seyed arman hashemi monfared

Critical to human survival, water resources, including groundwater and particularly rivers, are under threat from anthropogenic pollution. The major Kashafrud River, located in northeastern Iran, is a seasonal watercourse currently encountering numerous challenges. At present, a stretch of this historic river (Parkandabad to the basin's exit) carries wastewater, comprising industrial, urban, agricultural, and even livestock effluents, transforming it into a conduit for sewage. This study reviews existing research on the challenges faced by the Kashafrud River, including pollution, climate change, and its impacts, as well as reduced runoff and drought. It outlines the crisis afflicting the river and then explores solutions to mitigate the current conditions. This research process involved reviewing previous studies on the challenges of Kashafrud, conducting field visits, engaging in discussions with local residents, and validating these findings through consultation with regional water experts responsible for overseeing this water course. Research indicates that there has been a limited focus on the pollution issue in Kashafrud, underscoring the evident necessity for comprehensive scientific inquiry aimed at presenting suitable solutions to tackle river contamination. In conclusion, through analyzing solutions proposed in previous studies and summarizing their strengths and weaknesses, 13 practical solutions were presented to provide the most effective strategies for addressing the challenges of this significant river.

Groundwater is one of the key sources of water on the surface of the earth, which is important in agriculture, industry and drinking, and is considered as the guarantor of life for the future generation. In this research, 227 data series related to meteorological and groundwater parameters of Saravan plain in Sistan and Baluchistan province were used to predict and estimate the groundwater level using intelligent machine learning models. Out of this number of data series, 159 series were allocated for use in model training and 68 series for model testing in designed scenarios. The performance of random forest and M5P models was evaluated in estimating the monthly mean groundwater level of Saravan Plain. The performance of the models was compared using statistical indices of correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). The obtained results showed that both used models have a good ability to groundwater level modeling, but the M5P model with a higher correlation coefficient has fewer errors than the random forest model. The fourth scenario of the M5P model is selected as the best model among the scenarios of two models with correlation coefficient, MBE and RMSE values of 0.961, -0.0001 and 0.727 in the training section and 0.871, zero and 0.265 in the test section, respectively. It is suggested that the groundwater level of Saravan Plain be evaluated with other methods of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and compared with the present study.

Decision theory in the gray environment has found wide application in all areas of knowledge. The goal of gray decision-making is to build an advanced predictive model of a system based on data obtained from multiple sensors or independent experts. Multi-criteria optimization methods, trade-off solutions, gray TOPSIS, multi-branch gray decision-making, distance-from-mean evaluation methods, and comprehensive fitness evaluation methods are among the most important techniques in decision theory in a gray environment. One of the most important considerations when planning and implementing a wastewater treatment plant is selecting the best treatment process. This article first collected data by preparing a questionnaire and interviewing subject-matter experts, and then used the evaluation method based on distance from average (G-EDAS) and comprehensive suitability evaluation method (G-COPRAS) to select the best wastewater treatment system. Based on the three criteria “technical”, "economic,” and “environmental-social” and their sub-criteria, the results indicate that, according to experts, the conventional activated sludge system was selected as the best wastewater treatment system in both processes. In addition, the gray hierarchy technique (G-AHP) was used to determine the most important sub-criteria. Based on this technology, resistance to hydraulic shocks has emerged as the most important sub-criterion.

This study aims to assess the change of drought characteristics (severity, duration, and frequency) under the effect of climate change. To attain this objective, two groups of observational and simulated data were applied. The observational data was related to the monthly precipitation data of 39 synoptic stations in Iran for 30 years (1975-2005) and the simulated monthly precipitation data are also related to the coordinated regional climate downscaling experiments-South Asia (CORDEX-WS) was under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Due to the poor performance of average RCMs in simulating precipitation in the historical period, one of the bias correction (BC) methods called bias correction based on quantile ranking (QRBC) was used. Then, using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Theory of Runs (TOR), the severity, duration, and frequency of droughts in Iran were extracted on annual time scale. The evaluation of the annual drought projection indicated various conditions for different regions of Iran during near-future, middle-future and far-future. Moreover, it can be said that Iran will face increased changes in the severity of droughts as according to the RCP8.5 scenario, the most changes in the severity of droughts (3.83% compared to the historical period) will occur during the far-future. While the minimum changes in the increase of drought severity according to the RCP4.5 scenario will occur in the middle climate (0.67% compared to the historical period), which is accompanied by a decrease in duration changes (2.04% compared to the historical period).

Floods are one of the natural events that cause significant morphological changes in riverbeds and adjacent lands, which result in financial, human, and other losses. When a flood occurs, the interference of the flow in the main channel and the flood plain causes the transfer of movement and complexity in the flow pattern from the main channel to the flood plain. Due to the dynamic nature of these events, statistical, experimental, and semi-experimental criteria are used to determine the dimensions of stable regime channels. Nowadays, the use of two-dimensional models to study the behavior of the regime channels has a superior advantage over the empirical and theoretical approaches, which are based on one-dimensional. There haven't been many numerical studies done on the flow pattern and sediment transport in alluvial channels, but there have been a lot of experimental studies. In this study, the behavior and hydraulic geometry of the trapezoidal compound channel have been investigated using MIKE21software for type of steady and unsteady overbank flow and Finally, the results of modeling in steady flow conditions showed less difference with real values than in unsteady flow conditions.In order to study the behavior of the main channel in the flood flow, the flow has been selected in such a way that the flood plain are in the state before the movement threshold. First, the compound trapezoidal channel section with fully losses boundaries/ with fully mobile boundaries was developed under bankfull flow, and then the behavior and geometry of the developed trapezoidal channel (regime channel) were evaluated under type of steady and unsteady flows. In the first step of permanent steady flow modeling, the flow conditions in the channel at a certain point are constant with respect to time, which means that the speed along the flow and the average depth of the flow are the same. In the second step of the modeling, the unsteady flow along the channel was checked with the same conditions as the first step, with the difference that the input discharge is variable in time.The results showed that when the cross-section of the main channel is full of water, there was no significant change in the width of the main channel, but the width of the main channel in overbank flows is higher than the full section and increases rapidly. The mean relative differences obtained at upstream and downstream width trapezoidal section, and flow depth in steady flow conditions are0.96, 0.88, and0.98,respectively, and in unsteady flow conditions, the average relative difference obtained at parameters upstream and downstream width trapezoidal section, and flow depth in steady flow conditions are1.12, 1.15and1.05,respectively. According to the sediment transport equations available in the software, the England-Hansen sediment transport relationship chosen as the appropriate relationship for the parameters of the channel dimensions, which can be more predictable to laboratory values.An stable alluvial channel with a bankfull, when subjected to flooding, tilts towards a new stable channel.Under steady flow conditions, estimating the results of the depth and width of a stable alluvial channel in the MIKE21model is more accurate than the results obtained from unsteady flow. Also, the values of width, depth and sediment concentration predicted by the above software are better estimated than the sustainable channel design methods such as brownlie, vanrajin and WBP. In all models, the width of the channel increases rapidly over the first 3hours, and then approaches the balance stage and the channel erosion rate decreases. As the discharge increases up to 15liters per second, the depth and width of the channel is more severe and then these changes are almost constant.

Longshore sediment transport is considered as one of the most important and influential factors in the functioning of coastal areas. Forecasting and determining the rate of this parameter along the coast and in the vicinity of coastal structures is one the most important for shoreline management during any construction and coastal management mission. This study aims to put different pieces of knowledge together, including field measurements, neural networks, and numerical modelling to obtain a more realistic estimation of the LST rate along the undeveloped Makran Coastline. The focus of this paper is mostly on accurate wave and sediment transport modelling, verified against available field data and morphological evidence. A neural network for the correction of wave data and a numerical model of Mike21 is applied for simulating the transportation process of sediments along the Makran Coastline. Zarabad port on the coast of Makran has selected the case study of this research. The results of this study showed that the observed data are not in good agreement with the output data of the model (except wave height) and need to be modified with the neural network and considering the effective parameters such as the different conditions of the waves in the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons in the Neural network. Neural network can help a lot in improving and correcting data. The results also showed that the sediment transport process occurs in different directions and depending on the wave height at depths more than 4m and at greater depths the sediment transport is insignificant, also, wave force in the region is able to transfer approximately 235000 m3 / year sediment.

Flood risk maps and Flood zoning techniques are useful tools to manage this hazard in the catchment and mitigation of flood impacts. In South Baluchestan and Kahir Basin, due to the existence of winter and summer precipitation regimes, the occurrence of flash floods is inevitable due to the establishment of rural communities and settlements in flood-prone areas, the flooding has caused many damages to the region's vulnerable population. In order to zone flood risk and prepare flood risk maps, climatic data, hydrological, land cover, and topography of the basin were prepared from reliable sources and according to scientific studies, 12 variables affecting flood risk in the form of five main components (Hydrology, vegetation, land cover, climate, and topography) were prepared. According to the regional conditions of the basin, using the opinions of experts based on scientific methods, the weight of each variable and component was determined by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). Using two methods of fuzzy overlay, Weighted Overlay, and the Geographical Information System facilities, a map of variables and components was prepared after reclassification and fuzzy membership function with appropriate operators. The results showed that the fuzzy overlay method concerning its dominant logic has a better distinction of flood-prone areas and can help determine flood hazard micro-zonation in the drainage basins like the Kahir basin. By comparing the results from the real data of the January 2020 flood obtained from satellite images. Due to poor infrastructure and high economic, the risk of flooding may be more harmful and widespread in the future.

Floods are natural events that cause significant morphological changes in riverbeds and adjacent lands. Therefore, predicting the process of river changes under overbank flows is one of the important issues in river engineering. Conducting laboratory studies, in addition to time, requires high cost and accuracy, so using a numerical and analytical model is more reliable and requires less cost due to providing accurate results. In this study, the behavior and hydraulic geometry of the trapezoidal compound channel have been investigated using MIKE 21 software for the type of bankfull and overbank flow. First, the compound trapezoidal channel section with erodible boundaries was developed under bankfull flow, and then the behavior and geometry of the developed trapezoidal channel were evaluated under overbank flows. The results showed that when the cross-section of the channel is full of water, there was no significant change in the width of the main channel, but the width of the main channel in overbank flows is higher than the full section and increases rapidly. The mean relative differences obtained at the upstream and downstream width of the trapezoidal section and flow depth are 0.96, 0.88, and 0.98, respectively. The width, depth, and sediment concentration values predicted by the above software are better estimated than those of stabable channel design methods such as Brownlie, Van Rijn, and WBP.

Most parts of Iran have arid and semi-arid climates. Therefore, many deserts and playas have been formed in these areas. In the present study, the return of saline water due to the groundwater head increase in the aquifers with the usage of SUTRA numerical model, was investigated. In order to assess the wedge behavior of saline water in transient state, the toe length of the wedge is analiezed. The changes in the hight of wedge shape due to the time is measured.  The results showed that: a) with the progression of the wedge behavior, its height is getting earlier to the steady state in comparison to its length, however in the return time, they both reached the steady condition at the same time. b) Unlike the wedge's length, which reachec the steady state earlier than the progession time, its height has an equal time to reach the steady condition in both states (progression and return). The achieved results also showed that due to the mixing processe, the mixing zone expanded earlier in return phase. Also, as the wedge approached the steady condition, the area of mixing zone decreased gradually.

This study investigates the effects of climate change on the water requirement of saffron in 13 regions of South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi for three periods of 2030-2050, 2055-2075 and 2080-2100 using the Hybrid algorithms ANN-NSGA-II and ANN-ICA. For the first time, this research has obtained the water requirement of saffron based on climate change using the CMIP6 models and the scenarios of SSP245 and SSP585. In addition, for the first time, the main parameters of CMIP6 models have been calculated for the prediction of climatic variables. Statistical downscaling method and inverse distance weighting technique were used for downscaling and spatial interpolation of CMIP6 data, respectively. The ANN-NSGA-II model was used to select suitable parameters and the ANN-ICA model was used to predict the future of climatic variables and finally the Cropwat model was used to calculate the water requirement of saffron. The results of parameter selection showed that Hfls and Hfss parameters were selected for future prediction in 90% of cases. The mean percentage of precipitation decrease and increase of temperature of maximum and minimum were calculated for GFDL-CM4, MIROC6, and NorESM2-LM models (8.6, -1, 10), (10, 5.7, 8.7), and (6.6, 0.6, 9.1) in SSP245 scenario and (5.7, 5.6, 13), (12, 2.4, 11.6), and (8.2, 4.7, 3/17) in SSP585 scenario, respectively. The Water demand increased in 90% of stations, GCMs, and scenarios compared to the base period. The highest increase in water requirement was obtained in Golmakan for the MIROC6 model and the period of 2055-2075 with the amount of 87.1.

Pollution of surface water especially rivers has created serious problems for both human health and environment. Finding efficient solutions for controlling river pollution is essential in order to reduce damage for the consumer to protect the environment. In this research, river quality management planning is determined in a way that minimized the rate of pollution damage with using particle swarm optimization. The case study is Gheshlagh River in Iran, Kurdistan province. The timetable for entering contamination is at different hours of the day, and eight source points enter contamination to the Gheshlagh River. Also in all hours of the day, water harvesting from the Gheshlagh River is carried out by the downstream consumers. The 192 of decision variables of this research are corresponding to the amount of contamination entering from these sources at different times. Also, 8 decision variables are corresponding to the optimal location of contamination entering to the river.  The results indicate that in the optimal condition the value of contamination does not exceed from the allowable limited.  However in the unmanaged condition, the contamination value exceeds the allowable limit. The river quality management planning which determines the optimal location and the timetable of pollution discharge, reduced significantly consumer's damages. So that the objective function of this study was reduced by 97.7%.

Having the exact values of boundary conditions is one of the effective way to accurate groundwater models. In the present study, the exact value of constant head boundaries in Birjand aquifer is specified with the usage of particle filter linked to meshless groundwater model. Particle filter known as one of the data assimilation methods applies to dynamic systems in order to improve their performance. Meshless model, one of the numerical models that do not mesh the problem domain, enforces the governed equation to nodes. Birjand aquifer with almost 269 km2 area, has 190 extraction and 10 observation wells. There are also nine inflow and one outflow regions with constant head boundary conditions, which include 105 boundary nodes. After determination of the lower and upper bounds of groundwater head for each node, the exact values of this parameter is computed. Finally, the simulated groundwater head compared with observation data. The closeness of the achieved results to the observation data showed the performance of the engaged method, as the results indicated a significant decrease in RMSE occurs just with the usage of particle filter linked to meshless model. RMSE value reduced to 0.386 m as its previous value was 0.757 m. The results also showed that the model was more accurate when the number of particles in particle filter increased. The RMSE value for 500, 700 and 1000 particles were 0.484, 0.401 and 0.386m respectively.

Across the world, rivers are the main supply arches for drinking, industry and agriculture. Hence, in recent years, the identification and study of the processes of transport of pollution in rivers has become very important. Longitudinal dispersion coefficient is the most important parameter in the transport equation, and various methods for its estimating and calculating have been presented so far. Considering the nature of the problem, Meta-Heuristic Optimization methods are the important approaches for estimating the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. In this research, the ability of five Meta-Heuristic Algorithms to estimate the parameter was evaluated and compared. The equation of calculating the longitudinal dispersion coefficient using each of the algorithms was presented and the results were compared with the observational data. According to the results, the genetic optimization algorithm has the best accuracy and speed compared to the other algorithms under the same iteration conditions. Then statistical parameters including the mean of the absolute error, root mean squared error and correlation coefficient were used to check the accuracy of the algorithms. These values for the genetic algorithm were 0.4354, 0.1052 and 0.8288, respectively. As a result, it can be safely introduced the equation derived from this algorithm effective in calculating the longitudinal dispersion coefficient.

Utilization of aqueducts and excavations is one of the most common methods of using groundwater.Every year, level of groundwater is lowered too much and its flow rate decreases. In the study area (Khash), the water deficit is negative and the annual water level decreases and it is considered as the main source of water supply in the region. By continuing the existing conditions, one of the solutions is well extension for water supply. In this research, the optimal depth of wells was determined from 2014 to 2044, so that there was no need for rehabilitation of wells until the target year.

To study the effect of climate change, rainfall data was generated by using the LARS-WG model under the MPEH5  model and A1B scenario. its ability Confirmed with to R2, 94/94 capability .Finally, eight scenarios were defined in the WEAP model and the conditions of region were simulated and the depth of optimum floor was calculated for three wells. The results showed that if the existing conditions continue until 2044, 54.88 percent of the water stored in the aquifer will be empty and the average level of groundwater Decreases 13.67 m

The best scenario is the S8 scenario, which in this scenario the largest reduction of water stored in the aquifer occurs in 2036  and it is 10.55% of the initial volume, and the average water level is 1.67 m horizontally.

S8 scenario has the least reduction in water stored in the aquifer. In this scenario, the water stored at the end of 2044 is 93.29%, during which time, 6.71% of the stored water will be reduced. The average discharge is constant but costs increase, so discharge has no effect on reducing or increasing costs. Therefore, only the depth of floor and head pumps are the only factors that will have a greater impact on cost changes.

The temperature which the amount of saturated vapor pressure is equal to the actual pressure and due to decreasing it, the existence moisture of air also turns into a liquid is called dew point temperature. Additionally, owing to the shortage of water in whole world, water supplying to solve the initial requirements of human has become a global challenge. Due to the limited number of dew point measuring stations, employing the various approaches with acceptable accuracy is required. Recently, due to the significant ability of different soft computing (SC) methods in communizing between inputs and outputs, they have been considered by researchers to solve a wide range of problems. Therefore, in the present research, the performance of two SC methods namely support vector machine (SVM) and gene expression programming (GEP) for prediction of dew point temperature was investigated. Additionally, wavelet transform (WT) as a data preprocessing method was employed to improve the accuracy of models. Evaluation of models performance based on the statistical error benchmarks indicated that hybrid models outperformed the standalone SVM and GEP approaches. Moreover, the results illustrated that the accuracy of the hybrid model obtained by integration of WT and GEP (GEPW) was less than its integration with support vector machine (SVMW). Finally, among the proposed methods, SVM_RBF^(W-Haar) model was able to estimate the dew point temperature values with the highest accuracy with respect to NSE (0.98) and RMSE (0.85) and determined as the best model so as to estimate the dew point temperature.

One of the ways to increase rainfall and water production is cloud seeding technology. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cloud seeding technology on increasing the water of Khash Basin, as the most prone area for climate change projects in Sistan Province as documented in several national and international studies; Considering the scenario of increasing rainfall by about 15 to 25%, the management of water resources was studied on the drinking, agriculture and industry sectors in this basin. Therefore, the current percentage of meeting the needs of drinking, agriculture and industry was compared using Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) with the future condition considering a 20% increase in rainfall due to the implementation of cloud seeding project.

WEAP is a comprehensive, user-friendly, and flexible model developed for water resources planning. The main advantage of WEAP is the integrated approach in simulating irrigation systems and evaluating the impact of different policies. In the field of hydrological modeling, the WEAP software models all the processes necessary for the quantitative balance of surface water and the interaction of the groundwater aquifer with the river flow. The methods for modeling surface water in the software are: 1) soil moisture method, 2) water requirement method (FAO), and 3) standard method (rainfall-runoff). We will use the standard method according to the available data/information.

In the current situation, urban and rural drinking needs are fully met according to the higher priority. Also, the needs of agriculture and industry are met 100% in December, January and February and less than 25% in April to September, which is a significant shortage and management measures must be compensated for this shortage. The reliability of urban and rural drinking needs is 100%, which means that these needs are fully met in all months of the period. This percentage is about 33% for industry needs and about 25% for agriculture needs, which means a lack of proper reliability to meet these needs. The percentage of needs supply in the industry and agriculture sectors has increased with increasing rainfall in March and April. The results show the positive effect of implementing climate change projects on water resources in Khash Basin.

The results showed a 20% increase in precipitation in the Khash area, which was identified as a cloud-prone area; it has a positive effect on the percentage of supply of different needs. Cloud fertility as one of the most cost-effective methods of water supply can be effective as a suitable solution in the management of water resources of basins in various drinking, industry and agriculture sectors and according to various scientific sources Long-term implementation of climate change projects can be a valuable and cost-effective solution to the effects of drought and climate change in the country's basins.

Nowadays, with increasing energy consumption costs, the optimization of energy efficient processes is being more considered than before. The essential part of the operational cost of water conveyance systems is energy consumption and maintenance costs of pumping stations. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient method for optimal operation of these stations in order to reduce energy consumption and pumps maintenance costs. In this study, the optimal operation of pumping stations is considered as a multi-purpose optimization problem with the objective functions: 1- energy costs 2- maintenance costs. In order to resolve this problem, an optimization— simulation model based on Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is coupled to the EPANET hydraulic simulation model. The proposed model is applied to find the optimal pump scheduling program of Shiraz water conveyance system from Doroudzan Dam. Results revealed that by considering all different limitations of the problem, the energy costs were 30% and 5% less than the current state of operation and previous studies respectively. Also, the proposed model can decrease the cost of pumps maintenance by controlling the number of pump switches.

inter-basin water transfer is the transfer of water from one basin to another. The basin which water is transferred to that is called the destination basin and the basin which water is transferred from that is called the origin basin. Inter-basin water transfer despite the supply of water in the destination basin, could possibly be the cause of changes in the origin and destination basins that need to be evaluated. The purpose of this study is to predict the possible effects of Beheshtabad River water transfer to the central plateau of Iran on the surface and volume of one of the aquifers in the origin basin called Shalamzar and also to provide different strategies during 30 years. For this purpose, WEAP software was used. According to the results, inter-basin water transfer can have a negative impact on the surface and volume of aquifers in the origin basin and cause a decrease in groundwater level. in order to prevent the reduction of the volume of aquifer, the maximum water transfer in normal water conditions and drought was estimated at 450 and 160 MCM per year, respectively. Also, the maximum amount of transferable water according to the environmental needs in normal water conditions, was estimated about 350 MCM per year. The results of the model indicate that the rate of decrease in the volume of study aquifer in the conditions of water transfer and in case of implementation of water resources development projects during 30 years will be about 5 times.

Having a pervasive knowledge about the groundwater balance conducts the engineers and managers to have an optimal management about these resources. In the present study, with using meshless local Petrov-Galerkin, one of the meshless methods in the field of fluid dynamic, groundwater balance is computed for a real field aquifer. The independency of this method from meshing the domain, removes the drawbacks and errors come from meshing state and improves the accuracy of results. The case study is Birjand unconfined aquifer located in South Khorasan province, east of Iran. After groundwater flow simulation and model calibration in one year 2011-2012 with monthly time step, the groundwater head is computed for each month and compared with the results of finite difference method (FDM). RMSE, MAE and ME criterion are calculated for both methods. They are 0.757m, 0.573m, -0.08m for MLPG method and 1.197m, 1.434m, 0.159m for FDM, respectively. The higher results of MLPG shows more correspondence of this method to real condition of aquifer. Finally, the input and output volume of water are computed for the aquifer. They are almost 91 and 88 MCM respectively. Therefore, the value of groundwater balance is computed. It was 3 MCM with minus sign which indicated the higher amount of output regarding to inputs.

Occurrence of factors such as decreasing atmospheric precipitation, population growth and industry progress has increased the importance of paying attention to the proper quality management of water resources. Pollution sources are categorized in different aspects. In this research, controllable and uncontrollable pollutant management is considered. To manage and control the damages caused by each of these types of pollutants, a certain qualitative tool is employed. Assimilation capacity is suggested when the pollution source is controllable and dilution flow is the proposed tool of this investigation to uncontrollable pollution management. To analyze and calculate the above mentioned qualitative tools, the simulation process is used by analytical solution of the advection-diffusion equation. The case study considered in this research is an area with specific characteristics, which has been investigated by many previous researches. Efficient indices in determination of qualitative tools including mean area of unallowable concentration (¯(c_a)), affected distance (X) and duration of unallowable pollution concentration contact with river (T) were calculated in each simulation process loop. The results demonstrated that 94.1% variation of river-reservoir flow discharge can change the assimilation capacity up to 99.3%. Moreover, by applying a suitable dilution flow, 10 and 20 tons of sudden contaminants arrived at the permitted concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg / l over the river. In this process, values of the crucial quality parameters of the river ((c_a) ، X و T) change up to 96.6%, 92.2% and 53.7%, respectively.

Due to the frequent drought periods, water consumption increase, and competition of different water-using sectors, the Hirmand catchment is in a critical water status in the Sistan region. This threat has been intensified in recent years. To cope with this problem, we must pay more attention to different types of water use such as virtual water as a water saving method. The present study calculates virtual water demand of agricultural products in the Sistan region in the cropping year of 2013-2014 using water evaluation and planning (WEAP) system. Furthermore, impacts of the implementation of the virtual water scenarios are predicted on water resources and consumption over the 2015-2030 period. Results show that tomato and alfalfa have less virtual water demand despite their high water requirements due to their high production yield. Furthermore, wheat and barley have the highest virtual water demand. Also, the results of the WEAP model reveal that in the virtual water scenario, the mean annual water demand is lower than the current account (61% for net efficiency, 17% for current efficiency). Consequently, unmet demand will be reduced about 383 million m3. Therefore, given the prevalence of drought in the region, it is appropriate to implement this scenario to protect water resources. Hence, it is highly recommended to orient planning and investment in agricultural development projects of the Sistan region with the concept of virtual water.

Understanding of the fate of temporal and spatial distribution of pollutionis an essential subject for prediction of damages, caused by pollution, on the ecology of rivers and coastal areas. It is also necessary to provide efficient solutions for both pollution control and environmental protection. In this study, shallow water equations have been used to simulate pollution transport by 2-dimensional finite volume method. Calibration-modification and frequent changing of the amount of parameters is a known issue in hydraulic and hydrologic models. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize methods for sensitivity analysis and reduction of the parameters number to calibrate models. In this study, the RSA sensitivity analysis method was used for each parameter in which the ratio of sensitivity and cumulative distribution function for the sets of good and bad parameters are computed.. For this purpose, 5000 iterations from uncertainty domain of calibration parameters of pollution transport model in a Standard issue of shallow water were performed by using uncertainty algorithm GLUE. With enforcing the acceptable threshold values for the sumof square error index on the total simulation results, 1000 premier simulations were introduced as an efficient simulation. The corresponded set of parameters was considered as good set parameters and the others as bad set parameters. Thus, the sensitivity index was calculated for the Manning coefficient and the floor slope in the x and y directions. The comparison of sensitivity analysis of parameters based on the RSA methods and variation coefficient of parameters indicated that RSA is an efficient method for sensitivity analysis of model parameters.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the decrease of surface moisture and source of dusts in Hamoon-Hirmand Basin of Sistan and Baluchestan province. In order to achieve the objectives of this paper, WEAP software was used to simulate subsurface flow drops and then, by applying water resource management scenarios, the subsurface flow loss rate was simulated by 2031. Using the hierarchical analysis method, the best option among the scenarios was selected and the area under study under this scenario at the end of the year is 29 cm below the subsurface flow rate and the total unsecured amount for various criteria such as drinking, agriculture And the environment is equal to 804.183 million cubic meters. The wind speed in the study area is greater than the velocity threshold of the particles (more than 400 cm / s), so the area is capable of producing dust. The HYDRYS-1D model has been used to analyze the soil moisture content reduction in this paper. The obtained results indicate a decrease in soil moisture content in each year. It was concluded that the reduction of soil moisture content is closely related to the subsurface flow rate and the potential for dust

Today, with increasing urbanization and changing land border cities such as gardens, agricultural land, Barren land into residential areas, causing damage morphology and physical properties and hydrological basins are, This will redirect the natural flow of the water from rainfall and reduced infiltration basin is a result of problems such as flooding. Darab in Fars province and city in the study area were dry climate is Intense rains occur from time to time that the formation of rainfall runoff is significant BMP and LID are ahead in research techniques and strategies such as rain barrels, infiltration trenches, wells, Absorption, permeable flooring, bio-gardens and the use of storage tanks have been used and have shown good performance. Using information such as maps, land use, topography of the region, and rainfall statistics and modeling to model swmm5 After the reform and the implementation of the proposed method in comparison with the situation in the rain with a return period of ten years the peak runoff in the basin, 31% and maximum water level in the channel output to half the rate of 17.5% compared to current situation has increased infiltration basin In this study, we were able to construct 6 of 61 thousand cubic meters of rainwater storage tank to store it.

Water is a basic demand of sustainable development in most regions of the world. The non-uniform temporal and spatial distribution of water resources will lead to water shortage in arid and semi-arid areas. Pishin catchment is one of the most important catchments in South-East Iran. The basin had been faced with consecutive droughts in recent years. On the other hand, water resources development projects anticipated and necessary in this catchment. Hence, the need for a study to prioritize different scenarios and their effects on the catchment should be considered to overcome these dry periods. The main objective of the present study is to predict water development projects in the study area. Due to the multiplicity of projects and high cost of them, the concurrent execution priority implementation of these projects is considered as an important factor. Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making is a suitable method for comparison, selection and prioritization of the different options taking into account different criteria. Hence, in this study, the effects of the water development projects are predicted using Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) model. The projects according to the economic criteria are evaluated and prioritized with Fuzzy TOPSIS. Six water development projects and criteria including five economic indexes are considered. Based on the results, according to the investigated indicators, increasing irrigation efficiency in agricultural sector and reducing evaporation from the reservoir scenarios have top priority.