed (No. 8) and unmanaged (No. 36) compartments in the Haftkhal forests of Neka city, Mazandaran province.

Soil sampling was conducted in 131 ha of the studied forests using a regular random method with grid dimensions of 150 × 200 m. A cylindrical device with a cross-sectional area of 81 cm² and a depth of 10 cm was used. Twenty and thirty sampling plots were obtained in managed (No. 8) and unmanaged (No. 36) compartments, respectively. The average abundance and the average number of soil invertebrate groups per square meter were determined. Additionally, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Indices were used to calculate soil invertebrates’ diversity, while Margalef and Sheldon indices were used to determine species richness and evenness, respectively.

The results showed that the averages of total abundance and the number of soil invertebrate groups per square meter in the managed forest (117278.70 and 7.31) had a slight decrease compared to the unmanaged forest (120167.77 and 7.62). Also, the diversity averages based on Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices, along with the Margalef richness of soil invertebrates in the managed forest (1.890, 0.834, and 1.770), had a slight decrease compared to the unmanaged forest (1.928, 0.840, and 1.862). On the other hand, the average Sheldon evenness of soil invertebrates in the managed forest (0.935) had a slight increase compared to the unmanaged forest (0.924). Overall, road construction and exploitation operations during the two periods of the forestry plan implementation created scattered changes in the managed compartment, leading to a slight decrease in the abundance, richness, and diversity of soil invertebrates. However, the values of all the investigated variables between managed and unmanaged forests were not statistically significant (p=0.05).

This research demonstrated that forest management, utilizing the forestry method of uneven-aged mixed forest and the silviculture system of single-selection, has not significantly reduced the abundance and diversity indices of soil invertebrates in the managed forest compared to the unmanaged forest.

The aim of this study was to develop a mixed-effects model and compare it with nonlinear models for estimating the heights of velvet maple and ironwood trees in the uneven-aged, mixed Shast-kalateh forests of Gorgan. We applied a systematic sampling method to collect field data within a 150×200 m network, comprising of 308 circular sample plots, and measured the height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree species in each plot. Model fitting was done in two stages: In the first stage, we used a fixed-effect approach to select candidate models, where height was the dependent variable and DBH was the independent variable. In the second stage, the dominant height, mean DBH, basal area, basal area of trees larger than the desired tree, tree density, and volume of trees were refitted using a mixed-effect approach. We used adjusted coefficient of determination and root mean square error to assess the models. The results of fitting nonlinear models for velvet maple species showed that the Curtis and Michailief models with R2 values of 0.74 and the lowest RMSE values of 3.43 and 3.24, respectively, were the best models. For ironwood trees, the Nassland and Michailoff models with R2 values of 0.42 and the RMSE values of 2.92 and 2.91 m were selected as the best models. The results of fitting the nonlinear mixed-effect model showed that compared to the nonlinear models, the R2 values for velvet maple and ironwood species increased by 20% and 23%, respectively, and the RMSE improved to 1.75 m for velvet maple and 0.45 m for ironwood.

According to the wide usage of energy absorbers in various engineering structures and in order to prevent damage to life and property, the analysis of behavior of absorber collapse is necessary under different loading conditions, geometric and boundary condition. In this research, collapse process of thin-walled tubes is simulating using Abaqus finite element software to validate the simulation results, the present model compared to previous experimental results. After ensuring the accuracy of numerical simulation models to investigate the effect of combined cylindrical tubes will be discussed. At first case, the tube with a circular cross-section into the tube with a square cross-section and placed under axial loading .In another case, a combination of external and internal tubes is changed. In other words, the tube with square cross-section is placed inside the tube with circular cross-section and numerical simulation is repeated. Then comparison criteria of combined cylindrical absorber collapse (including maximum crushing load, mean crushing load, the amount of energy absorption and specific energy absorption) is investigated.

Canopy gap delineation is essential for achieving a better comprehension of forest structure. This study aims to (a) extract canopy gaps using UAV data and (b) compare the performance of different canopy gap extraction methods in a managed stand in the northeast of Iran. A canopy height model (CHM) was produced by subtracting LIDAR digital terrain model from the UAV digital surface model. CHM classification performs to extract gaps by thresholding CHM (fixed height and CHM slope and relative height thresholds) and object-based classification on the UAV CHM and orthophoto. Ground truth is produced in the point and polygon forms through field measurements and visual interpretation of the UAV orthophoto. The geometry of the canopy gaps (Area, perimeter, and shape complexity) was calculated. Finally, the point and polygon base accuracy of delineated gaps assess for each of the methods. Point accuracy assessment suggests that 60% CHM slope produces the highest overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 91.7% and 0.874, respectively. About area accuracy assessment, the best match between delineated gaps and ground truth polygons was achieved by using relative height and 60% CHM slope thresholds. The lowest mean errors of GSCI produced by 70% CHM slope (0.15). Moreover, object-based classification showed the lowest mean error of area (33.76 m2) and perimeter (16.80 m). In conclusion, while area accuracy is considered the best fit of the delineated gap's geometry is gained by the object-based classification.

Climate change and human interventions as a whole have had negative and remarkable effects on the quantity and quality of forests. Beside the change in the forests extent, which has always been considered and monitored, its phenological changes have also been investigated in the last decade. The NDVI Vegetation Index derived from satellite data is an appropriate proxy for quantifying and expressing forest status including phenological changes. This study aimed to characterize the trend of start, end, and length of growing season using NDVI satellite time series dataset over 18-year time periods and then assess their relationship with precipitation and temperature parameters. This study was carried out over the southern Zagros forests using MODIS-NDVI time series with temporal and spatial resolution of 16-day and 250 meters, respectively. The precipitation and temperature datasets were also collected from regional synoptic meteorological stations. After preprocessing steps, 414 NDVI images during 2000-2017 were analyzed pixel by pixel to extract the start, end, and length of the growing season using Midpoint method, considering 50% and 35% thresholds of NDVI annual amplitude for start and end of the growing season, respectively. Then, the statistical significance of phenological metrics was assessed. Based on the results, the mean dates for the start and the end of growing season were 16th March and 15th August, respectively, with the mean length of growing season of 151 days in the study period from 2000 to 2017. Considering 35% of NDVI annual amplitude for the end of growing season, the mean date for the end of growing season was 8th September and the mean length of growing season was 190 days. The seasonal trend showed that the start and the end of growing season has occurred respectively 0.02 and 1.04 days earlier per year in the southern Zagros forests during 2000-2017. The length of growing season has been shortened 1.02 day per year. However, variation in the start and the end dates and the length of growing season have not been significant in 93%, 81% and 81% of the region, respectively, at 90 % confident level. Generally, the change in the occurrence of the end of growing season was greater than the start of growing season. A weak correlation was observed between phenological changes and climate parameters like temperature and precipitation in the study area.

The most important challenge in the bilateral teleoperation systems is to achieve the operator's true sense of the environment and guarantee the stability of the system. Until now, various approaches have been developed to design such systems in which the passivity condition for environmental forces and operators have been used to prove the stability of the Lyapunov function. These conditions can impose serious restrictions, especially in the field of medical applications on teleoperation systems. The existence of time-varying delay in the master-slave communication channel and also uncertainties (external disturbances and un-modeled dynamics), which sometimes may destabilize the control system, are important factors and underlie in attracting researchers attention. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a robust backstepping fuzzy adaptive controller for the control of uncertain nonlinear bilateral teleoperation system in the presence of time delay and parametric uncertainty. The stability analysis is based on Lyapunov and the simulation results demonstrate the success of the proposed method in achieving the control goals.

Regarding the requirements of quality management systems, the collection, monitoring and processing of production information or some outputs of machinery must be done to control all quality parameters. Due to the diversity of information, timely corrective actions to maintain process parameters affecting quality are often delayed in control areas and loss of quality will be inevitable. In this article, after reviewing the quality management systems and the reasons for the loss of quality and the processes out of control, we will discuss the estimated costs incurred by tire factories for this event. To overcome these problems, it was possible to utilize automated tracking systems for batch production. Also, extraction, categorization and processing of manufacturing machine data and reporting online and their display on the factory IT network or on the net will also be investigated.

This study aimed to assess the effect of educational program based on health belief model regarding safe childbirth on selected delivery mode among pregnant women. Material and

In this field trial 100 pregnant women had participated who were selected by cluster sampling method from several community health centers in Gonabad city. The subjects randomly allocated to one of intervention or control group. Intervention group received an educational program regarding safe childbirth based on health belief model. Control group received routine educations provided in community health centers. All subjects fulfilled the health belief, self-efficacy questionnaires and detected the mode of delivery before and one month after intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 considering p<0.5 as statistically significant. Findings: Results showed that the mean and SD of age and gestational age of subjects were 27.38 ± 3.32 and 24.26± 4.35, respectively. One month after intervention two group were statically difference in term of Knowledge about modes of delivery (p<0.0001), perceived self-efficacy (p=0.047), perceived sensivity (p=0.001), perceived severity (p<0.0001), and perceived benefits (p=0.010). There was no difference between two groups in perceived barriers (p=0.404). Vaginal delivery were chosen more in intervention group (p=0.003).

The educational programs based on health belief model improve the selection of vaginal delivery mode among pregnant women. We recommended using of health belief model for educational program in pregnant women

The purpose of this study was the external validation of the motivational model for web-based instruction with emphasis on the role of the teacher. The proposed model is based on self-determination theory and consists of three main categories (social presence, cognitive engagement, management) and nine sub-categories. In this quasi–experimental study, a pretest–posttest design with a control group was used. The population included all the undergraduate students of Kharazmi University (Karaj Campus) in the academic year 2015-2016. Of these, 44 students were selected through a random sampling procedure and were randomly assigned to either of experimental and control groups. Both groups participated in training course of communication skills. The instrument was Haller’s Situational Motivational scale that assesses four constructs of the self-determination theory (intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the gathered data. The results showed that the proposed model can improve the learners' intrinsic motivation in web-based learning environment and can be a basis for teaching in virtual courses.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of soy oil sources، dietary vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation on serum and yolk total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) and contents and egg oxidative stability in laying hens. A total of 300 Hy-line variety W-36 laying hen with 44-wk of age were used. Twelve corn-soybean meal-based diets containing; 3. 5% refined soybean oil (SBO)، recycled soybean oil (RSO)، or acidulated soybean oil soapstocks (ASO) each containing two levels of vitamin E (0 and 250 mg/ kg diet)، or two levels of vitamin C (0 and 250 mg/ kg diet) were used in a completely randomized design trial with a 3×2×2 factorial arrangement. The yolk oxidative stability was determined on 3 groups of fresh eggs after refrigeration at 5°C for 1، 15، and 30 days. The results showed that serum concentrations of TC and TG، and yolk TC content were not affected by dietary oil sources (P>0. 05). Dietary inclusion of RSO and ASO، however، increased (P<0. 05) egg TG content. Although dietary supplementation of vitamin E had no marked effect on serum and egg lipid profile، supplemental vitamin C decreased (P<0. 05) egg TG. No interaction of dietary fat sources and vitamin supplementation was observed on serum TC and TG or egg TC. However، there was a positive interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C for yolk TG content، so that the presence of both vitamins had more reducing effect on yolk TG. On the other hand، 30 days egg storage decreased (P<0. 05) yolk oxidative stability and dietary vitamin E supplementation improved stability index. These results confirm the fact that egg triglyceride is more prone to dietary manipulation compared to egg cholesterol.

Despite the development of science and technology، yet many patients suffer from the complications including nausea and vomiting after anesthesia that can have irreversible effects. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of C-band on controlling nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia in abdominal surgery.

This clinical trial study was performed on 174 male patients in the surgery department of Baqiyatallah and Valiasr Naja military hospitals in Tehran. They underwent abdominal surgery and it was their first surgical experience. They were randomly divided into three groups of 58 cases: acupressure (treatment group)، control and placebo groups. The severity of nausea and vomiting (based on visual assessment scale) were recorded by the patients in the related form. The frequency of nausea and vomiting was asked from the patients by the experts who had no information about how the groups were divided and it was recorded in a prepared checklist. Also، it was assessed 8، 16 and 24 hours after operation and then the groups were compared.

Based on our results، C-band caused a decrease in the frequency of nausea in 6 (10. 3%) patients versus 34 (58. 6%) and 33 (56. 8%) patients (p<0. 001) and the severity of nausea (p<0. 007)، and also it caused a decrease in the frequency of vomiting in 2 (3. 4%) patients versus 13 (22. 4%) and 35 (25. 8%) patients (p<0. 008) and the severity of vomiting (p<0. 005) that in compared to control and placebo groups it was more and the difference was significant.

According to the results، it is proposed to use C-band as a non-invasive method to prevent nausea and vomiting after anesthesia.

In this research qualitative characteristics of the sapling of 17 regeneration groups within gaps and seven regeneration groups under closed canopy were studied. For this purpose, all of the woody saplings were sampled in 3 gap classes: i) seven small gaps (d/h ≤0/5), ii) seven medium gaps (d/h = 0/5-1) and iii) three large classes (d/h >1). In this classification “d” stands for largest gap diameter and “h” means height of edge trees around the gap. The results showed that the gap size had major effect on qualitative characteristics of maple saplings at confidence level of 95%. The frequency of medium quality class (forked) of maple saplings that is a light demanding species in small gaps was more than those in the medium and large gaps. In addition, the results indicated that beech sapling under crown canopy had lower quality than those in gaps.

In this study the causality relationship among variables in chicken and beef markets were investigated based on annual data from 1974 to 2004 in the I.S. of Iran. For this purpose, causality algorithms emerging from directed acyclic graphs were used in two cases, one based on co- integration analysis and innovation correlation matrix of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and the other using data directly. In the investigation of causality process, PC algorithm based on partial correlations and GES (Greedy Equivalent Search) based on Bayesian network model were used. The results revealed that there is no specific causality relation between chicken and beef consumption and their price indices. Thus it seems other variables and government interventions are effective factors in these markets. Therefore, this model is an instrument for forecasting changes of these variables. In these markets there are causality relations among price indices, quantities of consumption and other variables. Beef price index as endogenous variable, is under the effect of chicken price index, non meat food price index, non food price index, per capita expenditure and quantity of chicken consumption. The quantity of beef consumption is predetermined and isn’t under the effect of other variables. Chicken price index is endogenous and under the effect of beef price index, per capita expenditure and non food price index. Also chicken quantity consumption is endogenous and under the effect of beef quantity consumption and non meat food price index. With respect to the findings, for effectiveness, policy initiatives aimed at improving in meat industry should be different for different meat markets and the method of directed graphs can be used a s a guideline.

Hysterectomy is the most common surgical operations which is done on more than one thousand cases in G-Bretain every week.More than 600,000 cases of hysterectomy are carried out in U.S.A anually.More than %65 of these operations are done on women of reproductive age. Most of the women believe that doing these operations cause loss of feminity life quality, ending of sexual life,reducing sexual desire and attraction, banishing by their husbands or increasing individual problems with their spouses,for this reason they didnt accept this operation and in case of having hysterectomy they will have numerous problems in their matrimonial life, therefore the above mentioned researchers decided to carry out this study in Urmia city. Methods & Materials: This is a semiexperimental study which 70 patients (35 case and 35 control group)are chosen as study samples by purposive sampling method. The patients undergoing hysterectomy operation are formed the study population.A questionnaire is used as data gathering tool and interview and filling the questionnaires as data collection method.Sceientific validity and reliability were measured before sampling and data were analysed by Spss software system. In connection with demographic characteristics the research findings revealed that most percentage (%45.5) of the study samples were in 45-55 years age group, %57.1 were illiterate, %95 were housewives and the most causes of hysterectomy(%54.3)was vaginal bleeding.Most of the sample's spouses (47.1) were illiterate and %52.9 had free occupation [i]. Most of the samples (%64.7)hadnt obtain information about their own operation from anyone, %23.5 obtained information only from their physicians. In relation with the first aim of this study namely appointment and comparison of the effects of education on average correction score of the sample's body image in control group was(6.84±7.4)and in case group it was(26.45±1.3)with p=0.000<0.05 and t=14.88 which we can say that the body image level in case group is high and the educations were more effective in case group. In connection with the second aim of this study the average score of spouse support in control group was(7.93±5.3) and in case group it reached to(16.17±2.7) with t=−7.94 and p=0.00<0.05.On the other hand we can pretend that the case group had more satisfaction from their husband support than control group. In relation with third aim of the study namely satisfaction from sexual behavior the average score of control and case groups were (3.14±3.48)and(13.85±2.78) respectively with t=14.12 and p=0.00<0.05 which indicates that the case group satisfaction about the sexual behavior is more than the control group. Paying attention to the final results of this research it became distinguished that educations are effective on satisfaction about marital life.Researchers believe that physicians and nurses must give necessary educations to their patients and their husbands preoperatively in order to prevent marital problems by obtaining correct information.

Developed and irreversible failure kidneys is called chronic renal failure (CRF) that it is usually progressive. Remedial procedures for chronic Renal Failure are improving and among them hemodialysis not only can’t solve these patients’ problems, but also precipitates more complications. Therefore, acquiring some new knowledge and skills about daily life is necessary. Paying attention to the above mentioned subjects, we decided to carry out a study with the aim of appointment of the effects of home education on physical health status of hemodialysed patients. Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental study 33 hemodialysis patients are chosen as the study community by purposive sampling method. Data gathering tools were demographic characteristics form and physical health status checklist. The results were analyzed by paired t-tests. The results of this study showed that most of the patients (78.78%) possessed moderate physical health before the education and a large number of them (54.55%) had good physical health after the education. The paired t-test revealed a significant difference between systolic Bp, weight gathering between two hemodialysis, sodium, potassium, calcium and hematocrite level pre and post educationally. The results of this study are parallel with the results of most studies done in Iran and abroad. So being attentive to the study results, we rcommend home visit program as an important basic method in hygiene remedial cares of hemodialysis patients.