reza ahmadian

Problem statement: 

In the strategies for culture-based urban regeneration, the cultural-social and economic impacts of activities and events, as well as the physical-spatial characteristics of the host spaces, are of great importance. Ritual-hosting spaces encompass a range of environments that must possess specific physical, cultural, social, economic, and managerial attributes. Urban regeneration through ritual functionalities can challenge the conditions of spaces, facilitating the formation of social space, fostering solidarity, enhancing the sense of place, and increasing citizen participation. Zanjan city is renowned for its ritual functions, especially during the religious and national ceremonies in the month of Muharram. Therefore, it is expected that the spaces manifesting these religious ceremonies align with their ritual functions and that the deterioration, decay, and decline of these ritual axes would significantly impact the quantity and quality of solidarity, sense of belonging, identity, and more.

This study aims to identify the role of ritual-centric axes as drivers of regeneration along the Zeynabieh and Hosseinieh Azam to Imamzadeh Seyed Ebrahim (PBUH) axis in Zanjan city.

The study employs explanatory methods based on novel future study techniques. The factors were evaluated by 30 urban planning experts using environmental scanning and cross-impact/structural analysis. The specialized future studies’ software, MICMAC, was used to identify the functionality of the ritual axis as a driver for urban regeneration.

The results indicate that the dispersion of the influential variables suggests system instability. Out of 29 factors analyzed, 10 key factors were identified as critical influencers on the ritual-centric axis, consistently appearing in both direct and indirect methods. These key factors—alignment with historical context, sense of place, dynamism and sustainability, physical continuity, mental role creation, environmental signification, organization derived from religion and culture, physical-social continuity, adaptability, and spatial dynamism—are crucial in the regeneration of the Zeynabieh and Hosseinieh Azam to Imamzadeh Seyed Ebrahim axis in Zanjan. Enhancing the quality of these key factors will significantly improve the quality of interactions and solidarity among individuals with the environment.

The historical fabrics of the cities are part of the identity and cultural identity of the people and the main residents of the cities. The aim of this research is to explain the process of reviving the lost spaces of the traditional bazar of Kerman, emphasizing the role of technology. The research method is applied and in terms of approach, exploratory-explanatory and the method of conducting research is also qualitative. The statistical population of the research included architecture, tourism and cultural heritage experts, who were selected as a research sample using a targeted snowball method. In this research, to analyze the information related to the semi-structured interview, the content analysis method based on open coding, central coding and selective coding was used, based on the data theory of the foundation. The findings show that the behavior through two components of knowing the dimensions of wear and tear of lost spaces and knowing the resources and situations of the region will lead to the realization of the principles of protection and the process of revitalization and ultimately lead to sustainable development or in other words, the development of economic development, development physical and socio-historical development. The results show that the revitalization of the lost spaces of the traditional bazar of Kerman is a complex process and is strongly influenced by the realization of the principles of protection and the process of revitalization, which itself is affected by information behavior.

Problem: 

Justice in urban health means the absence of systematic differences in one or more aspects of the health status of citizens or population groups in terms of social, economic and physical environment. In the present study, the city of Urmia has been investigated and analyzed as a focus of studies on the level of realization of the right to health approach to the city and the distribution of health-therapeutic services and functions.

In terms of its purpose, the current research is in the category of semi-basic, semi-applied research, which is carried out with descriptive and analytical method.

The methods of collecting information are based on documentary-library methods, observation and field verification (Swara and Cocoso tests).

Based on the results, the city of Urmia has not acted in a fair manner in terms of the distribution of health-treatment functions and services in accordance with the approach of the right to the city, in spatial planning and allocation.

Regions 4 in the central context and the commercial pole of the city and 2 in the peripheral part of Urmia city have respectively the most favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions and conditions in the matter of enjoying the right to health policies of the city. In the end, based on the findings and the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the study area in the field of urban development, some targeted and sustainable proposals and actions have been taken to improve the environmental conditions.

One of the problems and dilemmas of the present age is the rapid and uncontrolled growth and development of cities due to the rapid increase in population, which causes instability and insecurity in the field of urban services. Earning money in municipalities is one of the things that mainly involves providing city services to citizens. If the municipalities cannot have sufficient and stable income, they will not want to create and manage the necessary facilities in the city. Financially important point in the discussion of providing and improving the resources of municipalities is the stability of income sources. So that these revenues should not be a threat to sustainable urban development in order to be reliable and sustainable. The purpose of this research is to explain the components of the sustainable revenue mechanism of the municipalities in the city of Medesh with the case study of Zanjan municipality. Based on the findings, in order for Zanjan municipality to achieve sustainable incomes and sustainable urban development, the components of "ways to continue to earn sustainable incomes and sources of income of Zanjan Municipality" are at a relatively favorable level with a total average of 3.32 and 3.17, respectively. which are acceptable as effective factors and resources in Zanjan municipality achieving sustainable urban development. Also, the components of "ways to gain relative independence from the government and prospective resources in achieving sustainable urban development" are at an unfavorable level in terms of average desirability. In the second part of the answer to the main question of the research, a simple linear regression test was used to identify and predict the effects of each of the studied components in predicting their effects in achieving healthy and stable incomes and then achieving sustainable development. A city in the city of Zanjan has been discussed. Therefore, the value of the multiple correlation coefficient is equal to 0.605 and this indicates a very strong correlation between the investigated factors (independent variables and dependent variables) and since the direction of this correlation is positive and direct, it indicates the existence of a strong relationship between The independent and dependent factors and variables (four research components) are the stability of Zanjan Municipality's revenues. Also, in the continuation of the analysis of this regression equation and in the summary of the regression model, the results of the coefficient of determination obtained for this index revealed that the predictor variable of the effective factors in the stability of municipal revenues for Zanjan municipality to achieve sustainable urban development was equal to 0.431. It shows that 0.43% of the changes related to Zanjan municipality's achievement of stable and healthy incomes and also predicts the achievement of sustainable urban development, and these factors and components investigated to the extent of 43% explain the regression model of the research. have a very high amount. Based on the value of this coefficient for the main question of the research, it can be admitted with high statistical confidence that the components identified and examined in this research have the ability to predict the future changes in Zanjan municipality's achievement of stable and healthy urban incomes to a very large extent.

Emile Durkheim's approach is based on finding something that keeps people together in a society. We believe that ritual functions can be considered as a stimulus for collective formation. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on a field survey (questionnaire). The statistics of the present research are citizens and business people. Their number is unknown. According to Cochran's formula method, 350 people were questioned as a sample. In order to recognize the impact and significant relationship of social solidarity indicators with ritual codes of study, the sample t-tech statistical test and Pearson's correlation were used using SPSS software. The results showed that among the indicators of social solidarity, the variables of belonging to historical and traditional contexts, promoting identity, recalling collective memories, feeling happy and alive, accessibility, social communication and interactions, and sense of security, respectively, with an average of 4.09, 3.80, 3.73, 3.57, 3.46, 3.39, 3.35 had had the most significant impact in promoting ritual functions. The drivers of the ritual functions of space are more affected than we mentioned, while lack of furniture reinforcement, reducing the attractiveness of the entrance and proper flooring, none participating in the reconstruction and preservation of identity buildings, lack of cleanliness, lack of installation of guide signs as a problem must have considered. Findings showed that the more the quality of the visual and physical signs of the space improves in terms of symmetry and physical unity, the more significant the impact will be on the continuation of the formation and promotion of the study-oriented ritual functions and vice versa

Today, with the rapid expansion of urbanization in the world and the need to pay attention to the performance of the management of these urban systems, the study of urban life and the methods of its residents' access to citizenship rights and their equal enjoyment of these rights becomes very important. City dwellers in general have citizenship rights, and in particular they have urban rights, which urban health as one of the important factors in human life, is considered a part of these rights, which the present study by checking the situation of Urmia city from the point of view of the level of achievement To spatial justice in the field of urban health indicators, it tries to measure the status of the right approach to the city in the study environment. The methods of information gathering are based on library-documentary data and methods of observation, interview and field verification of the study environment based on the level of distribution of functions in the field of urban health. According to the findings, the city of Urmia has not acted in a fair manner in terms of the distribution of functions and health-treatment services in accordance with the approach of the right to the city, in the planning and allocation of space, which requires the attention and emphasis of the planners and It attracts managers as well as subordinate institutions and organizations in the field of creation and development of urban functions and activities to achieve the desired quality of urban life and, accordingly, the level of well-being and public comfort and satisfaction. Citizens should be provided.

This research focuses on the evaluation of the improvement of urban tissues with a crisis management approach with a standard criterion to reduce vulnerability and improve the standard of living in dilapidated tissues. Therefore, the importance of this research is to extract and localize crisis management indicators for the city of Mallard, which is located in Mallard City, the west of Tehran, and integrate them with the concepts of regeneration and worn-out fabric, so that effective solutions can be provided for the sustainable improvement of the worn-out fabric. It should be noted that Mallard City was upgraded from Shahryar City to an independent city in 2008. The population of Mallard has been declared as 281,016 people based on the population of 1395, and it is considered one of the most populated cities around Tehran. In terms of innovation, various studies have been stated about the dimensions, components, and indicators in crisis management, each of which has been considered and addressed crisis management from a specific point of view, with the aim of improving the worn-out fabric. However, no research combines the approaches of crisis management and the reconstruction of worn-out fabric. Therefore, this research can be considered innovative and its findings and outputs are useful. The purpose of this research is to formulate a framework for combining approaches related to crisis management, including regeneration, and providing practical and effective solutions for improving the worn-out fabric of Mallard, as well as providing a model in the field of comprehensive regeneration in combination with other approaches for the cities of the country. This study is applied in terms of purpose and discovery-based descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The method and tools of data collection are documentary and survey. Documentary data, including related articles, theses, books, study plans of Mallard urban development, statistics center data, and municipal data, as well as field observation and survey methods were used to collect data related to the research subject. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted to explain how to combine the approach of crisis management and urban regeneration to improve the dilapidated fabric in Mallard City. Factor analysis was used to analyze the research data. The analysis of various factors revealed that based on the state of the worn-out fabric of Mallard City and the respondents’ views, the effect of the factors has been determined in the order of health-medical, sports-recreational, security, educational, municipal (common), cultural, and economic services and the regeneration of worn-out Mallard tissues due to the existence of obstacles and problems in the implementation of plans or the increase of their time frame has caused that the goals of the existing plans from the perspective of development, especially spatial and physical, have not been implemented regularly, and there is a need to continue management and planning activities in various conditions and face threats and limitations and remove obstacles through the development of management capacities in the field of worn-out fabric.

With the rapid expansion of urbanization in the world and the need to pay attention to the performance of the management of these urban systems, the study of urban life and the methods of its residents' access to citizenship rights. Urban health, as one of the important factors in human life, is considered a part of these rights. by checking the situation of Urmia from the perspective of the level of achieving spatial justice in the field of urban health indicators, tries to measure the status of the right approach. The methods of information gathering are based on library-documentary data and methods of observation, interview and field verification of the study environment based on the level of distribution of functions in the field of urban health, Urmia has not acted in a fair manner in terms of the distribution of health-treatment functions and services in accordance with the approach of the right to the city, in spatial planning and allocation. In this regard, the components of the qualitative levels of people's mental and emotional states in the aspect of the urban health system and the level of desirability of having appropriate urban furniture in the physical-physical dimension, respectively, in the most suitable or best and most unsuitable or worst environmental conditions and conditions is placed The components of access and availability in the field of public and sustainable transportation and having a variety of uses in the city have the highest level of solidarity and coherence with the approach of the right to urban health. Also, the component of having the desired household income has the lowest level of correlation, interaction and cohesion with the approach of promoting the right to health in the urban society of Urmia, in order to improve the conditions, some effective suggestions have been made.

The fields of urban planning and city construction in the country, particularly in dysfunctional historical contexts (including the historic neighborhood of Pamenar in Kerman, as a case study), face a number of issues and challenges. In some districts, there are problems that the country's planning system cannot solve, neither financially nor technically, nor discursively. In this regard, contemporary urban planning can be effective by changing from top-down and imperative approaches to bottom-up and participatory approaches in the form of a tactical urban planning approach as one of the new types of urban planning in dysfunctional urban contexts. Consequently, the present study was conducted by identifying and prioritizing tactical projects, emphasizing increasing participation and implementing these projects in urban spaces (case study: Pamenar neighborhood of Kerman).

This research has an applied purpose and falls into the mixed research category in terms of analysis. We used a field visit and an expert questionnaire (basics of pairwise comparison). The focus group method included citizens, municipal officials, and officials from the Office for Facilitating the Reconstruction of Inefficient Areas in the Pamenar neighborhood.

Thirteen tactical projects were developed and weighed to involve the residents in the Pamenar neighborhood in solving the identified issues using expert knowledge and the pairwise comparison method. Also, the order and priority of each of these cases were determined. This weighting was performed according to the seven previously identified criteria for tactical urban planning, and then eight of the mentioned projects were implemented with the participation of neighborhood residents.

The current study demonstrated that by using this method, small but very effective and essential parts of citizens' needs can be met by considering residents' active role as real stakeholders, which high-level projects related to dysfunctional urban contexts could not do.

The purpose of this study was to identify a method for tactical urban planning intervention in urban spaces containing historic districts in the country (case study: Pamenar neighborhood in Kerman) and assess the capacity of traditional neighborhoods in Iran (with an emphasis on the study sample) to implement this approach. Thus, this research seeks to answer questions such as "What are the tactical urban development projects that will enhance the performance of the country's historical districts (with emphasis on the Pamenar neighborhood in Kerman)?" How can the paucities and inefficiencies of Iran's historical districts (with an emphasis on Pamenar neighborhood in Kerman) be recognized and removed through a tactical urban planning approach? The selected strategy for achieving the stated goals using a qualitative approach and data gathering instruments includes two sections: interview and field survey. Also, the MaxQDA2020 software was used to analyze the interview part. The interview data analysis identified several topics and categories linked to challenges, problems, and their solutions. Also, field studies identified nine space types in that neighborhood. Thus, combining the two analytical sections above resulted in the creation of tactical urban planning projects for Kerman's Pamenar area. Most of the recognized places in the neighborhood were ignored persistently, and they led to significant issues. Therefore, the temporary usage of these spaces and their conversion into multi-functional spaces to enhance the socio-economic life of the citizens in that area has been selected as an applicable tactical urban planning approach in this study.

Nowadays, the sense of security in urban spaces has become one of the most important concerns of citizens, managers, law enforcement agencies and urban planners, and if it is ignored, the conditions for crime will be created in such a way that the lives of citizens will be in serious danger. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to evaluate and analyze the sense of security of citizens in the urban spaces of Zoroastrian neighborhood of Kerman. This research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of its nature and method. Data collection has been obtained through a questionnaire with 4 main indicators and 23 items through the review of valid research documents and field impressions. The statistical population of the research is the citizens of Zoroastrian neighborhood of Kerman city, and the sample size was collected according to Cochran's formula to the number of 120 residents of the said neighborhood and the distribution of the questionnaire was random. SPSS software and Friedman's statistical tests and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the findings from the field studies. The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the four components of citizens' sense of security, so that the highest correlation between "social-behavioral" and "physical-spatial" components with a value of (0.645); And the lowest correlation between "monitoring" and "access" components is with the value (0.234). Also, with the results obtained from the Friedman test, it was found that the access index with a total average of 1/65 is in the worst condition compared to other research indices, which means that this index is more important than other research indices at the Zoroastrian neighborhood level. After that, there are the social-behavioral index, the monitoring index and finally the physical-service index. In the end, according to the results of this research, there are suggestions to improve the status of these indicators in the performance of the Zoroastrian neighborhood, including the improvement and improvement of abandoned spaces, improving the lighting conditions of roads and alleys at night, increasing the participation of citizens in the implementation of urban plans, improving the condition of sidewalks and Passages etc, are provided.

Urban land use and its location has always been an interesting topic for urban planners. As experts have tried to focus on the context and surroundings proximity, neighborhood, compatibility and incompatibilities, utility and other factors. By the expansion of geographical information systems, it is possible to focus on these factors and their impact on the planning process for land use allocation. At the same time, many scientific efforts have been made to integrate these systems and multi-criteria decision-making methods in order to enhance their ability to support decision making. Methods used in this field have also been widely used in various studies; one of the most important applications of these methods in urban planning is to determine the suitability of each parcel for allocating urban land uses. In this article which is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive analytical in terms of method, the land-use suitability analysis as a scientific technique along with linear combination, and Delphi methods, have been used. Findings, which have been obtained from overlaying analytical maps (land prices, access to communication axes, number of blocks of land and air pollution's maps), indicate that what type of land use is more suitable for each parcel. The results of this paper are presented in the form of land use allocation scenarios. Comparison of the results of modeling with current situation shows that out of 2,166 parcels in the study area, 521 have no suitable uses and need change.

Based on Objective 14 of Sustainable Development, the world, in order to prevent the reduction of marine reserves and damage to marine and coastal environments, has called for the formation of international communities with an integrated management approach to these areas. This approach unites communities for the protection and development of coastal ecosystems and resources, and is recognized as an appropriate tool for the sustainable development of coastal areas. While the communities and environments in which they operate are constantly changing, it is essential that we create management that is consistent with their nature. This compatibility will be achieved through the use of ICOM indicators in the assessment and management of coastal and marine areas.

The present study is the result of a theoretical model and is taken from the reports of the ICZM research plan. These reports have examined and applied the 37 indicators of the IOC document in the coastal areas of the Caspian region, which includes three provinces and 28 cities

The results of the study include the study of 3 indicators out of 37 indicators introduced in the IOC document, which include the index of total employment, the index of human pressure on habitats and the index of public access in 28 coastal cities of the Caspian region.

Gilan province and then Mazandaran have the highest score in the three indicators studied. So that in the study of employment index of Rasht city located in Gilan province in major activities in the field of coastal and marine management has the highest number of employees. Also in the public access survey, only 9% of the entire northern coastline has favorable access and 75% has undesirable access. So that Langrood city located in Gilan province has the highest level of desirable access of the total area and Nowshahr city located in Mazandaran province has the lowest level of desirable access. Finally, in the study of human pressure indices on habitats, the results show that 9 cities (Nowshahr, Chalous, Astara, Bandar Anzali, Ramsar, Babolsar, Tonekabon, Langrud, Fereydunkenar) in 2 provinces of Mazandaran and Gilan have maximum pressure on habitats.

In the present study, the principles of architecture in accordance with the architectural creations adjacent to valuable buildings were evaluated in order to promote urban identity in the traditional markets of Kerman. This research is cross-sectional in terms of exploratory-descriptive purpose, in terms of qualitative data type, in terms of field implementation, in terms of survey method and in terms of time. The statistical population of the study includes all managers and employees of Kerman Cultural Heritage Organization as well as tourists of valuable historical buildings in Kerman, especially traditional markets. In this study, a simple random sampling method was used to select a statistical sample. 65 samples were obtained for managers and employees of the Kerman Cultural Heritage Organization and 165 samples were obtained for tourists in traditional markets of Kerman and a total of 230 samples. Findings showed that at 95% confidence level of modern structural systems and facilities, creating spatial transparency, climatic characteristics and preserving the values ​​of the region have a significant effect on architectural creations adjacent to valuable buildings in traditional markets of Kerman; But the combination of new technologies with indigenous forms does not have a significant effect on architectural creations adjacent to valuable buildings in the traditional markets of Kerman. Also, the principles of matching architecture and neighboring architecture have a significant effect on urban identity. Therefore, the results show that although the use of technology and implementation of all technical, engineering and logical criteria resulting from the achievements of experimental sciences in construction, has been done well in the architecture adjacent to valuable buildings in traditional Kerman markets, but the use of architectural creativity in a variety of geometries Respect and caution in how to deal with nature, full utilization of diverse climatic conditions, valuing indigenous culture have been forgotten.

Urban cultural area either in strengthening the position of cultural cities (providing a credible international image and providing a suitable space for promoting urban competitiveness and establishing activities related to these cities) or in helping non-cultural cities to move towards the status of cultural city They have a significant role and importance. The concept and semantic scope of the city center is more concerned with its functional and functional aspects than its spatial and geometric dimensions and examining the extent and impact of the cultural area on urban development in terms of functional and spatial areas. And identifying and determining physical and symbolic functions in urban areas and introducing the benefits and added value resulting from it. To address these questions, how can the formation of a central cultural area lead to urban development? How are the functional and spatial areas of culture in the central urban area determined? Cultural area of Shiraz city using a questionnaire identified in the analysis and evaluation stage to achieve this purpose, people from the study community and the desired characteristics have been evaluated and evaluated. And the article has two theoretical and practical (applied) dimensions and in terms of the nature of research (addressing the category of culture), it is a quantitative method that in its place and due to the structure of the research, the quantitative method will be used. Finally, it is important to mention that there is no activity in the area under study that can attract citizens during the day and night, and from the last hours of the night on wards, almost no activities are carried out in this area, except for passing through. Non-cultural barriers may also create an unfavorable situation in the cultural area of the city compared to other parts of the city. These barriers should be considered in planning for the whole city with special emphasis on the specific conditions of the city's cultural boundaries.

This research was conducted mainly to provide a method based on artificial intelligence algorithms in order to obtain optimal urban land use allocation, subjected to mathematical modeling from the perspective of spatial justice using multi-criteria decision analysis concepts, both parcel-based and floor-based. For that purpose, objective functions were considered for land use allocation, including mixed use, suitability, dependency, compatibility, and access to services, in terms of both floors and neighbors. For achievement of the main purpose, parameters effective on urban land use planning were examined to optimize urban land use allocation from the spatial justice perspective. This led to a presentation and classification of the spatial parameters effective on land use allocation based on sustainability and, more specifically, spatial justice concerns. The main part of the research, named “land use allocation modeling with NSGA-II” focused on development of a land use allocation model and its optimization. The main stage in the modeling procedure was to adapt multi-objective optimization algorithms to land use allocation and, then, to define it as desired. The adaptation of the multi-objective optimization algorithm involved the definition of the solution structure, objective functions, and problem constraints and their calculation for use in the second version of the Non-dominant Genetic Ranking Algorithm (NSGA-II). The objective functions were defined based on criteria and indexes extracted in the second part of the research, including maximization of accessibility to the facilities, of service efficiency (compatibility), of mixed uses, of land suitability, and of spatial dependency. Moreover, seven constraints were introduced for land use allocation, including avoidance of allocating wasteland to the first floor of the parcel, allocation of a land use to the third floor provided that the second one already has a defined land use, possibility of land use allocation to various floors of the same parcel, consideration of maximum and minimum land parceling, avoidance of exceeding the per capita standards in neighborhoods and districts, and, finally, allocation of the necessary land uses to each of the neighborhoods. The models were then implemented, where the main purpose was to optimize urban land use allocation according to all the criteria and constraints. In other words, these criteria had to be defined in terms of the model objectives and with an extensive search space (many of the possible land use allocations) at the same time. Therefore, a set of solutions, which included Pareto front, i.e. optimal, solutions, was obtained rather than a single solution to the problem. As decision-makers prefer to examine the corresponding scenarios after introducing their own decision priorities, the AHP method was used finally after the optimal Pareto solutions were obtained for selection of one of the four possible land use allocations and its presentation in a land use plan given spatial justice concerns. For that purpose, weights were assigned to the objective functions based on spatial justice. Once the objective function values were normalized, the desired weights were multiplied by the normal values. After the calculation of total weight, the solutions corresponding to the objective functions being addressed were converted to land use plans in ArcGIS. The results of land use allocation in floors were compared to the actual conditions. It could be stated in general that the most important achievement of the study involved the introduction and presentation of an efficient model that was appropriate for addressing multi-criteria decision-making problems for allocation of urban land use. The presented model performs simultaneous optimization, and helps decision makers to select one desired solution from among multiple optimized ones according to their priorities, although it is in contradiction with some of the objective functions. The results of the model designed for land use allocation given spatial justice concerns improved the spatial distribution of facilities at the level of the area under study. Moreover, a quantitative evaluation of the allocation results demonstrated that the commercial, academic, health, sport, and cultural land uses were allocated properly per capita, increasing the level of enjoyment in neighborhoods across the area under investigation.

Nowadays the development of small towns is considered as an effective strategy for regional imbalances and reduces the problems such as the concentration of population, activities and services in the large cities. In Iran, most of the population, activities and services are concentrated in large cities and have created imbalance in the region or country. Bushehr province, like other parts of the country, faces inequality and imbalances in the optimal distribution of services and facilities which causes extensive migrations to major cities of the province or metropolises of the country and collapses the hierarchical order of the settlement system of the region or country. This research seeks to investigate the role of Bandar Deylam in equilibrium of Bushehr province by using the methods of Elasticiablity Index and Social Network Analysis.
The results indicate that the attracting of population and the rate of elasticity of Bandar Deylam was reduced in the last decade (2006-2016). Also, Bandar Deylam can provide services to the peripheral settlements only in the fields of industry and fishing and it is not dependent on other settlements. But to receive superior services in other functional fields, it refers to Bandar Genaveh as a small intermediate city.
In general, Bandar Deylam plays the little role in balancing and developing the province, Despite its many potentials. In the end, some suggestions was offered for strengthen and improve the role of Bandar Deylam as a small town.

In a competitive world, cities need to be mentioned, and nowadays, looking at the city as a product is unavoidable.Today, cities are the brands that make special experience for residents and tourists, and Attendance in them can become to a Unique memory. In the commercial and competitive world, tourism development is considered as a key factor in any development program at any level.This attitude can help to live in the city and make it an appropriate place to attend and earn income through Creating Sustainable Tourism Brand. In this regard, Historic cities of Iran with unique assets can provide unique capabilities for their audience. this research evaluate the status of the three historical cities in iran (Isfahan, Shiraz and Yazd) according to the Effective brand equity Indexes. In this research, information was gathered by the theoretical approach and with the help of interviews from centralized groups of foreign tourists that visiting Iran(Ten tourists)Reach the saturation limit(). Data analysis was done through interview using the thematic analysis technique. Subsequently, based on theoretical foundations and interviews, a questionnaire was compiled and distributed among 384 Foreign tourist Which visited these cities between March and January(2017). Then, by Confirmatory factor analysis,. After that For Assessing the status of cities used Anova test. according to the results from the Anova test, Isfahan's status is better than Two other cities. according to the five factors obtained, only the significant difference in these cities is related to the factor of Awareness. the situation of cities is evaluated were relatively good. In fact, recognizing this is very helpful in improving a destination brand and promoting the status of cities to attract target groups. Indicators of value and loyalty are good in these cities.

In recent decades, rapid changes in land use, especially in coastal areas has been associated with important implications as destruction of natural resources, environmental pollution and … In Tonekabon city, development of physical settlements as a result of rapid population growth, without any planning and environmental considerations lead to the expansion of cities into the vulnerable areas, that if not controlled and correct guidance, will cause destruction of many lands with priority to agricultural lands and their protection will be. The aim of this study was to identify factors and drivers of changes in land use in Tonekabon and also make benefit of Analysis Model of land use conflicts identification Strategic (LUCIS) in determining the user conflicts of the interest area. In this study, the analytical method (Statistical- Spatial) data used in processing and analyzing data using spatial analysis techniques have been combined. After preparing the data layers, weighting and combining them, the results showed that agricultural priority accounted for the largest share in zones without conflict, which was distributed in the western half of the North Strip, on the other hand agricultural- Conservation zones covers over 30 percent of conflict moderate zone and scattered throughout the area. Finally, based on reached results intervention strategies were provided in the framework of an integrated management approach to control and reduce conflict, create compatibility and make Suitability between the Land uses with each other and balance of loaded ground.

One of the significant outcomes of Regional Physical plans and In other words, one of its main documents is producing a land use map and determining the macro uses in the study area. In the Regional Physical and Spatial plans, this is generally known as the Land use Zoning map (The Uniform Contract 19). It is regarded as one of the primary results of Regional plans through which the objectives, strategies and proposal for a plan are made possible. There are several distinct methods for preparation of land use zoning map in the theoretical literature and plan preparation. But before any action, It is necessary to establish the systematic structure in lands classification. As a result, it is necessary that the planner determines land use at the region scale by establishing an accurate method to present the zoning document.The study aims to check different land use and land cover classification systems to propose a pattern at regional and spatial scales.  

The present research is to establish the structure and an applied research with a descriptive and analytical methodology. Therefore, the data are taken from the libraries to address the subject of research and to propose a pattern in this regard.

According to the global systems of classification, the Suggested classification has been done in three levels with using Alphabetic code. The most important features of this pattern is generalization, systematic and flexibility.

Light is essential for life, and it is one of its components. It gives us the ability to see as we receive the most important information around us through our eyes. Eyes could be counted as the most sensitive part of our bodies which are used for gathering about 80% of needed data. On the other hand, we know that light has a great influence on quality of space, emotions, perceptions, the image of a city, and etc. Light and lighting are vital matters of urban life, so that it is not possible for us to envision a life without them. Over the past decades, cities became the origin of 24-hour activities, where unlike old days, nocturnal life as well as daily life continues. Cities are no longer a place which is shut by falling night and waken up by the next day. Their citizens stay up and head into different locations through the night, according to new living conditions. Currently, appropriate lighting for night time is needed in Iran to overcome problems we are facing in cities. Existence of problems such as low-quality urban spaces, high rate of car accidents, criminal acts, low social safety and light pollution should be addressed by experts through conducting precise and practical studies on city lighting. It is expected that importance of urban lighting in improvement of public realm quality, city marketing, citizens’ visual image and urban beautification be more highlighted. Therefore we seek better lighting methods to use for our cities so that we can create a superior townscape. In order to find solutions for problems mentioned above, the lighting master plan is introduced. This plan is crucial for every city to execute proper lighting and results to a profitable environment. Also rendered as an upstream kind of program employed to control and direct every details on urban lighting, it should be viewed as a unified coordinated general plan available for urban spaces. Most cities around the world have already came up with such plans whereas in Iran we still need some extra time and effort to achieve a descent spot. Although the problem is not the light source, it is rather to have a guide to prepare a lighting master plan. In which a detailed review of city lighting master plans and extraction of all indices and items considered essential in process of planning, are viewed as equally very decisive. Of course, we should not forget that such items are general and depend on the context of each plan, it means they are specific for every city and place where unique characteristics, conditions, identity and atmosphere exists. In other words, content analysis of the urban lighting master plans makes it possible to distinguish what should be taken into action. Then it comes to consider the priorities addressed by these plans and solutions offered by them. Thus, knowledge of the content items is a necessary part in preparation of the urban lighting master plan for all the organizations and individuals engaged in this process. Regarding the goal of this paper which is to investigate and collect content items needed in compilation of a city lighting master plan, researcher has tried to gather mentioned items through library research with a practical and scientific approach in mind. This was achieved by studying successful experiences of different cities following by extracting content items. Then a three-part conceptual model is presented which is comprised of information about the city, the structural aspects of urban and urban lighting issues of the city, and ultimately practical suggestions on how to organize planning as expressed in various sections of the plan. Finally, the reason to choose this subject was the significant importance of light and lighting in urban environment. Besides working on this issue and cultivating a scientific culture, was very essential itself. It has been in mind to build a reference for further scientific moves and activities, albeit in a limited time. It is quite clear that Iranian cities, especially metropolitans, suffer from inadequate lighting plans as a quality item of an urban area and one of the cities’ beauty aspects. We cannot deny what has been done till now, but it is certainly time for more. Hopefully, this paper will leave some positive effects to motivate interested experts and researchers to look for innovative solutions and ideas as the case requires.

Cross-infection control in dental offices is of great priority because of continuous contact with contaminated oral fluids and saliva. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate some principles of cross-infection control in dental health centers in Isfahan. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 117 general dentists and specialists working in private dental offices and clinics in Isfahan in 2013‒2014. The subjects were selected using simple sampling technique. Data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions on sterilization of instruments, disinfection of prostheses received from the laboratory, impressions and personal protection techniques during treatment procedures. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 using descriptive statistics and Kruskal‒Wallis and chi-squared tests (α=0.05). Use of eyeglasses was more common in specialists (p value < 0.001). Specialists were more careful about disinfection of prostheses after checking them in the oral cavity before sending them to the laboratory compared to general practitioners (p value = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in rinsing impressions after retrieving them from the oral cavity (p value = 0.245). However, specialists paid more attention to disinfection of impressions after removing them from the patients’ oral cavities compared to general practitioners (p value = 0.002). Under the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that observation of the principles of cross-infection control was at a moderate level in dental treatment centers in Isfahan.

In this study، effective criteria on process of tourism areas selection were collected due to macro planning of capable areas to tourism sample regions in Khorasan Razavi province. Then، their priority was carried out based on Delphi method. After determining the relative weights and criteria priorities، the map of capable areas to planning tourism sample regions was obtained at the province level. According to this research، 25 major criteria and 82 sub criteria were found from seven environmental criteria groups، tourism، physical- infrastructural، economic، cultural- social، design and also management. Cultural-Economic and management criteria group had the maximum and minimum numbers of sub criteria with 28 and five criteria، respectively. Delphi findings for the criteria groups show that in process of tourism areas selection، environment، physical-infrastructural، cultural-social، design، management and economic criteria groups presented priority 1 to 7، respectively. On basis of this study، for determination level of effectiveness about sub criteria in the tourism areas selection process، 8. 3% of sub criteria were detected in very high-influence class، 22. 6% in high-influence class، 35. 7% in medium-influence class، and 33. 4% in low-influence class. In addition، regarding to involve of eliminating indicators، the most priorities were assigned to attractions and tourist destinations، tourism and market demand، environmental hazards، sensitive habitat and also vegetation sub criteria، respectively.

The need for security has been the most basic of human needs at all over the history which has tried to provide it in various ways. But today entering in the present era and changes resulting from that in all fields, especially in urban areas, we are faced with problems of insecurity and lack of defensible spaces. Among urban terminals, and more importantly, suburban terminals and western terminal of Tehran, as one of the most important urban places of service to meet the needs of people, transportations, in the modern cities is also faced with such problems. It seems that, lack of attention to the design principles based on defensible spaces and their circadian function and conversion from place to non-place are the major factor of forming defenceless places in Tehran western terminal.In the present study, by applying survey, observation and obscure interview techniques, we investigate the developed criteria which retrieved from theories and … in western terminal site and the recorded data had been analyzed, then resulted with multiple overlapping zones, valued based on Likert spectrum in two time intervals.Finally, we obtained two zoning map of west terminal site based on risk and insecurity resulting from inconsistency with criteria. The findings show that areas raised by people observations and obscure interviews were overlap and among the most insecure areas of the proposed zones, which proved the lack of attention to circadian function and the impact of factors and defensible space design criteria on the level of insecurity and creation of defenceless spaces. Finally, some guidelines have been presented in order to eliminate the defenceless spaces based on priority of zones.

Environmental impact assessment is one of the acceptable methods for achieving sustainable development. It is considered as a planning tool for managers and decision makers. Based on the potential effects that could occur as a result of project construction and development it is reasonable to eliminate or reduce the adverse effects. Today, the activities of the copper industry in providing the country's copper requirements and the growing importance of environmental compliance issues affecting various industries, especially the copper industry, make it necessary by the need for better and more efficient methods to identify and control the effects of the industrial complex activity. In this study, the environmental impacts of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex were studied. In this regard, by use of experts opinion, and a check list for assessment of the environmental and socio-economic factors that are affected by the project, the assessment data is gathered. Then, using rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) which weighted by ANP Method (Method AN-AM), and with the help of experts, the impact assessment were done. Results show that 12 environmental factors, and 3 social factors are moderate and less affected by the project and 5 socio-economic factors are benefited very positively by the project. As a result, given the strategic situation of the copper industry in the country and with the improvement plans and corrective options, continuation of the works of Sarcheshmeh Copper Project is suggested. Environmental impact assessment is a proper tool to ensure project implementation and it can be a way to specify, predict and interpret the social and environmental impacts of a proposed projects. Also considering environmental impact assessment is a systematic identification and evaluation of projects, programs and proposals on physical, biological, cultural and socio-economic elements of environment. its purpose is to ensure that all of the development options consistent with sustainable development and environmental impact at the design stage of any project should be identified and considered. Background of plans and projects in the country shows that in the past planning, like many developing countries, the importance and the value of natural resources and social environment are hidden from view of decision makers. Many of them without considering environmental and socio-economic considerations, design and exploitation have led to the consequences of such actions including incidence of pollution and resource degradation and social problems in a wide area of the country. However, in many areas of expertise, commitment to studies of impact assessment is not legitimacy in the national or international scale, but implementation and dedication to these issues in the deployment stage or implementation of systems have become integral part of these studies. Since the method of operation and management of multi-criteria model analysis of the environmental impacts assessment for industrial complexes projects have not been studied in a codified method, this research aims to propose a multi-criteria analysis to environmental impact assessment of industrial complexes in the country. Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex: Copper Mining coordinates is "20'52° 55' east longitude and "40'56° 29 north latitude. The mine is connected by asphalt road to Rafsanjan and Sirjan. The average height from sea level is 2620 meter, and its highest point above sea level is 3280 meters high. The mine is located 160 kilometers southwest of Kerman and 50 km south of Rafsanjan and in the central region of the Zagros Mountain Range. Figure 1: Location of Copper Complex In this study, in order to assess environmental impacts of Sarcheshme cooper complex, rapid impact assessment Matrix Method (RIAM) is used, except that the changes and parameters of the matrix have been weighted using the ANP, and so called "Weighted rapid matrix (AN-AM)" method. Analytic Network Process(ANP): The method offered by Tomas Saaty for determining multi rate, named Analytic Network process method. After many years ANP method is used for solving the problems. Analytic Network process method makes a large frame that it is connected to their elements. The results with real world and people decision is more complicated, in the Analytic Network process method there is complicated relations between the original elements that is from substituting respective building with network construction. This model is developed to improve the lack of connection between the elements and criteria in the hierarchy models. ANP is categorized into two sections: 1) the criteria and sub-criteria of the hierarchy models or the controlling network which control the transactions and, 2) a network including the effectiveness of clusters and elements. Rapid impact assessment matrix: Sharafi et al. express that the concept of rapid matrix has been developed by Pastakya in 1998. The method has been evaluated on a standard definition of important criteria. Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix tool is applied to organize, analyze and display the results of a comprehensive assessment of the environmental effects. In order to analyze the results of rating, the rapid matrix weighted method (AN-AM), the "Final Score" in Table Pastakya domains, are compared. Then, in Table 2 the number of environmental and human factors is identified in various domains. With regard to the fact that copper mining project is strategic for economy of the country, therefore, the project should be implemented and expanded, but it is better to reduce damages to the environment. For each of the environmental and socio-economic factors that are affected by the project, options for reform and improvement projects have been done. Discussion & Use of ANP model to environmental impacts assessment and provide "weighted rapid matrix" to assess the effects of various projects can be investigated in two dimension. On one side these methods to eliminate many of the problems and costs of other methods of assessment can be useful; on the other hand, ANP method in Multi Criteria Decision Making model can be a better model.