shahryar zaroki

The purpose of the current research is to explain the effect of inflation tax on economic welfare in symmetrical and asymmetrical approach. In this way, firstly, economic welfare was calculated using the composite index of welfare based on four dimensions of average flow of consumption, wealth or accumulation of production reserves, income inequality and economic security over five decades. The results of the data description show that after the war and in the 1990s with the adoption of policies for the development of the country, the economic prosperity has increased, and this trend has continued in the 2000s due to the single rate of the exchange rate and creation of currency reserve account. In the 2010s, economic prosperity has decreased due to the intensification of economic sanctions and the increase of inflation and recession. In the next part of the research, the symmetric and asymmetric estimation of the model based on the Linear and Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was carried out in the period of 1971-2021. The long-term results of estimating the model in a linear (symmetric) approach indicate that the inflation tax has a negative effect on economic welfare. In the non-linear (asymmetric) approach, this reverse effect was also confirmed, in such a way that increases in the inflationary tax affect economic well-being more than decreases in it. As expected, inflation has a negative and asymmetric effect on economic welfare, so that the inverse effect of increases in inflation on well-being is far more than decreases in it. Another finding is that unemployment has a negative effect and per capita income has a positive effect on economic welfare.

The topic of welfare and its improvement is an important issue in different societies. According to the existing literature, there are multiple factors that affect the welfare status of countries, one of which is production and its fluctuations (boom and recession). Considering the important impacts of production on the economic welfare of the country, the present study aims to explain the impact of production and, more precisely, that of increases (economic boom) and decreases (economic recession) in production on welfare in Iran. Indeed, this analysis deals with production with and without oil. The main question in the present study is whether there is a significant difference between the impacts of economic boom (increases in production with or without oil) and economic recession (decreases in production with or without oil) on welfare in the Iranian economy.

Most of the models in econometrics are based on linear (symmetric) models. In a symmetric estimate of the production effects (with or without oil), if economic welfare increases by 1 unit with an increase in production, then economic welfare will decrease by 1 unit with a decrease in production. However, what actually happens may not be this way, and the effect of increases in production (economic prosperity) on welfare may be different from the effect of decreases in production (recession). Therefore, the focus of a research model is to distinguish the effect of increases in production (with or without oil) from the effect of decreases in it. The model used in this study is based on the one proposed by Shin et al. (2014). That study discusses the issue of the asymmetrical coefficient of an influential factor and its effect on the dependent variable in the conditions of prosperity and recession. Shin’s team introduces a model called Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) regression model. In the present study, among the various welfare indices, the IEWB index has been considered as a measure of economic welfare. Multiple variables are also used to calculate this index. The IEWB index considers economic welfare as a function of the dimensions of effective per capita consumption flow, net social accumulation of wealth and resource-generating sources, economic inequality, and insecurity. In this regard, weights are considered for each of these dimensions in a special way. Therefore, the weights assigned to each dimension will be different based on different observations. The spatial scope of this study includes Iran, and the temporal scope is from 1971 to 2021.

The movement trend is an indicator of economic well-being, showing that the index followed a downward trend after the revolution until the end of the war. After the war, the index had an upward trend with a gentler slope compared to the years before the revolution. It reached its highest level in 2017 and then started to decline again. This decrease is due to the increase in the sanctions on the Iranian economy, which led to a decrease in oil revenues, a decrease in economic growth, and an increase in the inflation rate, resulting in a decline in economic well-being. The results of the estimate are as follows:- In the short term, the effect of oil economic prosperity on well-being is almost more than 2.5 times the effect of economic prosperity without oil.- In the short term, the effect of oil economic recession on well-being is greater than the effect of economic recession without oil.- In the short term, the asymmetry in the impact of economic prosperity and recession (both with and without oil) on well-being is confirmed.- In the long term, considering the direct effect of economic prosperity and recession (with and without oil) on well-being, the asymmetry of production effect (with and without oil) is also confirmed. But, unlike the case in the short term, in the long term, the effect of economic recession without oil on well-being is greater than the effect of oil economic recession.- In the long term, the effect of oil economic recession on well-being is more than twice the effect of oil economic prosperity, and the effect of economic recession without oil on well-being is almost 5 times the effect of economic prosperity without oil.

Conclusions and policy implications: 

Based on the results of this research about the impact of economic prosperity and recession on the well-being in Iran, it is suggested that, first, the government should create the necessary infrastructure to improve the people's well-being so that the prosperity periods can be prolonged. Second, economic policymakers should adopt supportive policies, especially for producers, to improve the country's well-being during recessions. Third, it seems that, if the Iranian economy moves towards non-oil dependence, in times of economic recession, there will be a need for stronger welfare policies by the government to compensate for the lost well-being. If there is more extensive support for non-oil sectors, they may be able to contribute to increased well-being during prosperous times.

Foreign trade has a substantial impact on economic welfare and various economic indicators, including growth and consumer welfare. The primary objective of this research is to examine and explicate the impact of foreign trade on economic welfare in Iran. For this aim, the research model was estimated in two forms using a distributed lag autoregressive approach from 1973 to 2022. In addition to exports and imports, the economic openness index was used to measure foreign trade, and a composite welfare index was employed to calculate economic welfare. The results of this study according to the two indexes of international trade, indicate that a positive impact of the international trade on the welfare, and the favorable effect of exports on welfare is considerably higher than the favorable influence of imports. The terms of trade as a percentage of GDP, oil and gas exports, and real GDP per capita have a positive effect on welfare, whereas inflation mitigates the welfare. According to the findings, while emphasizing the curbing of inflation and implementing strategies to improve the business environment, such as boosting non-oil exports, attracting foreign investment, removing non-tariff barriers, and stabilizing exchange rates, it is recommended that export policies should be given a higher priority compared to import ones to enhance economic welfare.Foreign trade has a substantial impact on economic welfare and various economic indicators, including growth and consumer welfare. The primary objective of this research is to examine and explicate the impact of foreign trade on economic welfare in Iran. For this aim, the research model was estimated in two forms using a distributed lag autoregressive approach from 1973 to 2022. In addition to exports and imports, the economic openness index was used to measure foreign trade, and a composite welfare index was employed to calculate economic welfare. The results of this study according to the two indexes of international trade, indicate that a positive impact of the international trade on the welfare, and the favorable effect of exports on welfare is considerably higher than the favorable influence of imports. The terms of trade as a percentage of GDP, oil and gas exports, and real GDP per capita have a positive effect on welfare, whereas inflation mitigates the welfare. According to the findings, while emphasizing the curbing of inflation and implementing strategies to improve the business environment, such as boosting non-oil exports, attracting foreign investment, removing non-tariff barriers, and stabilizing exchange rates, it is recommended that export policies should be given a higher priority compared to import ones to enhance economic welfare.

Many variables affect well-being, one of which is globalization. Globalization has many dimensions and layers, among which economic, social and political dimensions are of special importance. In this research, KOF globalization index is used. This index consists of three economic, social and political dimensions and each dimension has two De Facto and De Jure components. In this study, economic well-being was first calculated with the composite index of well-being. Then, in the form of four model, the impact of each of the dimensions of globalization and their components on Iran’s economic well-being was investigated and tested in the period of 1979-2020 with using the ARDL model.  The long run results indicate that all three dimensions of globalization (economic, political and social) have a positive effect on economic well-being. Both De Facto and De Jure components of economic and political globalization have a positive effect on economic well-being. Although De Jure component of social globalization has a positive effect on economic well-being, but its De Facto does not have a significant effect on economic well-being. Another finding is that economic growth and real GDP per capita have a positive effect and inflation has a negative effect on economic well-being.

The aim of this research is to analyze the asymmetric effect of the government's fiscal policy instruments on the total factor productivity in Iran. For this purpose, first, the total factor productivity is calculated by Solow's residual method in the period of 1978-2020, and then the ARDL and NARDL approach has been used to estimate the model. In such a way that the inverse effect of increases in the government size is more than three times the inverse effect of decreases in it, and the inverse effect of the tax burden during decreases is twice the inverse effect during increases. Inflation also has an inverse and asymmetric effect on productivity. In such a way that the favorable effect of reductions in inflation on productivity is more than the unfavorable effect of increases in it. The degree of trade openness has a direct and asymmetric effect on productivity, and the favorable effect of increases in the degree of trade openness is more than four times the unfavorable effect of decreases in it. Based on the results, it is suggested that the policy makers should pay attention to the asymmetry of the aforementioned factors in influencing the productivity while adopting appropriate policies in order to improve the productivity of the production factors.

Well-being cannot be separated from several factors including economic growth, investment and government spending. Studies conducted by previous researchers show contradictory results in the relationship between investment and well-being. In this research, Iran's economic well-being was calculated by focusing on the four dimensions of consumption flow, wealth stocks, income distribution and economic security in the period from 1350 to 1401, which has an average of 41.3 in the research period. Then, the effect of public and private investment on economic well-being was investigated and tested with the autoregressive distributed lag approach. The moving trend of the Economic well-being index shows that economic well-being has had a downward trend since 1355 until the end of the war, and after that, in the long term, it has started an upward trend with numerous fluctuations. The findings of the long-term estimation of the model indicate that public and private investment has a positive effect on economic well-being, and in terms of size, the impact of public investment on well-being is far more than that of private investment. Also, according to the expectation, per capita income and economic growth have a positive effect on well-being, and inflation has a negative effect on it. In general, although public investment has a greater favorable effect on economic well-being than private investment; But the size of its favorable effect on welfare is less than the unfavorable effect of inflation. According to the results, it is suggested that the economic policymaker should avoid inflationary methods in order to finance investment while controlling and reducing inflation.

Many factors cause environmental problems. One of the important factors is energy subsidies. The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of total energy subsidies and renewable and non-renewable energy subsidies on the environment. For this purpose, for 22 selected countries of the world in the period of 2010-2020, the method of dynamic panel data and generalized moments estimator has been used. The results indicate that the total energy subsidy has a negative effect on the environment in countries where the subsidies allocated for renewable energy are higher. At the same time, this effect is positive for countries that use more renewable energy subsidies. In the separation of energy subsidies, subsidies for non-renewable energies have a negative effect, and subsidies for renewable energies have a positive effect on the environment. Also, the increase in the ratio of non-renewable energy subsidies to renewable energy subsidies has a negative effect on the environment. Also, foreign direct investment has a negative effect on the environment, and the Kuznets environmental curve was confirmed in connection with the U-shaped effect of per capita income on environmental performance. According to other results, the corruption perception index has a positive effect on the environment. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that the subsidy of non-renewable energy be minimized to prevent environmental degradation and that more suitable alternatives be looked for to achieve the goals of sustainable development. Also, more use of renewable energies due to clean energy, optimization of energy consumption, and formulation of energy consumption standards and criteria are other effective steps in reducing energy consumption and preserving the environment

In any society, the focus of statesmen, policymakers, and researchers on poverty reduction and enhancing economic welfare is necessary. Given that most government economic policies affect relative prices and their fluctuations, which in turn impact welfare, analyzing the welfare effects caused by price changes in different product groups seems necessary The aim of this study is to investigate the role of inflation of different commodity groups on Iran's economic welfare from 1972 to 2021. The research model is estimated using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. Economic welfare is measured using a composite index of well-being. The trend of the well-being index fluctuated during the study period reaching its peak in 1975 and its minimum in 1990. The long-term results of the estimation of the research model reveal several key findings First, total inflation and inflation of different groups of goods have an unfavorable effect on economic well-being. Second, among different product groups, inflation in the housing, fuel, and lighting group has the most adverse effect on economic welfare. Third, considering that the share and weight of the group of food, beverages and tobacco in the consumption basket of households is larger than other groups of goods, but the size of the effect of inflation of this group of goods on economic welfare is in the fourth place. Fourth, the increase in the inflation of the health and treatment group has the least adverse effect on economic welfare. Another finding is that per capita income and economic growth have a favorable effect on economic welfare. According to the obtained results, the government should take measures such as adopting appropriate measures in line with monetary discipline and preventing the irrational increase of monetary variables in accordance with inflation targeting to control inflation in order to improve welfare.

In the present study, economic well-being was first calculated and estimated using the combined index of economic well-being based on four components of consumption flow, wealth accumulation, security and income distribution. Then, using the approach autoregressive distributed lag in the form of three models, the effect of financial deepening on economic well-being in the period of 1971 to 2022 was investigated and tested. In this regard, regarding financial deepening, three indicators were used in the present study and the research model was specified and estimated based on a separate indicator. The calculation of economic well-being index shows that the well-being index has been increasing from the first plan to the fifth plan. In such a way that it has reached from 20.9 in the first program to 60.3 in the fifth program. Also, after the third program, the welfare level was higher than the average of the entire period. The movement trend of financial deepening indicators also indicates an almost increasing trend. The long-run model estimation results show that all three indicators of financial deepening have a positive effect on economic well-being; Also, economic growth and income per capita have a positive effect and inflation has a negative effect on economic well-being. Another finding is that during the period before the revolution until the end of the war (1976 to 1989) and after the JCPOA, the level of economic well-being of Iran has significantly decreased.

The tax system provides the necessary financial resources for the administration of the country to use the collected resources for the welfare of the majority of the society and the improvement of public infrastructure; Therefore, the survival of the political and administrative system of any country requires the existence of an efficient tax system. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to analyze the effect of tax complexity and fairness on economic welfare in Iran in the period 1977 to 2021, and using the linear and non-linear ARDL method, the research model has been estimated in two symmetric and asymmetric formats. For this purpose, tax complexity was calculated using the Harishman-Herfindahl index and economic well-being with the combined index of economic well-being. The moving trend of the economic welfare index shows that the welfare fluctuates during the period under review. The average welfare index in the first and Sixth program has decreased compared to the previous period and has been increasing in the following periods and has an average of 40.62. The average complexity and fairness of taxation in the first, fifth and sixth plans have decreased compared to their previous sub-periods. The long-term results in the symmetric model show that the complexity tax is associated with the adverse effect for economic well-being, but tax fairness does not have a significant effect on economic well-being. In an asymmetric model, tax fairness has a direct and asymmetric effect on economic well-being; In such a way that the size of the positive effect of reductions in tax fairness on economic well-being is greater than increases in it. Tax complexity is also associated with an asymmetric effect on economic well-being. In such a way that only increases in tax complexity have an adverse effect on economic well-being. Inflation and unformal exchange rate have a negative effect on economic well-being, and per capita income has a positive effect on economic welfare. Also, in the years after the revolution until the end of the war and the years after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the level of economic well-being has decreased. According to the results, it is suggested that the government consider policies such as simplifying tax laws, creating a comprehensive and developed tax information system, reducing the cost of tax collection and imposing a tax on total income, and increasing the tax knowledge of taxpayers and tax experts, reforming put the tax system and diversity in tax bases on the agenda.

The budget Imbalance can lead to the reduction of social and economic welfare programs such as healthcare, education and social security. This can negatively affect the quality of life of citizens and can lead to an increase in poverty and inequality. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of budget imbalance on economic welfare in Iran for the period of 1978-2021. For this purpose, the research model has been estimated using the non-linear (asymmetric) Autoregressive Distributed lag method in two models. Also, IEWB comprehensive index has been used to calculate economic welfare. The movement trend of the economic welfare index shows that it fluctuated during the period under review; so that the average welfare index in the first plan has decreased compared to the previous period; While it has had an upward trend in the following periods and has an average of 128.89; Also, the trend of total Imbalance and operating and capital Imbalance has a fluctuating trend. The long-term results in the first model indicate that a decrease in the budget balance deficit has an inverse and significant effect on economic welfare, and an increase in the budget Imbalance does not have a significant effect on economic welfare. In the second model, the long-term results indicate that the increase and decrease in the capital Imbalance has direct effects on welfare. An increase in the operating Imbalance has an inverse effect on welfare, and a decrease in the operating Imbalance does not have a significant effect on welfare. Also, in both models, per capita income and economic growth have a direct and significant effect on welfare. According to the results, it is suggested that the government should adopt similar policies in the financial foundations to improve the security of the society, create the necessary infrastructure to maintain the total income tax, eliminate non-targeted tax exemptions and credit priorities in order to reduce the imbalance budget. It is also recommended that the government focus more on increasing the share of the capital component of the public budget and reduce the operational imbalance of the budget in the long-run.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of commodity group expenditures on the probability of urban and rural household poverty in Iran. First, using household expenditure-income data in 1399, the poverty line was calculated based on the method of 66% of the average per capita expenditure, which is higher than urban households than rural households. In the following, the research model is limited by a dependent variable and is estimated based on pseudo-panel data in logistic regression by random effects method. The results showed that the expenditures of the communication group have the greatest impact on the probability of household poverty in urban and rural areas and the impact of this group of goods in urban areas is greater than rural areas. In contrast, hotel and restaurant costs in urban areas have a greater positive effect on reducing the likelihood of household poverty than in rural areas. But the cost of durable goods in urban areas, transportation in rural areas, and the cost of recreation and cultural affairs do not have a significant effect on the likelihood of household poverty. There is also no significant difference between the impact of furniture and household appliances, clothing and footwear and health care in urban and rural areas. Between social characteristics of the household, variables of gender and education have a negative effect on the probability of poverty and variables of household dimension and marital status have a direct effect on the probability of poverty of urban households, but these variables have no significant effect on the probability of poverty of rural households.

Considering the underground economy and the dependence of Iran's economy on oil and the influence of the tax system on oil revenues, the present study attempts to investigate the effect of oil rent on taxes, emphasizing the role of the underground economy for the period 1973-2021 in the form symmetrical and asymmetrical model. For this purpose, the size of the underground economy was calculated using the MIMIC method, representing an average of 15.2% of Iran’s economy. Then the research model was estimated by linear (symmetric) and non-linear (asymmetric) autoregressive distributed lag. The result indicates that in the symmetrical estimation, the tax is inversely affected by the oil rent, and the increase in the size of the underground economy aggravates this negative relationship. The asymmetric estimate shows that the effect of oil rent on taxation is asymmetric. First, the effect of positive oil rent shocks on taxes is much greater (more than twice) than the effect of negative oil rent shocks. Second, the expansion of the underground economy intensifies the adverse effect of negative oil rent shocks and the positive effect of negative oil rent shocks on taxes. Accordingly, it is suggested that the economic policymaker, regardless of the ups and downs of oil and the resulting rent, should diligently work to improve the efficiency of the tax system, and attempt as much as possible to control and reduce the size of the underground economy.

In this study, economic well-being and the underground economy were calculated and estimated using the Index of Economic Well-Being (IEWB), and the MIMIC method, respectively. Then, using the ARDL method in linear (symmetric) and non-linear (asymmetric) formats, the effect of oil rent on economic well-being was investigated according to the level of the underground economy over the period 1973 to 2021. The long-run results demonstrate that oil rent has a positive effect on economic well-being in a symmetric model. In an asymmetric form, oil rent has a positive and asymmetric effect on economic well-being, which means that with increases in oil rent, economic well-being boosts, and with its decreases, economic well-being lessens. Also, the impact of increases in oil rent on economic well-being is more than its decreases. Another finding is that the higher size of the underground economy causes a reduction in the favorable effect of increases in oil rent on economic well-being. The inflation rate has a negative effect on economic well-being in both models. According to the results, it is suggested that governments should strengthen the tax system and the National Development Fund during increases in oil rent, so that economic well-being is not damaged when decreases in oil rent.

Well-being is considered as the most important index of happiness and comfort, which is affected by many factors. In this study, the focus is on the exchange rate gap (Dollar to Rial) as a factor affecting economic well-being. In order to explain the effect of exchange rate gap on economic well-being, first economic well-being was calculated using the composite Index of Economic Well Being (IEWB) during the years 1978-2021 and then the research model was estimated with the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) approach. The calculation of the well-being index indicates that economic well-being had a declining trend after the revolution until the end of the war, and then increased with a gentle slope after the war. The increasing trend continued until 2017 and it decreased again due to reasons such as the intensification of sanctions and the resulting decrease in oil revenues. The findings in the estimation of the model show that the exchange rate gap is associated with a negative (reverse) effect on economic well-being and also has an asymmetric effect. The results show that the exchange rate gap, in addition to the negative effects it has on welfare, also causes rent and corruption. In addition to the negative effects it has on welfare, the exchange rate gap also causes rent and corruption. With more research on the exchange rate gap, policy makers should adopt policies that will reduce the gap or related corruption.

A large part of the gross domestic product in each country is realized by governments, which implies the influence of many economic and non-economic variables on the way the government works and policies. One of the basic channels and tools of the government in the energy sector is government spending, which can have an effective or ineffective effect depending on the type of performance. In the present study, using the ARDL approach, the nonlinear relationship between government size and energy intensity was investigated in the period from 1973 to 2021. Also, the effect of factors such as economy structure, energy price, financial development and inflation were investigated as control variables. The moving trend of the size of the government shows that it has gone through a downward trend from the second plan to the sixth plan. In such a way that it has reached from 22.3% in the second program to 17.1% in the sixth program. Energy intensity has had a relatively fluctuating trend. It should also be noted that from the first to the sixth program, the average energy intensity has always been higher than the average of the entire period under review. The results of long-run estimates show that the size of the government has a U-shaped effect on energy intensity. The ratio of government expenditure to GDP (government size) that minimizes energy intensity is 49.9% and it shows that before the ratio of 49.9%, an increase in the size of the government reduces energy intensity and ...

According to principles 29, 31, and 43 of the Constitution of Iran, one of the goals of the Islamic Republic is to deal with poverty and economic and social inequality in the country, and for this purpose, two strategies have been followed in parallel after the revolution. One of these strategies was the extension and side assistance of the government to fight against poverty and deprivation. In this context, the government implemented policies and plans in the form of economic and social development plans. Therefore, according to this necessity, the aim of the current research is to investigate the impact of economic growth on poverty: comparative studies of the first and third development plans. The results of the estimation of the research model based on the autoregression method with distributed lag indicate that economic growth (from 1978 to 2021) has a positive and significant effect on poverty in the long term, while economic growth (the first and third development plans) and oil rents have a negative and significant effect on poverty, and social security expenses have no effect on poverty in the long term. Therefore, it can be said that economic growth alone is not enough to deal with poverty, but along with the dynamic growth process, improved infrastructure for society (including the poor) and institutional reforms should be implemented in parallel.

Improving economic welfare and providing suitable conditions for the entire society is one of the main goals of the economic system of any country. The undeniable role of energy in the process of production and consumption and the high energy intensity in developing countries, including Iran, has caused the reduction of energy intensity to be considered as one of the development goals of the country's economic analysts Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analyze the effect of the intensity and price of energy carriers (electricity, non-electricity, total) on economic well-being in Iran's economy during the period of 1971-2021. In this regard, economic well-being has been calculated using the composite index of well-being. This index includes four dimensions of real consumption flow, real wealth flow, income distribution and economic security. The calculations show that firstly, during the period under review, the average welfare index is equal to 123.01. Second, although the average welfare index has fluctuated during the following periods; In such a way that the highest amount of welfare is related to the sixth plan. The results of the estimation of the research model in four formats and based on the autoregressive distributed lag

The main purpose of the current research is to investigate the factors affecting poverty in the provinces of Iran and specifically to focus on the analysis of the effect of tax complexity and fairness. For this purpose, using raw household income-expenditure data, the poverty gap index was calculated for 31 provinces in the period of 2011-2020. Then, by using dynamic panel data method and GMM estimator, the research model was estimated for urban and rural areas. The results of calculating the poverty index indicate that the poverty gap in rural areas (with an average of 38.62 Percent) is larger than in urban areas (with an average of 24.50 Percent). The results of the estimation in urban and rural areas confirm the phrase "poverty brings poverty". Tax fairness in both regions has a negative effect on the poverty gap, and the size of the effect in rural areas is more than three times that of urban areas. Increasing the complexity of the tax system in urban areas is detrimental to the poor and in rural areas it is beneficial to the poor. Inflation in both regions has an undesirable effect on poverty, and of course, in terms of effectiveness, the rate of its undesirable effect on poverty in rural areas is more than double that of urban areas. The increase in urbanization increases poverty in urban areas and the increase in rural population reduces rural poverty. Also, by moving towards goods-oriented production activities and increasing its share ...

In this research, the index of economic well-being, concentrating on four aspects of consumption flow, wealth stocks, income distribution, and economic security has been calculated during the period of 1350-1400 in Iran. Then, the effect of income inequality and inflation on economic welfare is evaluated in two forms symmetric and asymmetric, through two approaches of linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag. The results of symmetric estimation represent that in the long run, income inequality has an insignificant impact on economic welfare, While according to the asymmetric approach, only increases in income inequality have a negative impact on economic welfare, and decreases have an inconsiderable impact on it. Besides that, according to expectation, the inflation rate has a negative effect on economic welfare, in a way that the impact of increases in inflation on economic welfare is far more than the effects of decreases in inflation. In addition, it is also laid bare that, the variable of unemployment rate negatively and real GDP per capital positively affect economic welfare. The studies of this research, reveal that targeting declining income inequality singly is not capable of increasing the welfare in Iran. It is suggested to apply a sort of policy package for reducing the inflation rate which does not lead to intensification of income inequality.

Microfinance is an effort to alleviate poverty and improving the living conditions of low-income groups through the provision of micro-financial services. Hence, the present study investigates the effect of microfinance on the possibility of getting out of urban and rural households' poverty in Iran. For this purpose, firstly, based on the method of 66% of the average per capita household expenditure, the poverty line was calculated in general and provincial. Initial processing demonstrated that the amount of poor households among households with financial facilities is much lower than deprived households of these facilities. Finally, the model was estimated based on pseudo-panel data and random effects in logistic regression in a separate format throughout the country, urban and rural areas. The results show the reverse effect of financial facilities on the probability of households' poverty, while the size of the favorable effect of financing in urban areas is more than rural areas. Also, being male, the age and education level of a household's head has a reverse effect, and the square of the age of a households' head and the size of the household have a direct effect on the probability of poverty, while the favorable effect of education and age, and the unfavorable effect of household size on the probability of poverty in urban areas is more than rural areas.

Curbing inflation is one of the requirements of a good economic policy. The steady rise of inflation can exacerbate poverty and income inequality, and even increase crime. Therefore, various studies have identified inflation as a determinant in reducing economic welfare. Considering that the Iranian economy has experienced high inflation in recent decades, it seems that the welfare of the Iranian population responds quickly to this variable, and reducing the frequency of data may reduce pattern explanation. This study attempts to measure the effect of monthly inflation on economic well-being for the period 1982-2020. Since the index of economic well-being cannot be determined at a frequency higher than annual, it is necessary to employ a mixed-data sampling (MIDAS) approach. Economic growth has been also included in the model as a control variable. The estimation results indicate that inflation has a negative (unfavorable) effect, and economic growth has a positive (favorable) effect on economic well-being. Moreover, the effect of inflation is significantly larger than economic growth. In other words, controlling inflation may have a greater effect on the economic well-being of society in the long term than economic growth.

Considering the importance of employment and analyzing factors influencing it in economy, the current study estimated the number of employees working for 10 years or more in 31 provinces in Iran. Employing descriptive-analytical research method and econometric technique, the current research analyzed the role of Ease of Doing Business (EDB) index over the years 2016-2019. The findings suggest in both 2016 and 2019 there is a positive correlation between employment and EDB index, which has also been proved by other criteria including the rate of employment and industrialization of provinces. Furthermore, given the level of development of provinces (from underdeveloped to developed), while the EDB index of more developed provinces decrease, the number of employees in these provinces increase. The results of basic framework and its 6 following scenarios indicate that improving EDB index has a positive effect on employment in provinces. Moreover, in provinces which have a lower unemployment rate or are more industrialized, the EDB index has a lesser effect on employment. This is while the size of this effect is larger in provinces which enjoy a more favorable EDB index. Another finding of the study suggest that as the level of development of provinces increases from underprivileged to developed ones, the rate of effectiveness of EDB index on employment decreases. Finally, the price level has a negative impact on employment, and the rate of economic participation and bank facilities have a positive effect.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of commodity group expenditures on the probability of urban household poverty at different levels of wealth. In this article, using the data of the household expenditure-income plan for the year 2019, the household poverty line was calculated based on the 66% average per capita expenditure method. The findings of the estimation of the research model based on pseudo-tabular data and random effects method in logistic regression in three levels of wealth show that the largest number of households are in the middle category of wealth. The gender and age variables of the head of the household have a greater effect on reducing the probability of poverty at the middle level, and also at low levels of wealth, the increase in educational levels reduces the probability of poverty to a greater extent. The direct effect of the household dimension is greater at low levels of wealth on the probability of poverty. Expenditure on food, drink and tobacco, housing and transportation at a low level of wealth has a stronger effect on increasing the probability of household poverty. Among the expenses of different commodity groups, communication expenses have the most positive effect on the probability of urban household poverty, which is greater at low levels of wealth. Entertainment expenses - cultural affairs in the low and high level of wealth do not have a significant effect on the probability of household poverty.

In recent decades, the industrialization of countries has been one of the main factors for the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, which has led to severe environmental damage such as global warming, temperature inversion. In addition, the increase of environmental pollutants may have a negative impact on the health of individuals in the long run, thus increasing government health expenditures. In addition to the various factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions, globalization (economic, social, and political) can also affect the environment through various channels. For example, economic globalization affects the environment through the channels of income, composition, and technology. Moreover, social globalization can change the state of the environment through the media, the principle of mental distance, transportation, and access to knowledge and international events. Political globalization may also have an impact on the environment through the efficiency of intergovernmental organizations and international treaties. Considering the possible role of globalization (economic, social, and political) on the environment, this study attempts to investigate the relationship between globalization (economic, social, and political) and carbon dioxide emissions in Iran during 1979-2017 based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. Moreover, this study tests the hypothesis of Martens et al. (2015) about the effectiveness of the globalization index results in terms of components (de facto and de jure). For further clarification, the study examines the above hypothesis using the three dimensions of economic, social, and political. In addition, the KOF Globalization Index is used, which consists of three dimensions: Economic, Social and Political, and each of the dimensions has two de facto and de jure components. Clearly, the impact of each of these dimensions of globalization and its components on the emission of environmental pollutants may be different. It should also be noted that the two de facto and de jure components in the KOF Globalization Index are known as a new classification introduced by Martens et al. (2015).

As mentioned in the introduction, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect of globalization on pollution in Iran. In order to make a comprehensive analysis, the dimensions (economic, social and political) and components (de facto and de jure) of globalization are also utilized. According to the theoretical and experimental studies, the regression model is specified in two formats, one is based on the dimensions of globalization (economic, social, and political) and the other is based on the components of globalization (de facto and de jure).
First model: the effect of globalization at the level of j on environmental pollution
The basis of the first model is the regression equation in equation ‎(1). EP represents the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions. EC represents the logarithm of energy consumption, Pop represents the logarithm of population, GDP and GDP2 represent the logarithm of real gross domestic product and its square, respectively. In addition, Gloj represents the logarithm of the globalization index at level j, including total (T), economic (E), social (S), and political (P).
Based on equation (1), the ARDL(p,q,r,s,t,u) model is designed in the form of equation ‎(2). In this regard,  is the coefficient of autocorrelation,  is the coefficient of globalization index intervals; And  to  are coefficients of interruptions of energy consumption, real GDP, square of real GDP and population, respectively.
Based on equation ‎(2), the error correction model and long-run coefficients in the form of equation ‎(3) is specified as follows:

 the effect of Components of globalization at the level of j on environmental pollution
The basis of the model in this format is the regression equation in equation ‎(4), where GloDeFaj and GloDeJej are respectively the logarithm of the de facto and de jure globalization indexes at level j.
Similarly, based on equation ‎(4), the ARDL(p,q,r,s,t,u,v) model is designed in the form of equation ‎(5), where θ_1j and θ_2j are the coefficients of de facto and de jure globalization index at level j, respectively.
Based on equation ‎(5), the model of error correction and long-run coefficients is specified in the form of equation ‎(6) as follows:

The results of the data descriptions show that the dimensions and components of the globalization index have different trends, and carbon dioxide emissions have had an increasing trend since Iran's Islamic Revolution. The estimation results of the models indicate that the economic and social globalization indices have a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions in the short term. Moreover, the de facto component of total and economic globalization has a negative effect on CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the de facto component of the social and political globalization index has a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions, while the de facto component of total and economic globalization with a one-year lag has a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, the total globalization index has no significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions, but two dimensions of social and economic globalization have a direct effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Besides, the de jure component of the total globalization index and the de jure component of the economic, social, and political dimensions directly affect carbon dioxide emissions, but the de facto component of the total and economic globalization index has a reverse effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, energy consumption and population have a direct effect on CO2 emissions, and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis cannot be rejected in Iran. The hypothesis of Martens et al. (2015) is also not rejected in this study.
On this basis, it is suggested that economic, social, and political decision-makers pay attention to the negative environmental impacts of the de jure component of economic, social, and political globalization and take action to optimize the environmental impacts of the de jure component of each of the three dimensions by looking closely at each of the sub-dimensions. Moreover, considering the favorable effect of the de facto component of economic globalization on the environment, it is better to give higher priority to economic globalization from a de facto point of view than to economic globalization from a de jure one, so that the Iranian economy can benefit from the advantages of globalization in the field of economy, as well as the environment can be spared from the damages caused by the expansion of the economy.