raheleh ebrahimi

One of Avicenna's renowned intuitive arguments that emphasizes the individuality or distinct existence of the soul is the thought experiment of the 'flying' or 'suspended' man. This argument takes various forms in Avicenna’s works. The central concept across all versions is the imperative nature of cessation or detachment from the soul's faculties to attain self-awareness and confirm the inniyyah (particular existence) of the self. In other words, a focus on particular existence is only achievable through detachment from both external and internal faculties. This detachment unfolds in three stages: withdrawal of attention from the external world, turning attention inward to the internal sphere, and ultimately confirming the Inniyyah, representing the deepest layer of the self in Avicenna’s perspective. Avicenna employs the same approach in his treatise Hayy Ibn Yaqzan, framing it as a journey to acquire knowledge about God. In this treatise, we witness the rational soul's journey, guided by the active intellect, towards higher principles. This journey is predicated on the detachment from faculties. Avicenna consistently adopts this approach in the pursuit of self-awareness and knowledge of God. This methodology is rooted in the interference of the soul's faculties in its path and the necessity of detachment from these faculties for the fulfillment and completion of this journey. The rationale behind this lies in Avicenna's distinctive perspective on the faculties and their relationship to the soul.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be used as a useful alternative to in vitro culture of various plant species, which not only accelerates plantlet growth and development but also reduces illumination costs. Here, the effects of different light treatments (fluorescent (control), blue LED, red LED, 70% blue/30% red, 70% red/30% blue and SMD lights) on protocorm-like bodies (PLB) growth and development, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the content of protein and soluble sugars of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima obtained from protocorm explants on ½ MS (Murashige and Skoog) or VW (Vacin and Went) with or without growth regulators (IBA+BAP) were evaluated. The results showed that LED and SMD treatments improved the induction and growth of PLBs compared to fluorescent treatments, which had the highest numbers of PLBs and biomass under blue and red LED light, respectively. Under the same light treatments, the highest numbers of PLBs and biomass were obtained on ½ MS+IBA+BAP. Compared to fluorescent light, LED and SMD lights increased the content of photosynthetic pigments. Among the culture media used, the highest content of photosynthetic pigments was observed on ½MS+IBA+BAP. Compared with fluorescent treatment, a significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of protein and soluble sugars was observed under LED and SMD treatments, with the largest increase recorded under blue LED. Therefore, our results proved that the use of LEDs can be a practical and effective way to increase the induction of PLBs and improve photosynthetic pigments in the in vitro culture of P. pulcherrima.

In recent years, as a result of environmental stress, a large number of pine trees in parks and forestry in Tehran and Alborz provinces have dried up, that has conditions provided for contamination by secondary pests such as pine bark beetles (Orthotomicus erosus). In one hundred pine growing locations, three trees were randomly selected in each location, and in these locations, the average percentage of trees canopy dryness (three trees), the percentage of soil area under the trees canopy and the number of irrigations during in growing season (spring and summer) were measured; and thus the soils were sampled from the root activity zone at two depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm. The percentage of coarse particles (> 2 mm) was measured in the soil samples after being dried in the vicinity of air, pounded and passed through a 2 mm sieve. In each soil sample, soil texture (percentage of sand, silt and clay particles), soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), equivalent calcium carbonate (CCE), organic matter and available concentration of sodium, potassium and phosphorus elements were measured. At a depth of 30-60 cm (subsurface soil), a soil sample was taken with a cylinder in order to measure the bulk density and soil porosity. Regression analysis was carried out using three methods Enter, stepwise by backward and forward with 15 series of variables as input variables to estimate or predict the percentage of pine drying (dryness of tree canopy). In total, the forward stepwise regression model, with R2=0.757 and RMSE=15.02% error, the most suitable model is the most appropriate model for assessing the percentage of tree drying, with two variables, the percentage of subsurface sand of the soil (30-60 cm) and coarse material (> 2 mm) of soil surface depth (0-30 cm), a more suitable model was recognized.

The practice of intercropping (mixed cropping) may represent a promising sustainable solution to improve crop production from small parcel of land. Intercropping, a technique of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field, is an agro-ecological practice for sustainable crop intensification. Intercropping ensures efficient utilization of light and other resources, reduces soil erosion, suppresses weed growth, and thereby helps to maintain greater stability in crop yields. It also guarantees greater land occupancy and thereby higher net returns. Although many researches have evaluated the effects of intercropping of common fruit vegetable crops like cucumber (Cucumis sativus), there is still paucity of information on this. From a practical point of view, information on cucumber and okra (Esculentus abelmoschus) intercropping is not available. Okra and cucumber are among the important fruit vegetables, and therefore conducting research on their intercropping is important to achieve a better understanding of interactions of the mixed cultivation of these two plants. The objectives of this research were finding the best cucumber cultivars in mixed cultivation with okra in terms of qualitative and quantitative traits, investigating the correlation between traits in mixed crops, and comparing the mixed crops in different years and selection of the most beneficial cultivation.           

In order to investigate the relationship between yield and its components and to select the best mixed crop of okra and cucumber in terms of quantitative and qualitative traits, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at greenhouse condition under the supervision of the Research Institute of Horticultural Sciences of Varamin, Iran, during two years (2020-2021). Ten cucumber cultivars including ‘Viola’, ‘Mirsoltan’, ‘Mito’, ‘Emilie’, ‘CUB-9042’, ‘FC-21’, ‘CUB-9045’, ‘FC-27’, ‘NAGIN’, ‘NEGIN’ mixed with okra cultivar ‘Baker’ were used in this study. The evaluated traits were fresh weight of fruit in each node, plant height, stem diameter, fresh yield of fruit, dry yield of fruit, number of internode, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit number and leaf chlorophyll content.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between intercrops in terms of evaluated traits. The interaction of year and intercropping was also significant on all traits except stem diameter. Results of mean comparison based on Duncan’s test showed that cultivation of okra with greenhouse cucumber cultivars including ‘Viola’, ‘Fc-21’ and ‘Emilie’ are suitable intercrops based on fruit weight in each node, plant height, stem diameter, fresh yield of fruit, dry yield of fruit, internode number, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit number, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content. Based on results of the evaluation of intercrops using a multifaceted view during experimental years, mixed cultivation of okra and greenhouse cucumber cultivars including ‘Viola’ and ‘Emilie’ were selected as desirable intercrops. Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive correlation between the characteristics of fresh and dry yield of fruit and chlorophyll a content, fruit number, fruit length, stem diameter, plant height and fruit diameter and internode number and chlorophyll b content. According to principal components analysis the first four components justified the main part of variation. According to the ratio of land equality (LER), cultivation of okra with cucumber cultivars including ‘Mirsoltan’, ‘Emilie’, ‘CUB-9042’, ‘CUB-9045’ were the most profitable intercrops. Based on several studies, intercropping will lead to better and more efficient use of environmental resources by plants. This technique can considerably reduce weed growth and distribution in agricultural fields. There are several reports on promising results of intercropping in different horticultural crops with improved qualitative characteristics and higher yield performance.

In conclusion, the results showed that cultivation of okra (cv. ‘Baker’) with the greenhouse cucumber cultivars including ‘Mirsoltan’, ‘Viola’ and ‘Emilie’ could be considered as desirable intercrops. Also, intercropping okra with cucumber had higher desirability than pure cultivation of okra in terms of yield and some of most important quantitative characteristics.

Perilla frutescens var. crispa, a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family is widely used for the treatment of constipation, asthma, and skin disorders, and also as spice. As climatic, environmental, and edaphological conditions of the plant habitats affect active substances of medicinal plants, quantitative and qualitative changes in the essential oil content and composition of the plants cultivated in the Research Farms of four regions of Iran (Rasht, Noor, Khorramabad, and Neishabour) were evaluated in the present study in 2020. Aerial organs of the plants were collected at the vegetative stage and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the studied areas, the highest and lowest altitudes were Neishabour and Rasht, respectively. The climatic classification of Rasht and Noor was also more similar. The essential oil contents (%w/w) of the plant samples in Rasht, Noor, Neishabour, and Khorramabad were 1.45, 1.33, 1.26, and 1.16, respectively. In total, 28, 27, 25, and 27 compounds were identified in Noor, Rasht, Khorramabad, and Neishabour regions, respectively. (E)-Caryophyllene (42.4-58.7%), α-cadinol (8.2-16.5%), (E)-nerolidol (3.8-9.5%), α-dehydro-elsholtzia ketone (2.1-7.5%), cis-dihydro-α-terpinyl acetate (1.0-7.5%), and egoma ketone (0.2-5.5%) were the major essential oil compounds at different regions. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (44.9-61.2%) were the major class of the compounds of essential oils. Cluster analysis based on the essential oil compositions classified the studied areas into two distinct groups. Noor and Rasht were clustered in one group and Khorramabad and Neishabour were clustered in the other group. Results showed that temperate regions are suitable to increase the essential oil contents of the plants, while arid and semi-arid regions can improve the quality of essential oils.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of chitosan and salicylic acid on morphological traits of the medicinal plant Galega officinalis L. in field conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2017 in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branch. The treatments included foliar application with four levels of salicylic acid (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mM/l), foliar application with four levels of chitosan (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/l) and foliar application with distilled water (the control). The results showed that foliar application of biological stimulants had a significant impact on all evaluated traits, except plant height and leaf dry weight. By increasing the concentration of chitosan and salicylic acid, the fresh and dry weight of the stem have decreased so that the highest values in the two traits have belonged to the treatments of chitosan 0.4 and 0.2 g/l and 1 and 0.5 mM/l salicylic acid. Maximum number of internodes (with a numerical mean of 4.80), root length in chitosan treatment (0.4 g/l), and the highest number of leaf (at a concentration of 0.6 g/l chitosan) has been observed. In the study of leaf and root characteristics, chitosan with concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 g/l and in inflorescence characteristics, salicylic acid with concentrations of 2 and 3 mM/l have been more effective. In general, the use of concentrations of 0.4 and 0.2 g/l chitosan have had a more optimal effect on the morphological traits of the medicinal plant Galega officinalis L., making it ultimately recommended thanks to its positive effect on most of the plant's growth characteristics due to its rapid absorption to achieve the desired yield in a sustainable agricultural path.

This study was carried out to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of 60 almond cultivars and genotypes in climatic conditions of Meshkin Dasht Horticultural Research Station in Karaj and to determine their characteristics in order to select the best cultivars. These cultivars and genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The studied cultivars and genotypes were evaluated for important vegetative and pomological traits. Results showed that K9-7, K2-22, K3-16, K2-9, Sh15 and KD-11-01 genotypes and Shokofeh, Nonpareil and Price cultivars had paper shell nuts that had good marketability. Shokofeh, Ferragnès, A230, A200 cultivars and K13-40 genotype had a lower chance of being exposed to late spring frosts due to late flowering on average 20 to 25 days depending on the cultivars compared to Sefid cultivar. Also, for two years in terms of yield in 2016 and 2017, Filippo Ceo, Ferragnès cultivars and K9-24 and K8-24 genotypes had the highest yield. In the general evaluation of important traits of cultivars and genotypes; Nanparil cultivar and KD-11-01 genotype were identified as the best cultivar and genotype in terms of soft shell fruit and A230, A200 and Ferragnès cultivars and K13-40 genotype with hard shell fruit.

Many spiritualists believe that one does not need to have physical and mental strength to experience God and the Hereafter. Many athletes believe that having physical strength without spirituality is possible. Many scientists also believe that they do not need spirituality to have mental power. The subject of this article is the approach of separating spirituality from physical and mental strength. We will address the theoretical framework of this distinction and its critiques. The topic is important especially because the absence or lack of spirituality leads to a defect in the other two powers or their malfunction. Our method is to extract the assumptions of the theoretical framework of this separation and then call them into question. We conclude that this distinction has two presupposed categories: philosophical and theological. Its philosophical presuppositions are the separation of the mind from the world, the material from the abstract, and the intellect from the heart. The first is the result of the false assumption that the mind is in the body and that our body is separate from other objective beings. The second is based on the false premise that the boundary of matter is clear and immaterial beings can be separated from it. The third is based on the fact that the intellect is a source of cognition and the heart is the place of emotions. Its theological presuppositions are to believe that God is purely immaterial and to separate the world from the hereafter. The first is the result of the false premise that God is a limited being in the immaterial world and cannot be present in the material world. The second is based on misunderstanding the relationship between this world and the hereafter, that is, the relationship between the external and the internal. The novelty of this article is in extracting these assumptions and criticizing them.

Mentha is a genus from the family Lamiaceae, whose essential oils has long been used in different forms. This herbal plant has traditionally been used as an alternative medicine to treat candidiasis. So, it seems crucial to find new antimicrobials that have fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the antifungal effects of Mentha aquatica L essential oil on pathogenic Candida spp. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 137 Candida spp isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis. These yeasts were confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Mentha aquatica L essential oil was prepared by water distillation and Clevenger apparatus. The antifungal activity of Mentha aquatica L essential oil and fluconazole versus Candida spp was determined by microbroth dilution method using CLSI guidelines. The most common species were identified that Candida albicans (63.5%), Candida glabrata (28.5%) and Candida krusei (8%), respectively. MIC50, MIC90 and geometric mean (GM) of fluconazole were 0.5 µg/ml, 4 µg/ml and 0.573 µg/ml and for Mentha aquatica L essential oil 1 µg/ml, 4 µg/ml and 0.931 µg/ml, respectively. The antifungal effect of fluconazole on Candida spp was higher than that of essential oil of plant. It seems that the inhibitory effect of essential oil of Mentha aquatica L has shown that this plant can be considered as a potential candidate for the development of antifungal drug in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

In order to investigate the effect of Hana extract and sodium nitroprusside on antioxidant properties and vase life of chrysanthemum, an experiment as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first factor was Hana leaf extract at three levels (0, 100 and 200 ppm), the second factor was sodium nitroprusside at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and the third factor was sampling time at three levels (1, 6 and 12 day). The results showed that with increasing sampling time, flower diameter, chlorophyll content, relative water content and relative fresh weight decreased and the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly. The extract of hana and sodium nitroprusside at high concentrations reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and improved chrysanthemum quality parameters, indicating their positive effects on the elimination of free radicals. The Hana extract treatment on sixth day of sampling time was the best treatment for improving the parameters of chrysanthemum flower. The Hana leaf extract and sodium nitroprusside treatments suppressed reduction of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll leaf content. The results of this study showed that hana extract and sodium nitroprusside had positive effect on vase life of chrysanthemum cut flower.

The method of fertilization and fertilizing the soil and culture substrates has an important role in the quantitative and qualitative production of agricultural and horticultural products. Four types of fertilizer formulas with different ratios of N, P and K and constant amounts of micronutrients were prepared as complete liquid fertilizers in the Soil Science Laboratory of Sheikh Baha'i Laboratory Complex, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. In a randomized complete design, the effect of thirteen different fertilizer treatments along with a control including the use of different fertilizers at different times of vegetative and reproductive growth and each treatment in four replications on the growth of Tagetes was evaluated. Vegetative growth indices including final plant height, number of flowers and lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of roots, flowers and shoots were evaluated. Overall results showed that different fertilization methods and different fertilizer formulas had a positive effect on plant growth compared to the control. Changes in plant growth were significant compared to the control in fertilization methods and formulas. The best effect on plant growth was seen in treatment number 6 and this treatment is recommended for the growth of this variety of Tagetes. In this treatment, in the fourth week of planting seedlings from the first formula including the base ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, 15-15-15 and in the fifth and sixth weeks of the second formula including the ratio of base nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, 15-20 -30, was used.

In order to investigate amount of deficit irrigation and different levels of water salinity on some morphophysiological traits of parsley, an factorial experiment based on completely block design in three replicates was carried in greenhouse condition. The first factor include irrigation amount at three levels (60, 80 and 100% of field capacity) and the second factor include water salinity at three levels (0.5, 2 and 4 dS/m). Results showed that decreasing irrigation and increasing water salinity cause deacreasing plant height, leaf number per plant, aerial fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, relative water content and chlorophile content. With increasing salinity to 4 dS/m ion leakage and activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase increased and with increasing amount of irrigation these traits reduced significantly.

Cervical cavernous hemangioma is an extremely rare, benign lesions, and only a few cases are reported. Cervical cavernous Hemangiomas are characterized by an increase in the number of normal and abnormal veins. The majority of these lesions are superficial, often found in the head and neck area, but may also occur in the inner parts of the body. The occurrence of these lesions in the female reproductive tract, especially the the cervix is extremely rare. This disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding because of the low prevalence and importance of the diagnosis of this uncommon disease. The majority of cervical cavernous hemangiomas have been reported in women of childbearing age. Besides, although most lesions are symptomatic (mostly bleeding), diagnosis is often unlikely. They may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding in the form of menometrorrhagia and postcoital spotting. To date, fewer than 55 cases have been reported. This study aimed to report a rare case of cervical cavernous hemangioma.

The patient was a 24-year-old woman who had referred to the outpatient clinic of Ghaem Hospital in September 2016 due to prolonged post coital bleeding after intercourse. At the time of the pelvic examination, posterior lip of cervix was very vascular and there was black color that had extend to the vagina. The patient underwent colposcopy. Following colposcopy, due to severe cervical bleeding, the vagina packed. The patientchr('39')s bleeding was controlled with the pack after 24 hours. Cervical pathology revealed a cavernous hemangioma.

Cervical cavernous hemangioma is extremely rare. This should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially those of childbearing age, and no clinical or radiologic findings such as leiomyoma, adenomyosis, or dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Pelvic examination is the first step in the management of the patient with vaginal bleeding. Increased awareness of this unusual cervical lesion can lead to early diagnosis and conservative treatment approaches. In most cases, hysterectomy is performed, but the patient with mild symptoms can be treated with conservative management. Increased awareness of this unusual cervical lesion can lead to early diagnosis and conservative treatment approaches.

To investigate the effect of different drying methods on some quantitative and qualitative properties of mint, an experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatments included drying in shadow, drying in the sun and drying in the oven at 45 °C, 55 °C and 65 °C. Results showed that the drying method had significant effects on the drying time, essential oil content, microbial level and the colour of dried plant samples, however, it did not have any significant impact on the content of phenolic compounds, mineral elements and components of essential oil. The highest content of oil and the best colour were belonged to the methods of drying in shadow and in the oven at 45 °C; while the best results for the drying time and the microbial levels were obtained from treatments at high temperatures in the oven. Also, the results of the essential oil analysis by gas chromatography indicated that the major components of the mint essential oil are limonene and carvone, which comprise more than 80 percent of the total essential oil in mint.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis, with significant morbidity and mortality that are effectively reduced by antiviral treatment. Herpes simplex infection in pregnant women rarely results in encephalitis. The most common symptoms of a pregnant woman with herpes simplex infection are colds and skin vesicles. Herpetic encephalitis occurs during pregnancy in the third trimester in 60% of cases and with less prevalence in the second trimester. Among HSVs most, HSV-1 causes encephalitis. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are important as mortality decreases from 70% to 20-30%. This case report, reviews a pregnant woman with a diagnosis of herpes encephalitis due to seizure and consciousness disorder, which was negative in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and diagnostic studies.

The patient was a 23-year-old woman with a gestational age of 29 weeks who presented with fever, headache, delirium, and cognitive impairment three days prior to admission following seizure. Early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an increase in the cortical signal in the temporal lobe and PCR assay for the detection of herpes virus was negative. Magnetic resonance venography also showed an increase in the left maxillary sinus with differential diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis. Considering the symptoms of the patient with a strong suspicion of herpes simplex encephalitis, the patient was treated with acyclovir, which was associated with improvement of clinical symptoms. Finally, normal delivery was performed after 36 weeks of gestation.

Given that herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a rare and potentially dangerous and complicated disease, it is imperative for a pregnant patient with atypical symptoms to be identified with an appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

There are some plants can replaced grass among cover plants. Cover plants are obvious solution of problem in these places that the most important plant is Frankinia and Lisimakia etc. The aim of this study is to use organic wastes, biological fertilizers and moisture super absorbents in the growth media of Frankinia to increase water holding capacity, delay in permanent wilting point and drought stress control. The experiment was carried out during drought stress out of greenhouse in open space in 2017. A factorial experiment based on Randomized Completely Design with two factor was conducted. First factor was three periods of irrigation in 2 and 4 days and one week, second factor was different growth media including: 1. 90% soil+10% manue, 2. 70% soil, 15% manure+ 15% vermicompost, 3. 70% soil, 15% manure+ 15% vermicompost + 1 g/kg stockosorb (super absorbent), 4. 50% soil, 25% manure+ 25% vermicompost and 5. 50% soil, 25% manure+ 25% vermicompost + 1 g/kg super absorbent. Rooted transplants of Frankinia in pots (diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm) were planted in boxes 30×30 cm numbered 6 every box. Morphological traits including longest branch, total number of lateral branches, dry and fresh weight of shoot, prolin, leaf relative water and the concentration of K, P, Fe and Zn in shoot and uptake of these nutrients by shoot, were measured. The growth media were analyzed for pH, EC, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio and P and K available. Results showed the mixture 50-50 of soil and organic compounds (composted manure and vermicompost) is used as the growth medium. Using one g/kg superabsorbent in cited medium in compared with control medium (irrigation period 2 days), can increase irrigation period to one week.

Due to the econemic and envaironmental limitiation in the use of peat moss as a growth medium of ornamental plants, researchers seek an apporiate alternative in flower and plants industry. Zeolite because of the high capacity of water holding and cations enchange, has an ability in the replacement  of peat moss. At this research, the posibility subtitution of peat moss by zeolite as a growth medium of Dracaena marginata was investigated. The control medium was a ratio 2:1 of peat: perlite that six levels of zeolite (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % v/v) in replacement with peat were used in a compeletly randomized design. Some chemical  and physical charactristics of growth media were measured including EC, pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, C/N ratio, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bulk density, porosity and field capacity. The plant growth parameters were also measured including height, stem diameter, leaf number, fresh weight of leaves, root and stem. The results showed the highest height of stem obtained in 10% v/v treatment of zeolite  and stem height had not significant difference in compared with control in 40 and 50% v/v zeolite. Fresh weight of leaves was more than in the control in all zeolite treatments, and in other growth indices, 10% v/v treatment caused a better response of plant. The bulk density increased and the porosity decreased proportional to the increase in zeolite. Prosty, EC, aeration porosity and field capacity had the highest effect on the growth indices in 10-20% v/v zeolite.

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), recognized in Iran and other areas of the Middle East as a very popular flavoring spice, contains a wide range of medicinally active components including organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, hydrolyzable tannins and terpenoids. This plant species has suitable divergence in North West of Iran. In present research, samples of leaf and fruit of 15 sumac genotypes from each of 5 regions in north west Iran were conducted to fingerprinting using ISSR markers and also measuring Malic acid, Cumaric acid and Protocatechuic acid using LC-MS/MS. Inter population genetic diversity was higher that intra population variation for malic acid and Cumaric acid. Study of population structure of 75 sumac genotypes using 18 ISSR primers data including 132 ISSR markers and Structure software have divided them into two sub-populations. Results of association analysis revealed that markers including UBC867, UBC801 and UBC864 have significant association with genomic regions controlling Malic acid, Cumaric acid and Protocatechoice acid, respectively. Markers which identified in present study could be applied in sumac breeding programs.

To describe the demographic and clinical patterns of patients with uveitis referred to a tertiary center in northeastern Iran.
This cross-sectional retrospective study included 235 patients with uveitis who had been referred to the uveitis clinic of Khatam-Al-Anbia eye hospital, affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, from February 2013 to March 2014. Data regarding patient age, sex, anatomical location of the disease, and etiologic and clinical features were analyzed.
Mean patient age at the onset of uveitis was 35.75 ± 16.3 (range: 3–82) years. The ratio of females to males was 1.5 to 1. Sixty-four percent had bilateral involvement. The predominant type of inflammation was non-granulomatous (76%). Panuveitis (46.8%, 110 cases) was the most common form of uveitis followed by anterior (37%, 87 cases), intermediate (11.9%, 28 cases), and posterior uveitis (4.25%, 10 cases). The most common diagnoses were “idiopathic” in anterior and intermediate uveitis cases, toxoplasmosis in posterior uveitis group, and Behçet and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada diseases in panuveitis cases. Overall, noninfectious causes (80.42%) of uveitis were more frequent than infectious causes (19.57%). The proportion of noninfectious uveitis was 82.75% in anterior uveitis, 78.18% in panuveitis, 92.85% in intermediate uveitis, and 50% in posterior uveitis. The most common associated systemic disease was Behçet disease.
In contrast to most epidemiologic studies of uveitis, the clinical and etiologic patterns of uveitis were different in a tertiary referral center in northeastern Iran. Panuveitis was the most common clinical pattern in this study, and the most common associated systemic disease was Behçet disease.

Halitosis is an unpleasant odor, smelled from one’s breath. This condition is in fact a widespread problem in the society. Halitosis can be due to several reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate Shiraz dentists’ knowledge of diagnosis and management of halitosis.
A researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among 70 dentists, randomly selected from all the dentists in Shiraz, Iran. The research questionnaire consisted of 13 questions evaluating the knowledge of dentists of the causes (four items), diagnostic methods (five items) and treatment methods (four items) of halitosis.
Among the participants, 47.1% were male and 52.9% were female. Total mean knowledge score of the subjects was estimated at 10.56±1.92. In terms of causes of halitosis, mean knowledge score was 4.61±1.10, while it was 3.0±37.67 and 2.57±0.67 regarding the diagnostic and treatment methods of the mentioned condition, respectively. According to the results, a significant reverse correlation was observed between mean knowledge score of the subjects and variables of age and experience.
In the present study, dentists’ knowledge of causes of halitosis, as well as diagnostic and treatment methods in this regard were evaluated, and the results were indicative of proper knowledge of dentists.