reza pourbabaki

Nowadays, excessive computer use in the workplace has raised concerns about the health status of VDT workers, particularly complaints about eye discomforts. Due to the importance of the eyelids and eye closure parameters on eye health during computer works and the direct effect of monitor height on these parameters, this study was aimed to examine the effect of different monitor heights adjustment on the eye indicators and eye discomfort among participants.

In this study, any changes in the eye indicators including blink rate, the eye blink opening and closing time, the blink opening rate in three different monitor heights (standard, low, and high) were examined among 11 participants. The blink rate and the eye blink opening and closing time were measured and evaluated using videotaping and analyzing by an image processing software, developed in this study. Participants were also asked to complete a questionnaire for eye fatigue assessment due to daily computer uses.

Results showed that the highest rate of eye blink was at the standard height of the monitor, and this rate was significantly different at three different heights of monitors (high, standard, and low) (p<0.05). The lowest blink rate was observed at low and high heights with an average of 7.3 and 7.8 and the highest blink rate at standard height with an average of 8.9 blink per minute, respectively. Meanwhile, image processing and analyzing of eye surface showed, in average, 16% decrease in the opening rate of the eye surface by decreasing the height of the monitor, and 15% increase by increasing it, relative to the standard mode of monitor.

To protect users from computer-related eye strain, it is recommended to correct monitors height to the standard height along with typing and data entry training for keyboarding skill development and minimizing working times as a result. What is more, a proper work-rest schedule when working with computer can be considered as an effective countermeasure to prevent from eye strain.

Construction industry has been ranked among the most dangerous industries worldwide due to the high number of accidents. The safety climate can be considered as a stimulus to reduce unsafe behaviors and thus reduction the accidents. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of the safety climate and unsafe behavior of the construction workers in Tehran, Iran.

The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional research on 90 construction workers. Unsafe behaviors recorded using the American National Standards Institute method and interviews with the workers. The Safety Climate was measured using the UK health care Safety Climate Questionnaire. The descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to summarize the findings and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to show the relationship between the variables. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data.

The mean and standard deviation of safety climate score and unsafe behavior were (3.98+ 0.27) and (45.93 + 17.3), respectively. There was a significant relationship between unsafe behaviors and staff knowledge (r = -0.31 and P = 0.004). We also found relationship between unsafe behavior and safety climate score (r = -0.21 and P = 0.043).

The employeeschr('39') knowledge was one of the most important components of workplace safety. Also, this component assigned itself the highest score, and increasing the score in this dimension of the safety climate can lead to reduction unsafe behavior. Finally, according to the results, as the safety climate among employees increases, unsafe behaviors will decrease, and productivity would be increase.

Recently, the growing attention of the scientific community has been focused on the threat to health created by environmental pollutants, including pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), and on the need of finding effective ways to treat and prevent the unfavorable health effects of exposure to them. Particularly promising for CPF, and thus arousing the greatest interest, is the possibility of using various ingredients present in plants, including mainly polyphenol compounds. As the liver is one of the organs for this pesticide and disturbances in the proper functioning of this organ have serious consequences for health, the aim of the present review was to discuss the possibility of using polyphenol‐rich food products as the strategy for the protection against this xenobiotic hepatotoxicity and treatment of this pesticide‐induced liver damage.

A comprehensive search was performed in various databases using specific keywords such as "biologically active compounds", "antioxidants", "Chlorpyrifos/CPF", "environmental exposure", "health effects", "hepatotoxicity", "liver damage", "mechanisms of Chlorpyrifos/CPF action", "oxidative stress", "preventive strategies", "polyphenols", "protection", "risk for health", and "treatment".

Due to the ability and the strong antioxidative potential of polyphenols, as well as their abundance in dietary products, it seems to be of high importance to consider the possibility of using polyphenols as potential preventive and therapeutic agents against CPF hepatotoxicity, determined by its strong pro‐oxidative properties. Although most of the data on the effectiveness of polyphenols comes from studies in animals, the fact that some of them are derived from experimental models reflecting human exposure to this pesticide allows us to assume that some polyphenol food products may be promising protective effect against CPF hepatotoxicity in humans.

Chlorpyrifos is a worldwide used organophosphorus pesticide. In addition to controlling the cholinesterase enzyme, this toxicant also theatres significant role in oxidative stress and augmented oxidants.  Whereas, extracted rosemary is an antioxidant and plays a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the reduction of liver damage caused by chlorpyrifos through the effect of rosemary extract on the oxidative stress of this pesticide.                      

Methods and Materials:

 In this study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. The animals (Rats)were randomly divided into five groups, each group containing six rats for further comparison; Group І: served as control, Group П: the Chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg / kg single dose), Group Ш: the group exposed to Rosemary extract (100 mg / kg), Group ІV: the exposure group with the toxicant (13.5 mg / kg dose) and Rosemary (100 mg / kg concentration), Group V: simultaneous exposure of toxicant and rosemary (200 mg / kg oral dose). After 30 days, the Rats were weighed, killed and the liver tissue was histologically examined and changes in MDA and GPx were reviewed.

The results of statistical tests showed that Chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the liver tissue and altered the activity of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde compared to the control group, as well as the simultaneous exposure to CPF and rosemary extract can significantly make modifications to GPx and MDA levels and mitigate the CPF damage.

According to the results, rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by Chlorpyrifos and this plant can be used to treat poisoning caused by this toxic pesticide.

The respiratory system, one of the most important organs of the body, can be affected by adverse effects, disorders and consequences in the workplace. Spirometry is one of the most important screening and testing tools in the periodic medical examination of every employee. This study was aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the respiratory function of staff of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study carried out on 300 employees of TUMS according on during the enrollment phase of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences employee’s cohort (TEC) study was in order to survey the parameters affecting pulmonary function. Demographic data were collected through a demographic questionnaire. Spirometry was used to evaluate respiratory function parameters and bioelectric impedance was used to analyze body composition. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 25. Two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the effect of independent variables on the parameters of pulmonary function.

It was found that 73.6% of the subjects had a normal lung pattern, 7% had an obstructive pattern, 14.7% had a threatening pattern and 4.7% had a mixed pattern. There was a significant negative correlation between FVC and FEV1 parameters and smoking (P-value <0.05). There was also a significant relationship between FFM, age and BMI with FEV1/FVC (P-value <0.05). Similarly, there was a meaningful relationship between type of job and FVC parameter (P-value <0.05). The findings showed that the highest and the lowest averages of all parameters of pulmonary function was in administrative and occupational services, public and technical services and facilities, security and guard, respectively.

In the present study, it was found that occupation type affects lung function due to exposure to contaminants in different groups. Other factors affecting lung function included age, body mass index, fat mass, fat free mass and smoking. Therefore, changing lifestyle such as proper diet, regular exercise and not smoking can be an effective step towards improving the parameters of lung function.

Many organizational factors can be used as determinants of unsafe behaviors; one of the most prominent is the safety climate. The chemical industry has a great potential for catastrophic accidents due to the critical process parameters and the significant volume of hydrocarbon materials. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the components of occupational safety climate and the occurrence of unsafe behaviors in the chemical industry.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in the petrochemical industry in the south of Iran. In this study, 269 operational personnel were surveyed. To analyze the safety climate, the standard occupational safety climate questionnaire was used. To study the occurrence of unsafe behaviors, a checklist of unsafe behaviors was used according to the causes of accidents that have occurred in the studied industry during the last 15 years. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression in SPSS software version 25.

Significant inverse relationship was observed between the workplace safety dimension and unsafe behavior. There was also a significant relationship between the dimension of management commitment and the experience of accident and near-miss and unsafe behavior (P-Value <0.05). The regression model results showed that the most critical factors affecting the occurrence of unsafe behaviors included the components of management commitment, workplace safety, probability of ignoring the error, education level, and work experience (R2 = 0.559, P-Value <0.05).

The results of the present study showed that the dimension of management commitment, level of workplace safety, level of education, and work experience in chemical industries are among important and influential factors in the occurrence of unsafe behaviors. Therefore, paying attention to these issues can be a practical step towards reducing unsafe behaviors and consequently reducing the accidents in mentioned industries.

Assessment of the consequences of hazards such as fire and explosion is one of the most urgent and important steps to improve the level of safety in the current stations and those that are in the design process. The purpose of this study was to review the model of CNG Compressed Natural Gas releases and the range of damages to individuals and equipment. Moreover, we examined the observance of  safe distance of this station to its surroundings.

In this study, modeling the effects of fire and explosion on the CNG fuel station in Isfahan province was performed using ALOHA software. In this model, six scenarios were designed to create a hole with a diameter of 0.03m and a gap of 0.2m and width of 0.2 m in a pressure vessel.

It was observed that the toxic atmosphere was within the distance of 55 meters at a concentration of 65000 ppm. In the case of a gap, the toxic vapor cloud range could increase to 66 meters. The flammable superpower range was 89meters for the hole but 107 meters for the gap. The thermal radiation from the jet fire to the distance of 25meters was 10 kw/sqm for the hole, but the thermal radiation was 10 kw/sqm for the gap to 35meters.

The most dangerous scenario was the Jet Fire, which involved not only the  CNG station, but also the municipal parking area. Furthermore,  the thermal radiation produced by the gap was greater than the hole with regard to the involved range.

Pyrethroid including deltamethrin are one of the most common insecticides that are used extensively in agriculture and control of insects. Oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms of pesticides toxicity. Many plants contain high levels of antioxidants that can counteract and remove the free radicals. The current study was performed to assess the adverse effect and oxidative stress of deltamethrin on kidney organs in male rats and to evaluate the protective role of Salvia officinalis extract in alleviating the detrimental effect of  This toxicant.

Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six. Group I control, group II received deltamethrin (15mg/kg), group III received both deltamethrin (15mg/kg) and Salvia officinalis extract (100mg/kg), group IV received both deltamethrin (15mg/kg) and Salvia officinalis extract (200mg/kg) and group V received Salvia officinalis extract. The treatment was extending for one month for all groups and after that the kidney tissues were collected for further analysis.

The results showed that Salvia extract reduces the toxic effects of deltamethrin. Salvia extract significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and improved glutathione peroxidase activity. The results of kidney tissue pathology also confirm Salviachr('39')s protective effect.

The protective effect of Salvia extract can be due to phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, which can be used as an effective factor in the prevention and improvement of the toxic effects of deltamethrin.

 Errors are a byproduct of human information processing or cognitive functioning. Although everyone is disposed to an error while performing various activities, individual differences in cognitive abilities can lead to various types and rates of errors committed in similar situations. Human errors are one of the most important challenges in work environments, including health care systems, wherein such errors are abundantly occurring. Errors in the delivery of correct medications due to the resemblance in appearance and name are thus one of the cognitive errors that come about in health care systems. The main purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence and approaches recently practiced to reduce medication errors caused by the use of look-alike-sound-alike (LASA) medications.

 The study was conducted on August 30, 2018, through searches in the databases of PubMed and Embase, all available years, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) instructions. The searches were done in the titles or abstracts of the articles using the intended terms and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) index in combination. These studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and then categorized based on the type of interventions and outputs. Finally, the data were analyzed descriptively.

 The research designs and methods varied widely among the studies. There were also discrepancies in the number of participants, number of tests, type of medications, and test conditions. The approaches examined in these studies were tall-man lettering, color-coding, label background variations, and use of signs and symbols. Accordingly, 11 studies had utilized tall-man lettering and the most important reported in all articles were “error rate” and “response times”. As well, a wide range of medication names had been tested. It should be noted that medication

 errors have different dimensions, but the errors caused by the look-alike-sound-alike (LASA) medications and the effect of tall-man lettering of medication name were only investigated in the present study. Laboratory studies in this respect have shown that tall-man lettering contributes to mitigating the rate of errors, which might be due to the better legibility of labels, but evaluations in real work environments are needed to reinforce this conclusion. There is also insufficient evidence to support color-coding, as well as several other approaches such as use of signs and symbols. Because of the novelty of the studies in this field, no uniform mechanism has been so far introduced.

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture around the world. Among the most widely used pesticides are Pyrethroids. Pyrethroids are synthetically derived from the pyrethrins and are naturally derived from the plant Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Synthetic pyrethroids have high insecticidal power as well as low toxicity to birds and mammals. Deltamethrin is one of the most commonly used Pyrethroid around the world. This toxin is one of the world-famous insecticides to protect agricultural products, vegetables and fruits against insects and pests. Along with the global spread and use of pyrethroids, their contamination and toxicity has become a problem. Since the use of organophosphate insecticides has been banned, the use of pyrethroids has increased. Human exposure to pesticides occurs occupationally through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion, and in the environment through contaminated food. Due to the nature of lipophilicity and the widespread use of pyrethroid insecticides such as deltamethrin, these pesticides accumulate in tissue, food and the environment and cause adverse effects on human health. Initially, it was thought that deltamethrin has the lowest toxicity in mammals, although number of studies have reported that deltamethrin causes severe toxicity in mammalian and non-mammalian organs. Oxidative stress is one of the most deltamethrin toxicity mechanisms. Many studies have shown that pyrethroids are rapidly metabolized in mammals and cause liver, kidney and brain damage through oxidative stress. According to many studies, it has been shown that the liver, due to its role, is the main source of accumulation of high concentrations of deltamethrin metabolites. Deltamethrin has been shown to cause cell death and the production of reactive oxygen species in major liver cells . Also the kidney plays a very important role in regulating homeostasis of the body and removing foreign matter (including pesticides) from the body. Therefore, chronic and acute kidney damages are considered a significant risk to the community. Because of the metabolites derived from deltamethrin play an important role in the development of deltamethrin toxicity, the metabolism of deltamethrin and its metabolites is an important issue. The major metabolites of deltamethrin include 2 ′, 4′- and 5-OH-deltamethrin, the trans-methyl group and the ester separation metabolite which have been identified through radiocarbon analysis within a living organism. Reports from previous studies indicate that the metabolites 2′-OH-deltamethrin and 4′-OH-deltamethrin from deltamethrin are more toxic than deltamethrin in human stem cells. The body has various mechanisms to deal with the damage caused by free radicals. The main mechanism of the body in this regard is the antioxidant defense system. The term antioxidant refers to any substance that delays or prevents oxidative damage to target molecules. Antioxidant status of the body is related to the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase. Many studies have reported that deltamethrin directly causes oxidative stress by upsetting the oxidative balance and antioxidant status of the body.Medicinal plants have been shown to play an important role in protecting peoplechr('39')s health against the potential risk from chemicals such as pesticides .Natural plant extracts provide better antioxidant activity than synthetic uses for food, cosmetics and medicine. The use of synthetic antioxidants has declined due to the increased risk of carcinogenesis and the lack of consumer acceptance of synthetic food additives. Improving the antioxidant system through treatment with natural antioxidants can be effective in preventing damage. The purpose of this review is to investigate the protective effect of different plant extracts against the oxidative stress associated with deltamethrin in the liver and kidney tissues.

the bibliographic databases such as PubMed – Google scholar – Web of science – Scopus were used to find articles focusing on the effect of antioxidant compounds on deltamethrin toxin. The keywords Deltamethrin, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant, Polyphenol, Liver, Kidney were used to search these bibliographic databases. The search was conducted among articles published between 1980 and 2019 articles such as letters to the editor, conference papers, and reports were excluded. Then, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the review process, screening and elimination of duplicate and irrelevant information were performed. In addition, data retrieval was performed and after extracting the full text of articles, data were extracted. In this study, initially, the various antioxidants used to reduce and neutralize oxidative stress caused by deltamethrin are briefly reviewed and then the effect of plant antioxidants in reducing oxidative stress caused by deltamethrin in liver and kidney tissues is investigated.

In the initial searches, all articles related to the subject under review were collected. Based on the criteria, completely related articles were finally included in this review study. The search was conducted among articles published between 1980 and 2019. According to studies on the extracts of various plants, it seems that the extracts of plants such as garlic, Trigonella foenum graecum, Globularia alypum, Amaranthus spinosus as well as olive oil and Artemisia campestris oil have protective effects against toxicity and oxidative stress caused by deltamethrin in the kidneys and liver. Ingredients of plant extracts such as Ocimum basilicum, Oat oil, Moringa Tea and turmeric improve and reduce the toxic effects of deltamethrin in the liver and kidneys. These effects are due to the presence of sources rich of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of these plants.

Based on the studies on plants extract, they are able to reduce the oxidative stress level and restore the damages caused by deltamethrin due to their antioxidant properties and the content of polyphenolic compounds.

Unsafe behavior in industries can be due to different factors. The aim of this study was to predict and model unsafe behavior using a safety atmosphere and cultural attitudes questionnaires.

This study was a descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional examination that analyzed the data and predicted the unsafe behaviors of 90 construction workers using Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in MATLAB R2016a software.

In this study, the model of the safety atmosphere - unsafe behavior and the model of the cultural attitudes - unsafe behavior had the regression coefficients of 0.93373 and 0.9234, respectively. It showed that each of the parameters has a close relationship to the rate of the unsafe behavior. In this regard, a combination of the safety atmosphere and safety attitude parameters for the estimation of the unsafe behaviors achieved the better results with a regression coefficient of 0.9453 which indicates the direct effect of both parameters simultaneously on unsafe behavior.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the neuro-fuzzy model can be used as an appropriate tool for predicting unsafe behavior in the industries.

 Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that can produce reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress in the kidney. On the other hand, rosemary extract is an antioxidant playing a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in rat kidney due to the exposure to chlorpyrifos and to assess the antioxidant effect of two concentrations of 100 and 200 mg / kg rosemary extract on the nephrotoxicity caused by this pesticide.

 In the current study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. They were randomly divided into five groups and selected as the study groups, each group including six rats  for further comparison. They were as following groupd: Group І: served as control (received dissilated water, i.p) , Group П: the chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.), Group Ш: the group exposed  to rosemary extract (100 mg / kg) by gavage, Group ІV: the exposure group with rosemary 100 mg / kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.) and Group V: simultaneous exposure of rosemary 200 mg / kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.). After 2 and 4 weeks, the rats were weighed and killed. A section of kidney tissue was examined for changes of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and another section was tested for histopathological alterations.

 The results showed that chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the kidney tissue and altered the activity of GPx and MDA compared to the control group, as well as it damaged the kidney tissue. Moreover, the simultaneous exposure to chlorpyrifos and rosemary extract with concentration of 100 mg/kg significantly made modifications to the MDA and GPx levels. In addition, with the increasing of rosemary doses from 100 to 200 mg / kg, changes in the levels of MDA and GPx were closer to those of the control group.

 The rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by chlorpyrifos and, therefore, can be used to treat the poisoning caused by this pesticide.

Chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin are organophosphorus and pyrethroid agents respectively, which can produce reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. On the other hand, Rosemary and Salvia extracts contain antioxidants that play a protective role against free radicals. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the reduction effect of Rosemary and Salvia extract on the oxidative damage caused by the exposure to chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin.

A total of 54 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200-220 g were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into nine groups (six rats in each group). The rats were weighed and sacrificed after 30 consecutive days of exposure, and serum samples were collected to examine the changes of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase.

Results of statistical tests showed that chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin significantly changed the levels of glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde in the exposed rat serums, compared to those in the control group. Moreover, simultaneous exposure to chlorpyrifos with Rosemary extract and deltamethrin with Salvia extract significantly decreased the levels of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde and reduced the damage caused by these toxicants.

According to the obtained results of this study, Rosemary and Salvia extracts can reduce the oxidative stress induced by chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin in Wistar rats. In addition, these extracts can be used to mitigate the consequences of poisoning caused by the pesticides of interest.

Work-related upper limb disorders are one of the major causes of disability in industrial workers. The aim of this study was to Comparison of three methods of NERPA, RULA and LUBA in predicting the risk of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in the household manufacturing industry

In this cross-sectional study, all employed in the operational sector of a household manufacturing industry, including 346 people, participated in six occupational groups. In order to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, Nordic General Questionnaire was used. to predict the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs, LUBA, RULA, and NERPA methods were used. Finally, the data related to the real values of musculoskeletal disorders and the risk values predicted by the three mentioned methods were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient and kappa agreement coefficient with SPSS Version 25.

The correlation between levels of musculoskeletal disorders and predicted risk levels in RULA, NERPA and LUBA methods was 0.701, 0.691 and 0.629 respectively (P <0.05). also, the correlation coefficient of predicted risk levels in RULA with its corresponding risk levels in NERPA and LUBA methods was 0.713 and 0.619, respectively (P <0.05).

The results of the present study showed that the best method for predicting the risk of prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the different examined tasks was RULA method. Finally, it was determined that none of the studied methods had adequate comprehensiveness to assess all of the four risk levels.

Methane is one of the gaseous materials with high potential of damage. Today, it is widely used in process, chemical industries and human environments. This study thus aimed to predict the emissions and the probable effects of liquid methane using ALOHA software in order to perform appropriate safety measures and consequently to reduce the plausible adverse effects.

Considering the results of HAZOP studies, the worst case scenario was chosen and, using ALOHA software, possible methane gas leak scenarios from the reservoir were modeled. During the study, all the moral standards were observed.

Based on the results obtained, gas concentrations of liquid methane would reach 400000 ppm in a distance of 39 meters around the reservoir, which is in the range of PAC-3 demonstrating risk of death threatening the lives of surrounding people. In the event of a full leakage of 238 meters around the reservoir, the methane gas concentration is predicted to be 50000 ppm, which is equivalent to the low explosive charge (LEL) of methane gas. Wave pressure of vapor cloud caused by methane leaks exceeds 1 psi in a distance of 270 meters.

The consequences of methane toxicity in the studied refinery are one of the most serious threats to the personnel. Therefore, preparing a reaction plan for emergency conditions will have an effective role in limiting the harmful effects of the toxic and dangerous materials emissions.

Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common occupational diseases in hospital staff. Factors that are effective on the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders can point to stress and job satisfaction and unsuitable postures. By regarding the key role of nursing staff in hospitals in giving health services, this study has been done with the aim of the survey about the relationship between stress amount and job satisfaction with musculoskeletal disorders in nurses.

This analytical description study had been done in the year 2017, accidentally between 140 persons, 90 of available nurses that during sampling were in the nursing station of one of Tehran hospitals. For data collection one used standard questionnaire composed of demographic information and job information about musculoskeletal disorders, satisfaction, and job stress. Also for finding the relationship between variables one used correlation test, multivariate linear regression and independent t-test by SPSS20 Software.

Results shows that one of the biggest postures adopted by nurses is waist bending that the result of that is a pain in the lower part of the waist. By doing multivariate linear regression in SPSS20, a model for prediction pain in the lower part results from waist bending gained. Between job stress and job postures, there have been seen a significant relationship (P<0/05) in this test there was no significant relationship between job satisfaction and job postures.

Extra physical activities lead to unsuitable and repetitive postures in nurses that are one of the most important factors in creating job stress in nurses. For decreasing coming stress to staff, they should give information and needed knowledge about correct posture adoption to everyone.

Deltamethrin is one of the major pesticides used in agriculture to control pests. Oxidative stress is one of the deltamethrin toxicity mechanisms. Different antioxidants have been investigated to deal with the oxidative damage of toxic substances. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Salvia officinalis extract against deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

In an experimental study, 30 Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6 per group); group I was the control, group II received deltamethrin (15 mg/kg), group III received both deltamethrin (15 mg/kg) and  S. officinalis extract (100 mg/kg), group IV received both deltamethrin (15 mg/kg) and S. officinalis extract (200 mg/kg), and group V received merely S. officinalis extract. After 30 consecutive days, liver tissues were evaluated for the levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase levels and histopathological changes.

According to findings, Salvia extract could considerably reduce malondialdehyde levels, improve the glutathione peroxidase activity, and reduce the liver damage caused by deltamethrin.

S. officinalis extract showed antioxidant properties and reduced the toxic effects of deltamethrin, so, it can be used as a strong antioxidant in preventing and improving the effects of deltamethrin.

Nowadays, working in any computer work stations, named visual display terminal (VDT), was widespread and has become popular in our lives. Due to the increasing trend of using computers in the administrative and social institutions, prevalence of eye-related signs of working with computers is still increasing and it is one of the most important health issues. Computer jobs are low-mobility and require little energy to do physical work, but require more cognitive processing and mental focus. Visual fatigue is an occupational hazard for people working with computers. Eye fatigue has symptoms such as headaches, job discomfort, and eye pain the purpose of this study was to have a systematic review on eye fatigue, dry eye and eye blink among people working with visual terminals.  

Internet search databases and search engines were used to find articles with focusing on the impact of risk factors on eye indexes on computer users. In this study, related articles were obtained from websites, including: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Sciences. The keywords were used to search in these websites were: computer user, eye fatigue, dry eye and eye blink. Accordingly, after finding 115 relevant articles from the related sites, 17 articles were finally selected.

Findings show that using computer cause many problems in the eye. Duration of using the computer, the type of work with the computer, the mental load, the distance from the monitor, and also long-term use of the computer without break in during work can cause dry and fatigue eye in users, which is one of the most common ocular problems among computer users.

According to the finding and results recommended to reduce of dry and fatigue eye, distance of users from the monitors, be more than 50cm, use 20-20-20 law to rest user’s eyes, and  Positioning the monitor be 15-20 degrees below the user’s line of sight. Also, too much focus on the screen reduces blinking and resulting in dry eyes. In order to prevent dryness of the surface of the eye, it is recommended that the eyelid be optional even if possible. Increasing the contrast of the monitor can be helpful in reducing stress and strain on the eye while working with a computer and using glasses instead of lenses to correct refractive errors and one of the ways to control and improve dry eye is using artificial tears by computer users.

Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common factors that lead to occupational injuries among hospital staff. Considering the key role of hospital staffs in providing health services to patients, this study was conducted to assess risk factors that are effective on low back pain and the use of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model to predict it. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 nurses of the Isfahan hospitals in 2018. First, the risk factors that affect pain in the lumbar region was assessed, then a model with the precision of 0.91% to predict low back pain was developed using the ANFIS by the MATLAB2016a software. First,  linear regression model showed four risk factors repetitive movements, long-standing, bending of the back, and carrying heavy objects were the most significant ones compared to other risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders. After a study of these risk factors in the ANFIS, various tests were conducted and the best model with a confidence level of 91% was selected as the model. The ANFIS can be used as an appropriate tool to predict lower back pain.

Studies have shown the effect of smoking on mental and cognitive performance of the individuals who need to concentrate on their work. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of smoking on cognitive performance of the automotive industry workers.  In this case-control study conducted in 2018, 280 automotive industry workers were selected through the simple random sampling and then assigned to  two groups of smokers (100 cases) and non-smokers (180 controls). All the subjects were selected from the environments with the sound levels of 82 to 88 dB. The workers’ cognitive performance was also tested using the CPT, Stroop and Tower of London tests. The mean age of the case group was 36/02 (3/7) and that of the control group was 36/25 (3/65) years. The results showed that the scores of the TOL test in the case group (smokers) were lower than those of the non-smokers (OR=0/903, P<0.01), and other items of the TOL test had no significant relationship with the individuals’ smoking status (P>0/05). The Stroop and continuous performance tests also had a significant relationship with the individuals’ smoking status in terms of the number of correct responses and the response time as well as interference (P<0.01). Other items had no relationship with the individuals’ smoking status (P>0/05). The results of this study showed that the use of cigarettes and nicotine substances significantly decreased the workers’ mental and intellectual performance, and smokers were more likely to suffer from concentration interference, low brain processing speed in decision-making, and low precision at work, compared to non-smokers.

Construction industry plays a major role in the economic development of all countries and among the various occupations, this industry is one of the most dangerous industries, particularly respiratory contaminants, around the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the respiratory capacity of construction workers, working in different workshops in Tehran city and developing a regression model to examine the relationship between pulmonary capacities with the type of occupation, work experience and tobacco smoking.
Material and

This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among 628 construction workers in Tehran city in 2017. After data collection, data analyses were performed using statistical independent t-test, one way ANOVA and correlation tests by SPSS software version 22. Also, multiple backward regression was used to check the effect of independent variables on lung function.

According to the results of this study, a significant relationship was found between age and work history with the pulmonary function indexes (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75%) (P-value<0.001). The average of FEV1/FVC% was significantly different among various occupational groups (p-value<0.001). In the analysis of the findings of the pulmonary function test in the exposed group a separate model was made using multiple linear regression for each of the pulmonary functions, and the independent variables including age, work experience, job type and cigarette addiction were entered into the model.

The present study showed a significant change in the pulmonary function parameters of the construction workers and the chance of pulmonary disorders might be high among these individuals

The leakage of hazardous materials in industries threatens the workers and residents around these industries and also severely damages the environment. This study thus aimed to predict the emissions and the probable effects of carbon disulfide using ALOHA software in order to performing the appropriate safety measures and consequently to reduce the adverse effects. The results of HAZOP studies were used to identify the hazards in one of the refinery units. The plausible worst scenario was also chosen. ALOHA software was then used to model the probable scenarios of carbon disulfide emissions from the tank. All stages of this research were conducted ethically. Based on the results obtained, the concentration of carbon disulfide reaching to the control room would be fatal in the event of an incident. This result is supported by carbon disulfide concentrations of 480 ppm in an area of up to 600 meters around the tank, which is in the range of AGEL-3. In the event of full leakage, the concentration of carbon disulfide would be 7800 ppm 150 m around the tank, which is about 60% of the minimum flammable concentration of this gas. The explosion wave pressure in a distance of up to 190 m around the tank is anticipated to be about 3 psi, which may cause serious injuries to workers. The consequences of carbon disulfide toxicity in the studied refinery are one of the most serious threats to the personnel. Therefore, preparing a reaction plan for emergency conditions will have an effective role in limiting the harmful effects of the toxic and dangerous materials emissions.