reza aghayari zahed

Hakim Nazari Qohestani is one of the famous poets in Qohestan, who enjoyed great distinction in the 7th and 8th centuries. According to the context of his personal life and the chaotic situation of his society, Nazari had thoughts and ideas that he made available to the audience and brought mysticism in his sonnets. This article examines the teachings and mystical themes of Nazari and issues such as knowledge, worship, satisfaction, etc. have been analyzed and investigated. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and documentary-library. In this way, first of all, the books, theses, and articles that are about the life and description of Hakim Nazari, including his family, birth, social situation, education, travel, work, etc. Based on the results and findings of the research, it can be concluded that according to the works and themes used in Divan Nazari, he is considered among the great poets of the 7th century. He has depicted the events of his time well in his works. He also made good use of divine verses in mystical matters and by referring to verses and hadiths, he had a strong document on his words, and this shows his intelligence, elegance, and complete and thoughtful consideration of these topics.

 Arsbaran (Qaradağ (region, in East Azarbaijan province, has many poets. In this article, by introducing the literature of this region and examining the place of poetry in it, the aesthetic motifs in the poetry of five contemporary poets of this region are analyzed: Salek Ahri Tabrizi, Morteza Mousavi, Hamed Ahri, Imamvirdi Samani and Ismail Soltani. he research method is library study and the writing of a descriptive and analytical article. Salek Ahri and Morteza Mousavi are among the poets of the Pahlavi period, and Hamed Ahri, Imamvirdi Samani and Ismail Soltani are among the poets after the Islamic Revolution. Five poets have used the content and rhetorical motifs of classical poetry, and there are few changes in contemporary Imagination and aesthetic elements in their poetry. The results show: The elements of classical Imagination, simple and free images and Stylistic device of ancient rhetoric, such as puns, repetition, simile, allusion, are the aesthetic motifs of their poetry and they have used them in lyrical and mystical content. In the social motif, elements of contemporary Imagination and Stylistic device of symbols have been used, but compared to the motifs of classical poetry and the aesthetics of the rhetoric of ancient literature, the elements of new Imagination are less in the poetry of this region. In general, their Persian poetry is a continuation of classical poetry.

Arsbaran )Qaradağ( region of East Azarbaijan province has many poets in whose poems prominent motifs and themes of Persian literature are repeated. In this article, by introducing the literature of this region and taking a general look at the place of poetry in it, the language of poetry of this region has been examined in the divan of six contemporary poets: : Salek Ahari Tabrizi, Morteza Mousavi, Hamed Ahari, Imamvirdi Samani and Ismail Soltani and Hossein Dosti. research method is library study and the writing of a descriptive and analytical article. Salek Ahri and Morteza Mousavi are among the poets of the Pahlavi period, and Hamed Ahri, Imamvirdi Samani and Ismail Soltani and Hossein Dosti are among the poets after the Islamic Revolution. The motifs of classical (lyrical and mystical) and contemporary literature (social criticism, homeland, Islamic revolution and The Sacred defense) can be seen in the poetry of this region, and the linguistic evolution of their poetry is related to the poetic motifs. The results of the linguistic analysis of their poetry show: the language of their poetry is influenced by the elements and special words of the lyrical, mystical, and epic motifs of classical literature, but Arabic words and Macaronic language by Turkish are less frequent. The form of their poetry is ghazal, ode, Rubaʿi and Two-Couplet, only Mousavi has a few poems in the form of new poetry. Influence of the language of classical poets can be seen in the poetry of this region, especially in Samani poetry. In classical mystical and lyrical motifs, there are many words of mysticism and Lyric. Lyrical words are found in the poetry of all of them, and mystical words are prominent in the poetry of Soltani, Salek Ahri, and Hamed Ahari. the motif of Homeland is found in epic language In Hossein Dosti's poem. In general, the language of their poetry is simple, but among the research poets, Ismail Soltani's poetry is difficult and the continuation of the complex poetry is a classic poem.

The recognition of business methods of a society is known as one of the different approaches to gain an accurate knowledge of that society and the individual and social lives of the people. Since the Teimurid era has been a vaguely understood era throughout the history in Iran, the present research is going to investigate about the introduction of occupations and professions in the Teimurid’s era through collecting the data using a library study method utilizing a descriptive research method to probe and recognize the existence of different jobs within the Teimurid era looking through different poems composed in that historical period. We have done the current study to recognize which occupations and posts were present in the Teimurid’s era through which Teimur tried to revive the business movement and expanded the different businesses. Then, we have tried to acknowledge the readers about the different posts, vocabularies and expressions related with different jobs mentioned in the poems composed within the Teimurid’s era. We would like to investigate and analyze how these expressions and hints were referred to by the different poets and enlighten the readers about literary works in Persian specifically in the Teimurid’s era. Findings showed that there have been different governmental, industrial, and business occupations and services in that era. Some of these occupations and professions are extinct now and some have been changed into other similar jobs. The poets of this era have utilized many vocabularies and expressions related with different occupations and professions in order to achieve several goals such as literary creativeness, inspiration of artistic thoughts, and the creation of novel concepts.

Reza Brahni (1401-1314) is a prominent contemporary critic, poet and storyteller, his stories are a reflection of the political conditions of Iran before the Islamic Revolution and the events of the revolution period. He has written the stories "Song of the Dead", "Secrets of My Land", "Well to the Well" and "What happened after the wedding" based on the Islamic Revolution. In these stories, Baraheni, as an intellectual, aims to describe the society of the Pahlavi dynasty and express the political, cultural and economic problems of the society and has emphasized the conflict between the revolutionary forces and the elements of the Pahlavi dynasty. In this article, in a descriptive and analytical case, the four stories have been analyzed with the approach of sociology of literature. The results show : the confrontation of the revolutionary people with the elements of the regime is intellectual struggle, student protests, street demonstrations, armed guerrilla activities against the regime, the efforts of the people against the elements of the regime. And in opposition to them, torturing and killing the fighters, trying to suppress the revolutionary demonstrations, is the activity of the regime elements . Suffocation, tyranny, poverty and corruption are the main features of the society that show the harsh conditions of the people and the vulgar life of the regime

Professions, professions and economic structure are one of the propositions of social history, and the examination and analysis of its species, territory, origin and various aspects can show us new angles of people"s behavior, life and past. Poetry divans should be counted among the sources that are able to provide the readers with very valuable sociological words from the period. The main purpose of this essay is to investigate the social and sociological references of some economic cultures, jobs and professions in the literature of the Timurid era, from the collection of poems left by the poets of this era.

This article is based on a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies and the method of document analysis with a sociological perspective and the technique of analyzing the names of occupations and words in the poetry library of Amir Alishirnawai, Ahli Shirazi, Jami, Shah Qasim Anwar, Shah Nematullah Vali and Helali Joghtai. During the Timurid era, we tried to present the results.

The findings of the research show that there is a close relationship between the state of society in the Timurid era and the spread of art, industry and the prosperity of many businesses in the 8th and 9th centuries in Iran, which is reflected in the poetic works of this period as propositions suitable for a sociological approach. has been reflected.

The results of this study show that in the Timurid era, due to the attention of Timur and his successors, including Shahrukh Mirza, to art and craft, especially in the capital of the Timurids, Herat, and the attention to the expansion of endowments, building schools, mosques, training teachers, preachers, orators, Economic and administrative courts, matters of social order, such as judgments, charges, etc., were all taken into consideration and mentioned in the poetry of this era with irony or direct reference by poets.

 Freud presented the theory of personality in three areas: "institution", "self" and "superego", all three of which are mental concepts for better understanding and explaining the unconscious mind of man in relation to the conscious. The application of his theory in literary texts in examining the actions and behavior of the characters opens the way to know their hidden angles and the psychological course of the narrative. In this research, with the aim of psychological analysis, the story of the beginning of a woman, Fariba Kalhor, has been investigated, relying on Freud"s theory of personality in the three areas of self, superego and me.

 This research was conducted with a library study and was written in a descriptive and analytical way. The statistical population of the research of the book "The Beginning of a Woman" by Fariba Kalhor.

 The central theme of the story of the beginning of a woman is women"s concerns and emotional relationships. Each of the areas of self, superego and entity can be analyzed in this story by the actions and behavior of the main character and his relationship with other characters. Parveen"s trip to Iran, establishing an emotional connection with Bahram, performing sensual acts, freedom of instincts are his instincts that have disturbed the balance between the entity and the superego. But finally, with the help of his self, which is repeated in the text in the form of moral conscience with the association of Imam Zaman"s bench, he avoids Bahram and reduces his relationship to a social friendship, stays with his wife and returns to Canada, in front of him is his friend who has the same name He was with his classmate and at the same time they are in a relationship with Bahram, he separates from his wife and stays at Bahram"s house.

 The main character of the story is in the role of "self" who is in a struggle between the inclination to the institution and attention to the superego, and the end comes to the balance of the institution and the superego. Although he loves his wife, Unreasonable is looking for a divorce, and in his emotional relationship with Bahram, he tends towards the institution, but in the end, with his moral conscience, he moves away from the institution and continues living with his wife.

Reza Baraheni, in addition to working in the field of poetry and literary criticism, is one of the leading contemporary novelists. His works are a reflection of the political situation in Iran before the Islamic Revolution and the events of the Revolution with a focus on the socio-political issues of Pahlavi society. In this article, with the aim of expressing the author"s intellectual style, the central ideas in his stories are examined with a sociological approach.

Research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the stories of "Song of the Killed", "What happened after the wedding", "Secrets of my land", "Well to well" and "Mr. Ayaz"s hellish days".

Baraheni by combining symbolic expression and modernity, the choice of historical and contemporary figures, with realism and postmodernism, has repeated the three central ideas of the dynasty "s Despotism, depravity of the dynasty and popular struggles in all his stories. In recounting his thought, describing corruption, poverty, imprisonment and torture of the Pahlavi dynasty is the author"s style of thought.

Baraheni stories can be called a historical account of the life of the people and the events of the Pahlavi period. He is a political writer who has tried to describe the despotism of the Pahlavi dynasty, the poverty of the people, the popular struggles against the Pahlavi dynasty, torture and the consequences of imprisonment.

In studying the foundations of contemporary Persian prose we should consider literary works before constitutional movement which emerged the revolutions leading to simplicity in language use, several different prose formats, and conceptual changes during the time of constitution. The scholars before constitution could learn about western lifestyles and composed works in the form of journey memories, plays, novels, and translation and avoided using classic prose contents and frameworks. Therefore, they affected the changes due to constitutional era. In this research, we have investigated about the book written by Fathali Akhoundzadeh as one of the most principal foundations of the contemporary prose aiming at affecting the constitution era literary styles regarding stylistics.

the present study has been carried out using library studies and a descriptive-analytic method. The statistic population includes the book of Tamsilat written by Akhoundzadeh and translated by Gharajedaghi and published by Kharazmi publications.

Akhoundzadeh was one of the pioneers in simplicity of contemporary prose and wrote the first play and the first novel in this form before the constitution. He avoided using the classic prose framework in his works and used novel styles in the form of plays, historical novels, foreign languages, and social critical thoughtswhich affected the poetry and prose during constitution era.

Akhoundzadeh proposed play writing and historical novels choosing the format of plays and novels during the constitution era. Regarding the language used by him, different Turkish, Russian, and Arabic words were frequently repeated in his works. Considering Turkish language which is his mother tongue, we can identify him as a fundamental figure in using his native language during constitutional era. Regarding syntax, he used sentences based on Turkish grammar and omission of appositives which led to the loose use of the language. Also he introduced language ruptures from the eloquent prose. He also repeatedly used Arabic words instead of traditional language usage. Regarding literature, he frequently used simile, irony, and proverbs. His thought foundations revolve around social and political criticism, laws, freedom, and women’s freedom which were bases of poetry and prose during constitutional era.

Masnavi-ye Molavi is an allegorical and symbolic mystical poem and this has made it explained after composition. Today we encounter the ideas and viewpoints of different authors that have interpreted it and in this way, it can be argued that there have been many thoughts utilized in the interpretation of the verses in Masnavi. In the present research, we have dealt with the viewpoints of explainers who have explained the mythological symbols in Masnavi. In this study, we have selected the personality of Rostam. The major research question was as follows: Have the interpreters noticed the outlook and mythological knowledge of Molavi? What were their explanations in interpreting the symbol of “Rostam”? On the whole, there has been a slight relationship recognized between mythology and Masnavi in the resources. Such a difficulty could be recognized in scientific studies and this fact can be identified in Masnavi that the mythological study of the interpretations are missed. To conduct the present study, we have selected Forouzanfar, Shahidi, Jaafari, Gulipnarly, Nickelson, Estelami, Zamani, and Abghari.

The present investigation has been a library study and has been carried out using a descriptive-analytic method and a content analysis. In order to do the research, we have selected the outstanding interpretations carried out after 1920s. At first, the symbols of “Rostam” have been extracted from the Masnavi text and then the views of interpreters about “Rostam” have been investigated. Then, the interpreters’ differences and similarities in their viewpoints have been summarized in a table.   

The effect and fame of Ferdowsi’s masterpiece in Persian literature helped it to be represented as involving the elements of mythology and bravery in poems of well-known poets. These elements reached a conceptual metastasis as mystic poetry evolved and it changed into symbols instead of using similes and other literary verbal tools. Furthermore, these hermeneutic changes of the mythology and epopee were interpreted as mystic symbols in a way that the names of characters in the masterpiece were interpreted as an isolated mystic conception. The most outstanding character in the masterpiece who reached mysticism is “Rostam”. In mysticism, “Rostam” is represented as the origin and the potential power source to fight against selfishness missioned by God. Such an ability changes into the sure heart after following the right way and bearing the difficulties and pains during the route and fights against the evils during the seven stages of faithfulness in mysticism procedure and it is considered as the counter force against selfishness. Also the symbol “Rostam” has been utilized in Masnavi. On the whole, the investigations on symbols showed that Molana knew about the ideas and thoughts of Iranians before Islam and has used them to express his mystic viewpoints within the stories. But the art of Molavi was to mix the personality of “Rostam” with religious symbols. Regarding the mythology, he had a Quranic (mythological) view, but “Rostam” has been represented as a complete Iranian human being along with religious characters. Molavi mentioned the name “Rostam” in 17 lines of Masnavi and in these 17 lines of the poem, the presence of Rostam is seen in two forms: (1) surface meaning and vocabulary meaning, (2) the symbolic meaning.The interpreters have interpreted the word meaning of “Rostam”, to represent a man with a strong and tall body and have had a consensus that he has been different from anybody else and in one case, Farvanfar has considered Rostam as the man of God. But in some lines through which Rostam has been clearly represented with epopee and revolved mysticism, he has been considered as a symbol. The main interpretation of Molavi is that Rostam has been a complete human being and this has been repeatedly used in sonnets of Shams. In these poems, the interpreters such as Estelami and Zamani and Abghari have mostly considered the mystic conception of Rostam.

Molavi has introduced the personality of Rostam in surface structure as a very strong and brave man and in symbolic concepts, he has been introduced as a complete human being. The viewpoints of the interpreters in interpreting the poems related to Rostam could be divided into three categories as follows:1- The intended line of the poetry has not been explained or the description of the name of Rostam has been missing.2-These lines of poetry have been translated verbally and there has not been any remarks on the mystic representations of Rostam.3-  In some cases it has been explained and a mystic conception has been mentioned.