tayyebeh seyfi

Conceptual metaphor is a fundamental factor for expressing abstract concepts, as it consciously or unconsciously reveals its place in the common language mechanism of our daily lives. Since it includes various types of image data resulting from the power of recognition through objectification and provides an understanding of one field based on another for humans. The Holy Qur'an is full of beautiful conceptual metaphors, the main purpose of which is to explain something unknown and imagine something beyond the power of our minds, and this is the reason for the innovation of Quranic metaphors despite the cessation of revelation. This article, using the descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the three types of conceptual metaphors in Surah Insan from the Holy Quran: directional, ontological, and structural. The research results indicate that the concept of life is shown in the structure of travel and the concept of time is shown in the form of place, but knowledge is the basis for a visual approach in structural metaphor. In the ontological metaphor, non-human structures such as the Day of Resurrection and time acquire human characteristics. As for metaphor, a visual attribute is considered the divine essence, and the abstract concept of mercy is a vessel containing a specific volume. In addition, the concept of indifference is expressed by the spatial direction behind; the upper direction expresses high status and honor; maximum importance is expressed by the central direction; and obedience and subduing are expressed by the lower spatial direction

Analysis of Concrete Poetry and its elements in "Harb Man Muthaf Al Athar" and "Isab al-Khof" by Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid.ABSTRACTConcrete poetry is like a verbal-visual art. In this way, by escaping from the framework of Khalil bin Ahmad's prose, it turned to other literary and artistic genres in order to convey its message to everyone as easily, eloquently and beautifully as possible. Concrete poetry, which is the birth of poetic innovations, entered the arena with a new language in addition to renewing and innovating the familiar weights of the poem and paying attention to the unity and integrity of the subject of the poem. And this new feature compared to traditional poetry, which was always bound by its limitations, gave poetry more dynamism and freedom.Concrete poetry is a new example of poetry composition where the poet creates a new way of conveying themes to the audience by using visual signs and combining them with his poems and poetic words. By using signs and symbols, creating images or the way of arranging the words of the poem, the poet tries to influence the readers more by using the visual and abstract perception of the audience at the same time.The new Arab poets have also used this method and the visual form has appeared in their poems. As one of the pioneers of the new Iraqi poetry movement, Abdul Razzaq Abdul wahid has made great use of the visual form in his poems, especially in the poems "Harb Man Muthaf al-Athar" and "Asabe al-Khof", and he has also tried to use other artistic genres in his poems, such as pictures, print and... to give life to his poetry as a living being and in this way to make it easy for the specific and general audience to understand the content and in this way to convey his thoughts and feelings; Therefore, the first step is to collect the necessary information from books and authentic articles, then by reading the poems of the two poems " Harb Man Muthaf al-Athar" and " Asabe al-Khof " the elements of visual poems and their types are extracted. And in the following, we will investigate and analyze the visual signs used in this poem using the descriptive-analytical method. the current research tries to analyze the paintings, the arrangement of letters and words, whiteness, geometric shapes, visual tone, visual distinction and punctuation marks used in these poems with the descriptive-analytical method while presenting examples that indicate visual elements. and also seeks a more correct inference and understanding of the secret of using these forms and deciphering these signs.Also, this research tries to show the literary and aesthetic value of Concrete poetry in these two works to interested audiences and researchers in this field and to familiarize them more with this Arabic poet. Therefore, the importance of Concrete poetry shows in the fact that the audience is in the center of attention more than ever, and the Concrete poet has tried to use different visual elements; To attract the audience's attention to the poetic text, to let them to think more, to make the audience participate in the poetic text, to discover poet’s unsaid words, and to enjoy this verbal-visual art more than before. Regarding the innovation of this research, it should be said that in relation to Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid, this Iraqi poet who has nicknames such as al-Mutanbi al-Alakhir, etc…and Although it has a great literary position in poetic techniques; Special attention has not been paid and it is unknown in our society, and Concrete poetry has not been given much attention in the divan’s of Iraqi poets due to the novelty of the topic and visual elements. Therefore, this research is new and important in these aspects.Also, due to the novelty of the topic and visual elements, Concrete poetry has not been given much attention in the court of Iraqi poets. Therefore, this research is new and important in these aspects.The results obtained from this research show that including the visual elements in these poems; whiteness, painting, visual tone and different lines of the poem have a high frequency, and one of the geometric forms that the poet has used a lot is the polygonal line. The poet's goal is to visualize the themes of the poem and make his words more effective in addition to deepening his literary works through these visual forms. In addition, it will show the audience the place and importance of Concrete poetry in Iraqi literature, and also, as a new research, it can clarify the position of Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid as one of the pioneers of Iraqi poetry for Iraqi and Iranian readers.Keywords: Concrete poetry, Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid, the poem Harb Man Muthaf al-Athar, Asabe al-Khof

The novel “Kings of Sands” by the contemporary Iraqi writer Ali Badr is a multi-layered narrative in which the author tries to narrate a section of the reality of Iraqi history with an irregular narration. The theory of Jep Lint-Volt in narratology is based on the confrontation of the narrator and the audience with the actors, and in his opinion, every narrative has two levels: One level is related to the actors and their actions, and the other level is where the narrator and the audience are located, and these two levels are completely separate from each other. At the level of the actors, an event has happened in the past (simple past) and at the level of the narrator and the audience, who are in the present tense, they talk about what happened before with a separation (time and place) from the past. Accordingly, Lint-Volt proposed the theory of narrative typology and based it on the three aspects of the fictional world of the narrator, the actor, and the audience, which provide an examination of multiple approaches to typology. The present research aims to analyze the narrative situations of this novel with a descriptive-analytical method based on the theory of Jep Lint-Volt, to analyze the narrative methods of Ali Badr in the creation of this novel as well as his goals from these approaches. By analyzing the different narrative levels of this novel, the hidden .

Textbook is the main resource available to students. Analyzing the content of textbooks provides planners and authors with potential strengths and weaknesses to modify and change the content. Therefore, it is an important step towards identifying defects and fixing them. In this research, the content analysis of the books "Arabic, the language of the Quran (II) and (III)" for the 11th and 12th grades was analyzed with a descriptive-analytical method according to the principles of content organization. Considering the comprehensiveness of Tyler's criteria, the criteria and principles suggested by this researcher were used in the content analysis. From his point of view, the criteria of content analysis are the three principles of sequence, continuity, and unity. Therefore, in the external dimension, the books have been examined and analyzed in three sections: text, grammar, and exercises. The findings of the research indicate that out of the total of 11 lessons of the Arabic books (II and III), sequence is observed in 4 texts, continuity in 8 texts and unity in 4 texts. In the grammar section, sequence and continuity are observed and out of the total of 11 lessons in the two books, 5 lessons have unity of grammar. The sequence is observed only in the exercises of the book (II), also the continuity and unity of the exercises in the two books is observed correctly.

Sufism is regarded as an internal revolution and a mental evolution to perceive the unity of the existence and release from the materialistic world and its belongings. Sufism was first emerged in 2 A.D As time dragged on, the objectives and features of the mental flow emerged to expand it and the tendency of others to this school in poem. In consequence, the Sufi poet's sapped forward to compose their Sufi notions, thus; a new spectrum of poetry came into existence in literature called Sufi poetry. Undoubtedly, this type of poetry was first initiated among the Arab poets right from its emergence and the development of Sufism. However, it has not been well- developed and glorified by the pioneer poets. According to the fact that the Sufi poets had been anonymous and there is no written record of their poem books, researchers did not take steps to elucidate them. Ibn-e- Kenaseh is one of those poets who is less recognized. He lived in Abbasid dynasty. There are traces of Sufism thoughts in his Sufism thoughts. Up to now, researchers have not considered these issues. The authors have done this research based on a descriptive- analytical method to present a new review of asceticism and elegies to the addresses. Therefore, the authors of this research aim to dissect the Sufism thought in the asceticism and elegies of Ibn-e- Kenaseh. In fact, this research has tried to provide the addresses with a broad view of the features of these poems and the way of their emergences and the motifs of the poets. It also ims to identify the position of this anonymous poet among the Sufism poets during Safavide era. This research aims to respond the following questions: 1. How the intentions and subjects of the Sufism poems have emerged in the asceticism and elegies of Ibn-e-Kenaseh? 2. What are the aims and motifs of the poet of composing this type of poem? 3. What are the features of Sufi poetry in the poems of this poet? Conclusions Since the poet had been in the gatherings of the great men of this school, he had realized and comprehended the thoughts of this tendency. He had been affected by the concepts of prominent ones like Ibn-e-Adham, he achieved the glory and perfection of the existence. Hence, the asceticism and elegies of Sufism intensions are apparent in his poems. One of the main concerns of the poet is the arrogance of the boastful ones that has annoyed the Sufi one. He tried to guide those who have lost their way as well as the arrogant ones. Further, such attempts can be traced in his poems. Rasai, the son of the poet, and Yahya, his uncle and disciple express his honest emotions and his delicate spirit. Before, the poet commenced composing Sufism poems, he had experienced and joined the Sufism gatherings and he had learned their doctrines. Being meek and humble to God's will and determination are the prominent specifications of Sufism poetry. This is considered as the attributes of the great men the Prophet (peace upon him). As there are harmony and rhythm in his poems, it is easier to keep in mind the Sufism notions and thoughts. As a result, this type of poetry could be glorified. Hence, another aim of the poet is to expand the doctrines of Islam in the form of Sufism. Considering that Ibn Kenaseh was influenced by the Sufi views and thoughts of Ibrahim Ibn Adham and this figure was one of the first Sufis of the second century AH after Hassan Basri and Uthman Ibn Sharik known as Abu Hisham Kufi, he may be deliberated as one of the first Sufi poets. He considered himself a sect or even the first Sufi poet. Lucidity and clarity and dodging of ambiguity and vagueness and mystery and symbol are also the protruding features of Ibn Kenaseh's poetry in this field. As t Ibn Kenaseh lived in the first centuries of the emergence of Sufi poetry, this type of poetry has not yet developed and has not reached the stage of ambiguity, consequently the absence of Sufi mysteries and vagueness and complexity in his poems is quite natural. Furthermore, the lack of using complex poetic images and difficult metaphors similarly indicate the lack of maturity of Sufi poetry in the poet's era and accordingly in our poet's poetry.

Magic realism is referred to a new type of fiction erasure in which the writer skillfully mixes elements  such as illusion and imagination with real events,  so that the unreal  character will resemble  the  real and natural ones for the readers. Alrajaolbaeed, written by Foad Takarli, and Tuba and the Meaning of Night, written by Shahrnoush Parsipour, the Iranian contemporary novelist, are two examples of magic realism works. Since these novels are the productions of the fearful ambiance between Iraq and Iran, their writers have mixed the reality with imagination and eliminated the border in between, choosing magic realism to express their attitude. Thus, the present study borrowed an analytical-descriptive method to scrutinize the magic components in these novels. It aimed to introduce two prominent works of fiction literature of Iraq and Iran. The skill and techniques used in these novels represented concepts and purposes by combining the imaginary components with the outside realities. The finding of this research indicate that Takarli and Parsipur   have used the components of magic realism in these novels along with their imaginative power and realistic outlook to illustrated the social realities of their society. Through this passion, they have skillfully illustrated their concerns for the reader and presented these events naturally and simply.

Narrative typology is one of the structural issues of narrative science that studies and analyzes the relationship between narrator, actor, and audience. Jepp Lint Velt is one of the most well-known theorists of narrative genres, based on the confrontation between narrator and actor. Ali Badr's novel The Jerusalem's Lantern is one of the postmodern novels in which this contemporary Iraqi writer has been able to distinguish the case of Quds and its true history from the fictitious Jewish narrative, making the story dynamic, believable, and true to the audience. Since this work has a strong narrative language and the author has used appropriate and specific narrative types in different situations, the present article uses a descriptive-analytical method to study and analyze the narrative types of this novel based on Jaap's theory. Lint Volt has explored and analyzed Ali Badr's narrative methods and techniques in creating this work besides his goals, in order to pave the way for a better understanding of the world of fiction and the hidden layers of the text. The research findings show that this postmodern fictional work is close to the characteristics of the narrative pattern of the homogeneous and heterogeneous transcript of the text, and corresponds to the internal focalization and zero in terms of angle. Given that the heterogeneous narrative version of the text, and consequently the zero angle of view in the above story has made use of the omnipresent and interpretive nature of the narrator in such a narrative, it is easy to understand the characters and explain the true history of the Quds. It is possible to say that Ali Badr, the author of this novel, had a special interest in the audience.

Abstract French structuralist critic Garmas, as a semantist, studied the meaning and structures of semantics and proposed the hypothesis of an action model in order to better reveal the role of the characters in the narrative. In this hypothesis, three relations are combined, the relation of desire, message and action, which consists of three binary models: actor / doable, actor / goal, action / antagonist. Ali Badr's novel "The Jerusalem's lantern" is one of the best contemporary novels in Iraq, which deals with the issue of the Arab-Israeli conflict in its entirety and covers a long period of Palestinian history. He chose the scholars and contemporary intellectuals of the Arab world, which shows his awareness and sensitivity in this selection. The purpose of this article is to analyze this novel and analyze its characters and actions based on Garmas theory of action in a descriptive-analytical method to explain how the production of meaning and formation of novel events by these characters and actors, in addition The audience will understand the role of Edward Saeed, the main character and the real hero throughout the novel, along with other actors, in advancing the narrative towards the author's goals and aspirations. Findings show that the crisis of identity and the search for national identity is the main plot and the core of the novel, which is the main challenge of the characters and actors and the axis and motivation of their actions. The author is in the context of confrontation between characters with

Since long time ago, mobile metaphor and simile are most important mean for poetic images creation. The present paper studies Bayati works according to the important role of the colors in poetic images creation in. we came to conclusion that the poet has used the colors in order to express his feelings, his unsatisfactory as well goals, aims and ideologies. The colors application or secret semantics in his poetry attract the audience attention.

Women have always played a great role in the realization of insurrections in the course of history besides heroic men. The great Iranian revolution could be mentioned as one of the most objective cases of women''s cooperation. Furthermore، everyone admits with certainty that it is the Great Zeinab''s admirable patience، perseverance، and strife that immortalizes Imam Hossein''s mobility. Women''s mission in this strife commences right after he is martyred; but among the women present in Karbala، Hazrat Zeinab''s sublime character beams on the horizon of history، and attracts the attention of men of letters and arts، particularly poets. Here، the researcher tries to do a close scrutiny of the distinguished contemporary Arabic and Persian poems on the Great Zeinab; thus، this essay will elucidate her reflection in the poetry of both languages، and underline the distinctions between the poets of the two cultures and nations in the representation of her character. Furthermore، the notion of slavery has been examined in the poetry of both languages due to its close affinity with Ashuraee women. This study evinces that Persian Ashuraee poems have put more emphasis on Hazrat Zeinab''s bravery and valor، lucidity and rhetoric than her other features while the most prominent virtue identified in Arabic poetry is her forlornness. Another distinctive feature between the two poetry is that Persian poems render a much more precise and detailed portrait of her.

Poetic images are primary elements in the essays Kamal Abodeib and Mohammad Reza Shafiee Kadkani and are of the most important criteria in the poetry criticism of Iranian and Arabic critics in all periods of times. This aspects of aesthetic cognition of poetry in the contemporary period was considered by the critics of the two languages and some predominant Iranian and Arabian critics wrote independently on this topic. Kamal Abodeib and Shafiee Kadkani are instances of these critics which have presented new and bright viewpoints in the field of imaginative figures in their outstanding creations. A critical view with a new critical state in the field of poetic images and compilation of independent books on this topic have obliged use to take part in a research and comparison of the various opinions of these two critics in the field of poetry images. A research in the field of imaginary figures of poems illustrates a general view of the critic to this phenomenon of aesthetic cognition and his research is a research in the oral structure of a literary essay. This critic justified the opinion of Abdolghaher Jorjani who believes poetry images are primary, dynamic and lively elements in the creation of an artistic essay. He believes that coordination between meaning level and psychological level can improve poetry figures. Shafiee’s research on imaginary figures shows that he has a profound and impressive look in this field. He knows the imaginary figures as a collection of visual images. Unlike Abodeib’s manner, his course as a critic is completely partial and elaborated. This critic like Abodeib used an adaptive method and after a discussion of some theoretic problems in this zone adapted these with poetic instances.

Colors from the earliest times have had active presence and played diverse roles in man`s life. Besides the colors impact on man`s individual and social life, they sometimes helped man`s potential creativity and talents to show up. Colors presence in the works of artists beside the beauty of the work itself could leave extensive influence on their audiences. Poets who realize colors ornamenting effect, paid always pay special attention to applying them throughout their composed works. Contemporary poets regard the visual and sentimental influences of colors and their symbolic significance also to present the facts and the meanings they have in mind, with beautiful symbols, to their patrons. This essay`s poet - Al-Bayati – is one of those bards whose view to colors, specially the "Blue" was affected by their visual beauties, conditions of feeling they create, and sometimes by the symbolic meanings which the colors themselves reflect. Al-Bayati always heeded in his verses to the positive meanings of his favorite color "Blue" so in this essay aspects of his relevant view and his influenced motives, in this regard, will be cited out of his verses.