فهرست مطالب safoura ghasemi

Shoulder impingement syndrome is a common complication that causes pain and disability, functional limitations and reduced quality of life. This syndrome is usually seen in people who are involved in activities and sports involving rotating movements above the head, including bodybuilders. Meanwhile, corrective exercises have been considered as an intervention in the rehabilitation of the condition. Exercises based on National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) principles are known as one of the new methods in the rehabilitation and prevention of sports injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and permanence of corrective exercises on pain intensity, functional disability and kinematic parameters of bodybuilders with shoulder impingement syndrome. In this semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design, 20 male bodybuilders with shoulder impingement syndrome were randomly assigned in two groups; corrective exercises as the experimental group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire was used for pain intensity. Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire was used for functional disability. Kinovea software was used to kinematic parameters. The evaluations carried out during three stages: the pre-test, the first post-test (after 8 weeks) and the second post-test (after 12 weeks). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS version 20 software. The findings showed that after 8 weeks of corrective exercises, there were significant changes in pain intensity and functional disability in the experimental group (P<0.05). Also, significant changes in shoulder biomechanical parameters during flexion, abduction, external rotation and internal rotation movements were observed between the two groups (P<0.05). Permanence of the exercises in the studied variables after 12 weeks showed a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). According to the obtained results, it can be stated that a course of NASM exercises reduced shoulder pain, improved functional disability and improved kinematic parameters in male bodybuilders with shoulder impingement syndrome.

This study aims to investigate the effects of an eight-week sensorimotor training (SMT) program with visual feedback (VF) on knee joint proprioception and alignment in women with dynamic knee valgus (DKV).

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 women with DKV were selected and randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control groups) of 15 participants each. The intervention group underwent an eight-week VF-based SMT program consisting of three sessions lasting 60 minutes each week. Meanwhile, the control group continued with their daily routine during this period. After the training, all participants’ knee joint proprioception and alignment were assessed using the single-leg squat test (SLST) and single-leg landing test (SLLT). The results were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in the IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 26, with a significance level of P<0.05.

The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results indicated a significant improvement in proprioception (P=0.038) and knee alignment (P=0.001) in the intervention group compared to the control group.

The study suggests that practicing SMT with VF can enhance knee joint proprioception and alignment in women with DKV.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) has been considered one of the common treatments for ACL injury. Decrease in the proprioceptive function following ACLR, which may remain between 2 and 3 years after the surgery, provides the possibility of re-injury. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the postural control, weight distribution, and center of pressure (COP) Symmetry Index in individuals with ACLR during quiet standing, in open and closed eyes conditions, compared to healthy people. In the present study, 12 men with right ACLR and 12 healthy men were recruited as participants. Participants stood barefoot on the two force plates. Each foot was placed on one of the 2 platforms. Postural control was assessed during quiet standing in two conditions (open and closed eyes conditions). The positions of COP in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions are detected under the right and left foot separately and also as net. Postural sway quantified based on five parameters included the amplitude (AMP), total excursions (TOTEX), mean velocity (MVELO), standard deviation (SD), and 95% confidence ellipse area (AREACE). Weight distribution percentage on the lower limbs and COP Symmetry Index in antero-posterior direction were also calculated. The results showed that the COP parameters in some investigated parameters (TOTEXap, SDap, AREACE, AMPap, TOTEXml) were higher in individuals with ACLR than in the healthy group (P<0.05). There was no difference between the two groups regarding the Symmetry Index in the eyes open and closed conditions (P>0.05). Weight distribution, in eyes open condition, in ACLR group on the operated limb is more than that in healthy people (P<0.05).We concluded that individuals with ACLR has a poor postural control in anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions during quiet standing. The Symmetry Index was the same in both groups. In contrast to the able-bodied participants, individuals with ACLR bear more body weight on the operated limb than on the non- operated limb.

Nowadays, light and minimal shoes have been used by athletes in various types of sports activities in order to be in a position close to barefoot position. But its effect on the electrical activity of the shank muscles is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the electrical activity of selected shank muscles when using minimalist shoes, normal shoes and barefoot during single-leg landing. For this purpose, 15 healthy boys with a mean age of 23.53± 2.64 years who had no history of any abnormalities participated in this study. Electromyographic variables of tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis and soleus muscles of subjects' superior legs were examined in two phases; pre-activity and eccentric. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures tests were used for data analysis. The significance level was set at α=0.05. The results showed that in both phases, the activity of selected muscles in the shank of individuals during the one-legged landing movement in the barefoot position was more than the minimalist shoes and when using the minimalist shoes was more than normal shoes (P<0.05); Since minimalist shoes have been shown to have moderate muscle activation patterns, between barefoot and casual shoes, it is recommended to use it to prevent sports injuries and also to strengthen the shank and leg muscles in environments where it is not possible to move barefoot.

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of virtual training tools, musculoskeletal status and its relationship with the physical activity of students during quarantine due to Coronavirus outbreak. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and the Beck Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) were used in this study with 370 students.  McNemar and paired t-test and Spearman correlation test were used. During the corona, students reported more pain in the elbows, wrists, knees and ankles as well as less physical activity. The use of mobile phones and laptops and the use of social media increased during the Corona under quarantine conditions. The time pattern of students' sleep changed after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The use of tools leading to prolonged sitting and changes in sleep patterns reflects lifestyle changes due to crises such as the Corona epidemic. Changes in physical activity will at least cause short-term effects such as musculoskeletal pain.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shoe type on muscles electromyography while descending stairs. The population of this study was 15 students aged 20 to 30 years. Co-contraction and peak muscle activity were recorded. The repeated measure ANOVA test was used.  The results showed that in both pre-activity and eccentric phases, the peak activity of tibialis anterior, internal and external gastrocnemius and soleus muscles significantly increased in the barefoot position compared to normal shoes. The co-contraction of the peronaeus brevis and gastrocnemius medialis muscles in the pre-activity phase had a significant difference between normal and minimalist shoes. In the eccentric phase, there was a significant difference between the co-contraction of the tibialis anterior and peronaeus longus muscles in barefoot and normal shoe states. It seems that the increased co-contraction of agonists and antagonists in barefoot and minimalist shoes compared to normal shoes may be an effective factor in maintaining joint stability.

Today, the outbreak of Covid-19 has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Following the Corona pandemic and home quarantine, restrictions have been imposed on individuals, especially in the country's education sector. Meanwhile, university professors are faced with the conditions of virtual education and changes in daily activities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of virtual education conditions on musculoskeletal status and physical activity of university professors during the Corona pandemic

In the current descriptive research, standard questionnaires of Nordic musculoskeletal status and Beck physical activity were used. The statistical population included professors from Farhangian universities across the country, with 98 centers, of which 260 participated in the study. McNemar, paired, and Spearman correlation tests were used at the significance level of P≤0.05.

There was a significant difference between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, shoulders, back, and waist before and during the coronavirus pandemic (P≤ 0.05). Also, there was a negative correlation between neck and wrist disorders with work physical activity and between wrist and knee disorders with leisure and exercise physical activity (P≤ 0.05). There was a significant difference between the hours of using social media for leisure and education, using laptops and mobile phones, and the amount of night and day sleep before and during the corona (P≤ 0.05).

It seems that the current situation of the corona pandemic, led to changes in musculoskeletal health and type of physical activity of university professors. Communication tools and virtual education and the time spent on them have led to reduced physical activity in various dimensions of work, leisure, and exercise, the prevalence of some musculoskeletal disorders, and even changes in the university professors' sleep rate. It is suggested that university professors improve their regular physical activities and consider ergonomics of using learning assistant tools.

 The presence of symmetry between the superior and non-superior legs prevents muscle imbalance and leads to the prevention of sports injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to answer the question: Does body mass index affect the symmetry index between preferred and non-preferred foot?

 A total of 44 young girls were purposefully divided into two groups (Body Mass Index range of 25 to 30 as an overweight group and Body Mass Index range of 18.50 to 24.99 as a normal weight group) participated in this study. Subjects’ foot index data were recorded using a camera pedoscope while maintaining static balance. An independent t-test was used to compare the results between groups and paired t-test was used to compare the results within the group to examine the studied samples. Tests were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS software V. 24.

 Results show symmetry index of the preferred and non-preferred foot of the overweight group ranged from 0.72 to 1.41 and in the normal group was 0.76 to 1.43, and the results were not significant (P>0.05). This means that the preferred and non-preferred foot of the subject had symmetry in both groups.

 The present study’s findings showed that body mass index does not affect the foot symmetry index. It is suggested that research be conducted to determine whether obesity influences the symmetry index.

Considering that maintaining the optimal level of bone mineral density during premenopausal period is important in reducing the risk of osteoporosis and subsequent fractures during postmenopausal period, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different training environments on femoral bone density in premenopausal women. In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design, 40 premenopausal women aged between 40 to 45 years were divided in four groups, 10 people in each group (exercise group in water, land, combined and control). Exercise groups performed 12 weeks of exercise three times a week 70 minutes per session. The subjects’ femoral bone density was measured before and after 12 weeks by DEXA bone density measurement device. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and LSD post hoc test at a significance level of P≤0.05, using SPSS software version 24. Femoral bone density showed a significant increase in the combined exercise group (P <0.05) but in the control group a decrease in bone density was observed (P <0.05). Total bone density of hip and femoral neck showed statistical differences in water exercise group, land exercise group and combined exercise group in comparison with control group (P <0.05). Given this there was no difference between the exercise groups in water and land environment, exercise in any environment is recommended for premenopausal women. Because weight training exercises in all three types of training environments prevent the progression of bone mineral density in premenopausal ages.

 Maintaining optimal level of bone mineral density during Premenopause plays an important role in reducing the risk (relative risk of 1.5-3 times mire) of osteoporosis and the subsequent fractures in post-menopausal , therefore aim of this study was to explore the effect of weight-bearing exercise on bone mineral density of premenopausal women. 

 In this semi-experimental pretest-posttest with control group design, 20 premenopausal women in the 40 to 45 age range were randomly selected and distributed in two experimental and control groups. Experimental group completed 12 weeks of training, three times a week and 70 minutes per session. Before and after the period of 12 weeks, femoral bone mineral density in all samples were measured by DEXA bone mineral densitometry. We used K-S test for normality assumption, independent sample t-test in within-subject design and paired t-test, ANCOVA for between-subject design. Significance level was 0.05 SPSS-21 was used. 

 The results revealed that 12 week weight bearing exercise resulted in an increase in femoral bone mineral density among participants in experimental group with the significant decrease in control group. Bone mineral density of femoral neck and total hip among the subjects distributed in experimental group, was significantly different from corresponding areas in control group. 

 It should be emphasized that exercise is the harmless and appropriate approach to prevent any decrease in bone mineral density in menopausal period which can prevent decrease in bone mineral density due to aging in this period.

Exercises are effective in bone density in different areas of the body when they can increase the mechanical load or dynamic pressure in those areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercises in water on bone density of premenopausal women.
This semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest design. Twenty premenopausal women, between 40 to 45 years, were randomly selected in two groups of exercise in water and control group in the city of Hamadan in 2016. The experimental group completed 12 week exercise training, three times a week and 70 minutes per session. Before and after 12 weeks, femoral bone mineral density (Total Hip and Femoral Neck) in subjects were measured by DEXA bone mineral densitometry. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, dependent and independent t-test and ANCOVA on a significant level P Femoral bone density (total hip and femoral neck) in water training group compared with the control group showed a significant difference (P=0.002 and P=0.046). In control group decrease in bone density of the hip in total hip and femoral neck (P=0.004 and P=0.033) were observed.
Regarding the differences in the training in water group and the control group, weight-bearing exercises in water in premenopausal women are recommended, because it can prevent a decrease in bone mineral density stemming from aging in this period.

Given that physical activity is the most important environmental moderating factor, it has been known as an effective, available, low-cost and non-pharmacological approach to increase or maintain bone density at different ages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of training in water, on land and combined environment on bone mineral density in premenopausal women.
In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group, 40 premenopausal women aged between 40 and 45 years were divided into four groups (with 10 patients each) based on the exercise environment: water, land, combined, and controlled. Each group exercised three days a week for 12 weeks, with each session lasting 70 minutes. The lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density of the participants was measured by DEXA before and after 12 weeks and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Analysis of covariance and LSD, with the significance level of .For statistical calculations, SPSS software version 21 was used.
In the combined environment group, the lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density showed a significant increase (P>0.05), while in the control group first vertebra bone density loss was observed for the second and fourth lumbar vertebrae(P Given that there was no difference observed between water and land exercise groups,exercise in any environment is recommended for premenopausal women because the least effect that exercise can have is prevention of bone loss in these ages.

The best way to prevent osteoporosis, at old age is to prevent bone loss and at young age is trying to keep bones healthy, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the effect of combined exercise on bone mineral density of premenopausal females.
This semi-experimental study was conducted among 20 premenopausal females between 40 and 45 years old, which were randomly assigned to two groups (experimental and control groups) in Hamadan city, during year 2016. The experimental group completed a 12-week combined exercise-training program (6 weeks in water and 6 weeks on land), three times a week and 70 minutes per session. Before and after the 12 weeks, femoral bone mineral density in all samples was measured by DEXA bone mineral densitometry. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 21 software using descriptive and inferential statistics, such as independent and paired t-test, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
Bone mineral density of femoral neck and total hip of the experimental group, had significant differences with corresponding areas of the control group (P According to the results, to prevent a decrease in bone mineral density during the menopausal period, combined exercises are recommended for females at this age.

Given that weight and body mass index (BMI) are considered as modifiable factors in osteoporosis, the present study aimed to examine the relationship of weight and BMI with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the femur and lumbar vertebrae in perimenopausal women.
In this descriptive-correlational study, we measured the bone density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4) of 40 women in perimenopause stage (Mean±SD age: 42.85±1.86 years; Mean±SD weight: 69.55±10.97 kg; Mean±SD height: 159.42±6.01 cm; and Mean±SD BMI: 27.60±4.04 kg/m2) using a bone densitometry system. The study data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analysis, at 0.05 significance level. All analyses were performed using SPSS v. 21.
Women in the normal group were significantly different from women in the obese group with regard to BMD and BMC (P=0.001). Weight and BMI were positively correlated with BMD and BMC. Weight and BMI, together, could explain 42% and 37% of the variance of BMD and BMC at the lumbar vertebrae, respectively; and 70% and 63% of the variance of BMD and BMC at the total hip, respectively.
The results of the present study support the predictive role of weight and BMI in BMD and BMC. Therefore, future studies are suggested to examine other effective factors with larger samples.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease with its associated fractures 8 times higher in women than men. Doing physical activity to maintain bone mass and strength are vital and help individuals in prevention of osteoporosis-related fractures. Although some studies have shown a positive relationship between physical activity and bone mineral density (BMD), some revealed physical activities are ineffective on BMD. Thus a systematic study to clarify the contradictions and determine the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density is required. The purpose of this study was to review the effects of physical activity on bone mineral density, pain and quality of life in patients with osteoporosis In this review, articles that were published in international and Iranian journals of Pub med, Springer, Elsevier, Science Direct, Magiran, Noor mags, SID with standard keywords were used. Most of the findings from various studies, indicated positive effects of physical activity on bone mineral density, reduced pain and improved quality of life for people with osteoporosis. although compounded exercises and researches that have been done on young people suggested a positive effect on bone mineral density, in the researches on which the exercise period was similar, a positive effect did not show in elderly. Sports activities for people with osteoporosis should be selected according to the characteristics such as age, purpose (treatment or prevention) and limits of patient. Since there is a significant positive effect of exercise on bone mineral density, It is recommended to study the exercise effects in various environments (land, water, and mixed).