فهرست مطالب sharafat karimi

In a traditional definition, stories and poems based on the description of heroic deeds and ethnic greatness and honors are called epics. But this definition has progressed in the contemporary era and has become much more different and wide especially in poetry. In the last century, Iraq has seen many social and political events and developments. The long ode "Rebel in Hell" by Jamil Sedghi Zahavi, which includes the ruling thoughts of Zahavi's time about the world and the hereafter, beliefs and beliefs, and the poet took the subject of this epic from religious books with the influence of Dante's "Divine Comedy" and "The Message of Forgiveness" by Moarri and It is also inspired by the social situation that Iraq is living in. The present research tries to analyze the epic elements in this ode using a library method and descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research show that the bitter social realities of that day in Iraq caused the poet to seek refuge within himself, and Zahavi dealt with unfortunate issues such as the oppression of the rulers, baseless prejudices, superstitions and corruption in a mysterious and epic style It depicts.

Sayyid Abdullah Belbari, a contemporary Iranian Kurdish poet, author, and mystic, has produced diverse works spanning jurisprudence, mysticism, and Arabic sciences in Persian, Arabic, and Kurdish languages. Among his notable works is Najm al-Qawa'ed, an instructional Arabic poem comprising 545 verses designed to teach the Arabic language to his disciples, including his son Najm al-Din Muhammad. Structured in the form of instructional Rajaz poems, each line features rhymed hemistiches. An intriguing aspect of Najm al-Qawa'ed is its departure from conventional prosodic norms, as the poet intentionally incorporates verses that defy traditional prosodic rules and conventions. This article aims to identify and elucidate these prosodic deviations by analyzing a selection of verses in a descriptive-analytical manner. The findings reveal that, in addition to employing various Rajaz meters, Sayyid Abdullah deviates from prosodic norms by integrating elements of Kurdish syllabic prosody. Specifically, he challenges prosodic rules such as the "Zahaf of Kaf" avoidance, omits case endings within verses, and alters morphology rules by converting conjunctive Hamzah to non-conjunctive forms and vice versa, as well as transforming Zamma and Kasra vowels to Sokoon in certain instances.

Adonis and Shafie Kadkani are scholars who have explored the stylistics of mystical letters from surrealistic and formalistic perspectives. This research, conducted within the framework of comparative literature in the American school, utilizes a descriptive method and content analysis to compare their viewpoints on the cognitive style of mystical letters in the Islamic world. The objective is to explain their choice of theoretical approaches and identify points of similarity and difference in their opinions. The findings reveal that each writer has focused on specific aspects of mysticism, and there is no fundamental contradiction between their perspectives. Adonis emphasizes that mystical texts contain unique knowledge, distinct from ordinary experiences, which mystics convey through innovative concepts and a specialized language. On the other hand, Shafie Kadkani highlights the innovation in interpreting common concepts and using language and linguistic tools, rather than introducing entirely novel ideas.

Myth, as the first human intellectual system, is part of the mental experiences of nations, and poetry has been a continuation of that because imagination in myth is cognate with the imagery in poetry. Adonis and Bekas, with assimilative and abstract mindsets and breaking down classical forms have brought great innovations and by adopting and recreating mythological symbols have appropriated them to express their themes. This research, using content analysis and a comparative approach based on the American school, examines the application of myth in modern Arabic and Kurdish poetry, with an emphasis on the poems of Adonis and Sherko Bekas, to explain the fundamental aspects of the mythological symbols in their poetry. Myth is used in all the major themes of Adonis and Sherko Bekas’ poetry, yet implicit connotations of mythological concepts are more than the explicit ones. Phoenix, Jesus, Mary, Scheherazade, Cain and Abel, Mahyar and Hallaj, Sisyphus, Noah and Sindbad are among the common myths in their poetry. Sherko Bekas is more inclined towards Eastern and Iranian myths, while Adonis often leans towards Greek and Roman myths. Expanding the semantic strategies, utilizing conceptualization capacity, exerting the fluidity of mythological themes, and combining them with historical knowledge are factors that have helped both poets succeed in applying myth in their poetry. They have added to the richness of the meaning of their poetry by combining concepts, masking mythical characters, strengthening structural and conceptual functions of language, explaining the mental and physical dimensions of time and place, and hinting at narratives and characters.

In the realm of the theoretical approach of modernist feminists and with a reference to De Beauvoir and Butler's theoretical framework and origins of phenomenology, this research deals with the phenomenology of subjectiviy of gender identity and their representation in Rajaa Aalam's works, especially the novel of Khatam and it attempts to study Khatam's non-essential view of women's gender identity in an analytical way. Raja sees the basis of gender identity in the construction of cultural and social discourses, prevailing patriarchal norms, and the result of the systematic implementation and repetition of these norms by the female subject. Her works represent the influence of this trend on the type of discourse, mentality, and performance. In the novel of Khatam, the main character, by repeating the context of the rules, produces and reproduces a gender identity, it in the process of representation, and distorts it through the performance of opposing aspects. The repetition of norms by which this character is known within its counterproduction, activates the hidden potential abilities hidden in the nature of the performance. Unconscious biases, conflict of tendencies and discourses, and mimicry and dominance of norms lead to a double performance which enables Khatam to deconstruct the identity made of the prevailing discourse and cultural norms, to break up the duality between sexes, and to question in some cases the original gender identity. By entering the realm of subjectivity and self-efficacy, she acquires a kind of strength and ability, but in the end she is subject to the predominant power. The characters in Raja's novels often disagree with the pattern they simulate in the implementation process and they try to protect their individuality and redefine their identity. Sometimes, reconstructed social norms will lead to subject deidentification because norms and abnormalities imposed on her to do or reject affairs and  finally deidentifies her.

In the early twentieth century, with the rise of women's issues in the continuation of the world's feminist movements, women's literature was formed in Iran and the Arab world. Women's issues in Persian and Arabic poetry first appeared in the poems of Forough Farrokhzad and Ghada al-Samman. Later, Simin Behbahani in Persian literature and Souad al-Sabah in Arabic became famous poets in the framework of liberal feminism and gave a new interpretation of women's desires and problems. Challenging gender discrimination, they have raised the issue of human equality in a reformist and principled manner. This article has analyzed and compared the components of feminist criticism in the poetry of two poets with a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach. Discrimination due to misconceptions about love, marriage, and the emphasis on awareness, freedom, individual and identity independence, and changing attitudes are among the most important themes of two poets. Because of their social commonalities, beliefs, lived experiences, traditions, and similar circumstances, they have described the status and position of women with highly realistic conceptions of common themes. The critical point of view and the style of expression of both poets are non-iconoclastic and in accordance with liberal feminism.

Mustafa Khorramdel is one of the most influential translators who has written works such as: "Exegesis of Noor", "Translation of Fi-Zilal", "Exegesis of alMuqtataf (in Arabic)", and "Commentary of Shney Rahmat (in Kurdish)". In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, we tried to present a critical analysis on translations and interpretations presented in "Shney Rahmat" and "Exegesis of Noor". After our analysis based on content and constructive principles of native and target languages, we find that his Qur'anic translations contain many principles of a good translation and this is because of his cautiousness and awareness of grammar and rhetoric of Kurdish, Farsi and Arabic languages. Furthermore it seems that his commentary of "Shney Rahmat" is a translation of "Exegesis of Noor", although he has not pointed to it. Nevertheless, while analyzing the artistic, literary and linguistic aspects of these works, we found that in some cases, they contain errors; such as: the tendency to be detailed longer than necessary, incomplete meaning of some Qur'anic verses according to the context, improper equivalents in the target language for some Arabic words and idioms, the generalization of certain names, the lack of adequate consideration of tradition and revelation situations, considering the fact that both of them are called exegeses.

Language learning is an indispensable skill in the current era for communication and understanding. The skills to be learned include: speaking, listening, reading and writing. Writing has a significant place among these four basic skills in every language because it affects the three other skills and makes them deepened and developed. The method of error analysis is one of the methods recently used in applied linguistics to study how a foreign language is taught and treated. Iranian educational system for the teaching of Arabic language needs to reconsider the methods of instruction according to the new methods of teaching the language in our time. In this paper, using the method of error analysis and the descriptive-analytical approach, we try to study the weakness of the students in Arabic language writing and its challenges. The results indicated that errors in students’ Arabic writing include the following linguistic structures: the influence of the mother tongue on the target language, the genitive structure, the descriptive structure, the pronoun conformity of the reference, agreement of the verb with the subject, and finding proper equivalent for Persian words. It was also found that frequent errors are due to the use of grammar-translation method; so, this method should be abandoned and the learning process should be developed and improved by using new successful methods such as the audio-lingual method or the communicative one with the help of applied linguistics.

The Najm al-Qawaed is the book educational to teach Arabic syntax in a poetry from Iranian poet Sayed Abdollah al-Bilbari. he said this poem in 545 versus in the 1330 AH to facilitate the teaching of Arabic syntax to his son Najmoldin Mohammad. It has a unique manuscript copy preserved in the home of one of his grandchildren and not yet published. This research introduces it and describes its methods and characteristics by analytical and descriptive method and results are achieved: The poet played an important role in the development of Arabic language in his land. His book is in high degree and it is easy to learn Arabic syntax whit clarity and accuracy and it is away from complex issues and it has the quotation from the examples Quran and poetry and religious and historical references whit a good start. the quality of the conclusion and the use of the dialogue method and the easy method and justice in the performance of the detective.

The story of Moses and the shepherd is one of the most influential stories that Rumi has built and brought skillfully in Mathnavi. The origin of this story is apparently unknown, but some believe that the story of Moses and the righteous servant in the Holy Qur'an has persuaded Rumi to compare Shari'a with Tariqa. After Rumi this story has been narrated in another form called Moses and the stonecutter which is believed to be written by Obeid Zakani; but with paying a little attention to its style and comparing it with other Obeid's works, this assignation seems improbable. This story has also been welcomed by Kurd singers and they recomposed it in Kurdish language. Among them we came across with Kurd poet Mirza Ahmad Dawashi (1280-1359) who paid a great attention to this story and skillfully versified it in Kurdish. Now in this paper, using the descriptive-analytical method and with a structural critique approach, we attempt to investigate the story of Moses and the stonecutter which is versified by Dawashi in 129 verses, and to analyze its elements. The results show that this story has all the elements of a complete narration and the author has successfully used these elements to develop the theme.

The historical narrative is a story about the past and its events in a specified time and space. al-Yaum al-Mawʿūdnarrated by Egyptian writer Najib al Kailªni. He wrote this classic historical novel with an epic idea andnational motivation. This novel talks about an era in the history of Egypt during the cruciate period. In this article studied the novel and these elements and how to employ elements of narrative in the structural constructionbecause we show the important technical characteristics of this novel and the flaws in its narrative structure as a traditional historical narrative. The author was interested in the element of dialogue in concise language. He employed the novel art to attain the historical knowledge in a clear manner to record the time of events and characterize the characters and expresses their ideas directly and indirectly according to the analytical method. The relationship between content in the events of the novel and its historical reference is identical. In this novel there are technical problems as a traditional historical narrative. These problems are:the Employment of characters and how to attend the story and also the number of attendance and the loss of a realistic view of some characters and therole of characters in the novel. The author of the historical novel takes away the characters of reality. The author has not used the semantics of discourse in this novel and he has not used the Literary rhetoric methods such as alms and permissible in the prose. In the title of the novel there is no appointment. because the text is not specified today or deduced from it multiple dates as we mentioned in the article. So because of these problems in the narrative structure, the receiver falls into the technical writer's type from time to time.

With the advent of Islam and its expansion among non-Arab nations، Iranians embraced it openly and they did their best to promote it. In this respect، Kurd translators and commentators paid attention to the Qur'anic science and tried to make it understandable for their people via translation. Although Persian translations had done before Kurdish ones but with Kurd translators' efforts، this superiority was somewhat disappeared to the extent that today over 50 translations and exegeses are published in Kurdish language.
In this research، utilizing the descriptive-analytic method، we try to study Persian and Kurdish translations in the course of history and to survey their historical evolution. Also we try to study the types of these translations and focus on their features according to translation principles. Results show that the first Persian translation goes back to 3rd century (A.H) while the oldest available Kurdish translation returns only to one century ago. Among different Kurdish accents، that of Surani is used more in Qur'anic translations. Kurdish and Persian translations are of types: word by word، content based translation، free translation، commentary-like translation، and literary translation.

Complaint poetry is a natural expression of human grief، pain، dissatisfaction، or resentment arising from life’s different problems. Complaint poetry regarded as a kind of lyric poem in which the speaker faces the cruelty of a faithless lover or the advent of some misfortune like poverty، exile، injustice، in which the poet laments or protests or tells of those miseries. The complaint poetry considered as one of the old form of Arabic poetry. Death and Time، love and separation، imprisonment، aging، sickness and guilt and tragedies of life are regarded as the most important concerns of self-complaint in the first century of hegira. Complaint poetry in this century remained in extension of what was prevalent in the pre-Islamic poetry in terms of rhyme، form and poetic images. Nevertheless with the appearance of Islam، many aspects of life changed and this matter had a great impact on the viewpoint of the people; so that the complaint of poverty and death، and different problems of human life dropped. But on the other hand there have been a lot of complaint about the parting of sons and relatives who immigrated to different countries to spread Islam in other countries. The complaint poetry in the first century of hegira is characterized by the similarity of styles and overlapping of meanings and self-experiments while artistic and technical illustrations and images were different among poets.

As human knowledge and ability is limited, stories are told from first person point of view, third person point of view, or omniscient point of view and one single narrator cannot tell all aspects of a story. Even if the narrator is very able, s/he cannot illustrate and describe all aspects and layers of a story. Najib Mahfous, in his novel, Miramar, has described various dimensions of Egypt revolution by using narrative techniques such as multiple narrators, repetition, or narrating different ideas and experiences from different points of view. He has conveyed different or contrasting views by using the technique of multiple narrators without taking side with any specific person or party. In this novel the narrator describe both the internal and external dimensions of events by stating what he has in mind and what has happened around hm. Using this style of storytelling, this author expresses different sides of life including love and hate, ignorance and knowledge, revenge, and good and evil. In some parts of the novel the narrator uses the technique of conversiation and presented the events like scenes of a play.

Literature; especially poetry hejazi area since the lae twenteth century in terms of concept and structre has evolved and grown. legacy of ancient Arabic poetry and poetry changes in Arabic countries; including the factors in this process is cosidered.Hejazi two poems in the region and the new classic style and be written in Arabic poetry compared to other countries in west and significant direet impact on the convention did not. But generally the area of poetry in regional and global developmentes in the lieterary fan has been influenced by the content of the message format and structure of venice poem was change and simplified concepts; and related Mamvs everyday lif as wall as Ghanain rhythms and flowing among the poets and their poety was introduced Morsel and Hour, poetic stories,password and authorized,Myth and symbol of unity and turnedode sturcture,weight,rhymes and poems for format change in content and structure was changed. The typical changes in poetry poets like Alzmkhshry Taher,Mohammad Hassan Alvad,Alqvshy Hussein Abduilah,Omar and Hussein srhan Alty Alsasry found.

The novel is a prose narrative, an imitation of the reality of human events and scenarios that are written in the form of a plot. Zaynab is the first novel in Arabic in the Twentieth Century. It is the pioneering work of fan fiction written by contemporary standards. Mohammad Hossein Physique This story is written in French. Away from home and started a new civilization of France and French literature is his motives in writing this story. Plot follows the story of rural life in Egypt. Life characters are well described. Language is a simple story and some of the local dialect is used. The straight line is the general time and place, with names such as towns, villages, homes and farms have been used.Too much inconsistency in the description and characterization, particularly about the protagonist in "Hamid" and little understanding of the lives of farmers is novel faults.