vahid riyahi

The political organization of space in each country is carried out in the form of the country division system. The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology of the country division system at the local level. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and information analysis is performed by discourse analysis. The first, the results showed that the first governing ideology of country division system at the local level is a centralized political system that has not led to the formation of an efficient system in the lowest layers of the country's divisions. Secondly, the discourses Mission-Territory interference, weakness of structural-functional unity, weakness of supply system in the needs of villages, the marginalizing of the village in the structure of the system country divisions, the lack of role-playing of micro-levels of division, weakness of the participatory system, inefficiency of laws and regulations, inefficient management, weak distribution of financial-credit resources and governance from up to bottom damaged the system of national divisions at the local level and declined the position of the village  in this system. Finally, "the type of ideology that governs the system of national divisions", the contradiction between the "political spatial structure of the country" and "The inadequacy of the pattern of country divisions in its lowest layers (village)" was identified as the ideological uncertainty.

The main goal of this project is to empower local communities, i. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of this project on the development of local communities in Hamoon area. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection and analysis methods. . Field data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and collected by survey and interview. The results showed that this project in the social dimension only in the areas of (increasing self-confidence in the abilities of people in rural areas, increasing the participation of women in rural development, solidarity and mass communication between women in rural areas, the existence of networks Social and economic for girls and women in the countryside, social security suitable for the movement of women and girls), in the environmental dimension in items (promotion and implementation of training classes by regional promoters, training of various crops in the field ) Has had favorable effects in terms of infrastructure in items (access to various agricultural inputs, access to rural cooperatives) and in other economic and physical dimensions has not had a favorable effect in any of the items. Also, the results of spatial analysis of local community development by development dimensions in Hamoon area showed that Kikha village has the highest rank in dimensions (economic, social, physical, infrastructure, environmental) in terms of the impact of the Menarid project.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the new city of Alishahr on the surrounding settlements and to study the future of these effects to draw its different futures from the perspective of different scenarios. In this research, to identify the key factors, after two stages of screening, 54 variables were finally identified in the form of eight indicators, and the future research method was used in the form of mix-and-match analysis and scenario writing. For this research, the opinions of the Delphi group and the snowball sampling method were used. According to the findings of this research, nine important key factors include changes in commercial and residential uses; the Hadi plan for the surrounding villages of the new city; the road network of surrounding settlements; changes in the construction and settlement of the surrounding areas; urbanism of villagers; Communication ways of surrounding settlements; physical expansion of the new city towards the surrounding cities; The access of surrounding settlements to communication and telecommunication means and the location of the village about the road were identified. According to the results obtained from the scenario wizard, there are six compatible and identical scenarios regarding the effects of the new city of Aalishahr on peri-urban areas. The findings of this research allow the policymakers, planners and regional managers to have a better understanding of the future conditions to be able to create more favourable and reasonable conditions of urban development while maintaining the aspect draw the life of peri-urban areas in the future and make decisions about it, this will bring closer the conditions of sustainability in the current conditions with the possibility of achieving sustainability in the future

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in research from ‘top-down’ directives to ‘bottomup’ planning. Thus, there has been a change from imposing strategies to a participatory approach by indigenous people. This study uses the participatory approach to flood disaster management in sijan village and its environs. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to understand the perception of communities towards floods hazards; and second, to probe how communities respond to flood hazards and how this knowledge can be used in the planning and management of future disasters. In order to achieve these objectives, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), interviews and observation were used as data collection techniques. The study found that there was consensus among the participants that flooding is a natural process, but human activities enhance the risks of flooding. Human activities that were found to be the causes of flood included clearance of vegetation, cultivation in steep slope areas, the effect of relief, poor designs and maintenance of drainage system and settlement in inadequate areas. The study found that local communities did not cope when there was flooding. However, they suggested strategies that should be used to cope with future flood hazards. the study showed that village people proposed strategies to be used to cope with flood hazards in the future. Among these factors, the approach of coordination and alignment of opinions, identification of flood risk dimensions, learning and acquiring valuable experiences, institutional analysis of governance in crisis situations, participatory analysis in explaining the trend of normal and abnormal structures caused by floods, can be used to prevent the occurrence of crisis in the region.

The role of rural economic activity in the world is considered very important and is valuable in national, regional and even international dimensions. But the main marketing position of rural products and the low share of sales revenue have not yet been able to fully prove their competence. This is mostly due to defects in the structure of the rural products market. Due to the importance of the issue and the lack of an integrated marketing approach in the products sector, especially in rural organizations and cooperatives as custodians of production and distribution, the need for more scientific and practical attention to marketing is reminded, in this regard, research method is performance evaluation Economics has been done by providing interpretive structural modeling and determining the relationship between validated components. The analysis of the research has been obtained by using effective components in local marketing in rural areas from a set of environmental, social and economic dimensions by taking similar studies and approval of academic experts. A structure was created. Based on this, the components of infrastructure and physical adaptation, equipping the farm shop, mass production and variety of products, strengthening the agricultural relationship, ICT infrastructure and expanding the scope of integrated marketing form the main body of the model. Establish facilitator funds. As a result, the proposed model of local marketing in rural areas with an interpretive structural modeling approach to achieve its proper position emphasizes an integrated network with the role of rural actors, constructive organizations in sustainable development strategy and will result in rural deprivation elimination strategies. The chain process is presented. That rural households that do not have an economy dependent on agriculture and increase the share of marketing in livelihood resources and use it. The chain process is presented. That rural households that do not have an economy dependent on agriculture and increase the share of marketing in livelihood resources and use it.

At present, sustainability as a clear goal is at the heart of global developments. Territorial sustainable development depends on the sustainability of rural system as a constituent sub-system of a territorial system. Sustainability of rural areas in different dimensions can have an effective role in regional and national development. The current research attempts to recognize and account for the spatial capabilities and limitations of rural settlements in Baruq within the framework of sustainable development. This research is a practical study with a descriptive methodology. The research statistical population includes 70 residential villages in Baruq are, of them thirty-two villages were selected through stratified sampling and based on four criteria of sustainable development. Field and document data were collected to answer the research questions. The results indicate that these villages are weak in terms of sustainability. Moreover, investigating the four aspects of sustainability has shown that each of the aspects (i.e., environmental-ecological, physicalspatial, social, and economic) are in a weak sustainable condition; the economic aspect suffers most from the weakest condition. The level of sustainability in the villages reveals that around 43 per cent of the settlements are unsustainably strong, 25 per cent unsustainably weak, 25 per cent sustainably weak, and only 6 per cent are sustainably strong. The sustainability of the villages decreases physicallyspatially from the west to the east of the district. That is to say, mountainous villages are less sustainable than the villages in the plains or other less mountainous areas. Sustainable and slightly sustainable villages lie in the west or in the plain. It shows that sustainable spatial pattern is a cluster. The results thus predict the highest role of social factors (R2 = 0.392) and a low role for environmentalecological factors (R2 = 0.186) in the unsustainability of the rural settlements. Economic and physical-spatial factors predict around 0.338 and 0.324 of the unsustainability in rural settlements.

Tourism, as a booming and dominant activity of this century, has a lot of effects in rural areas, including economic effects, which according to different spatial situations can have different intensity and directions of changes and developments. In this regard, this study was codified with the aim of spatial analysis of tourism impacts on rural areas of Rezvanshahr.

According to the purpose, nature and method, this study is considered as a developmental and descriptive-analytical research, respectively. Documentary and survey methods have been used to obtain the required information and the TOPSIS model has been used to rank the economic and social needs of the villages studied. Using SPSS and GIS software, the collected data was processed and Pearson correlation test was used in inferential analysis of data.

The results showed that the economic level of villages varies based on four indicators (the income level, unemployment rate, level of facilities and misery rate), the lowest and the highest of which are related to Kish-e-Khaleh village with 0.001 and Punnel village with 0.9056, respectively. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between the independent variable of the number of tourists and dependent variable of the local economy level with a correlation coefficient of 0.626 at a confidence level of 0.99.

The lack of documented information and the indeterminate number of tourists, especially in rural areas, are the most important challenges and problems of the study.

Therefore, according to the findings, It is possible to shape the economic development of villages by developing tourism attractions and actualizing the potential of tourist attraction in settlements.

Numerous studies have, so far, been carried out on tourism and rural economics. However, this study is valued based on the spatial analysis of the economy in the rural areas of the three types of coastal, plain and mountainous/ highland in the district of Rezvanshah and has not been addressed in previous studies.

Spatial flows between urban and rural area in the form of urban-rural linkages have an important role in the regional integrated development. These flows are change due to natural, economic, social and political factors. One of the geographical territory that has changed naturally is BonRud District and Jolgeh in Isfahan County. Interaction between urban and rural settlements has realized by different flows of population, goods, services, capital, information and communication in this area that has leaded to formation of spatial organization in the area. In this paper, the spatial flows have analyzed by network approach. Present research is explorative based on nature and descriptive-analytic in the aspect of method. Statistical society of the study are all urban and rural settlements of the area. Research required data are collected through field study, interview, and questionnaire. Secondary data collected from archives of responsible organs and institutions. Collected dada have analyzed in the frame of network paradigm, network analyze method and using Nodexl software. Research finding shows that spatial linkage reflects the spatial unbalanced in distribution of possibilities and services in the area. Therefore, settlements of Harand, Varzaneh, Imamzade abdolaziz are in the ranks of one, two and three respectively. The pattern of flows is a daily, regular, and one-sided pattern. This pattern is in many respects consistent with the profile of growth pole theory. This pattern of flows cannot be considered as urban-rural linkage. The recent decade drought has strengthened the urban Polar Regions and strengthened the growth polar pattern in the region.

What is clear is that the sustainability of each village depends on the dynamism and durability of its economy, and therefore the cause of the evacuation and desertification of many villages in the country is the weakness and inefficiency of their economy. The stability of a settlement reflects the equilibrium and dynamism of rural settlements in relation to natural-ecological, socio-cultural, economic and spatial-physical structures. So that it ensures the stability of a settlement during spatial trends - time. In this regard, special attention is paid to paying attention to the village and rural development, and adopting monetary and credit policies for the governments of the Third World Societies, which play the role of facilitating and directing development, Investing and injecting financial resources can play a very important role in fostering rural livelihoods and achieving sustainable rural development. The general approach of this research is quantitative research and in terms of collecting data based on librarian-documentary data and field survey. Field scrolling method. Firstly, for identifying indices and indicators of diversification of economic activities with special emphasis on rural areas, studies related to the field were used. Based on this, components and items of sustainable livelihoods were identified and the basis for designing a questionnaire as the main tool of research in field studies was placed. To increase the validity of the method, the content and formality of the method were used. In this regard, the validity of the research tool was confirmed by a number of experts in the field, then the Cronbach's alpha technique was used for the research tool's sensitivity and 0.905 was obtained, which indicates the appropriate reliability Research tool. To identify the villages studied, the villages first divided into 5 groups of 20-50 households, 10-51 households, 150-101 households, 152-150 households, 250-95 households and 525-500 households. After identifying sample villages, based on the Cochran formula, 300 families were selected and the sample size of the household was determined in proportion to the population of the village. To investigate the relationship between educational variables and number of activities, as well as income and activity variables, Lameda, v Kramer, Goodman and Kruskal tests were used. The results of these tests show that since sig is less than 0.05, then there is a significant relationship between education and the number of activities. As the level of education increases, the number of household activities also increases. Field analysis showed that 123 out of 136 uneducated families with primary education, 123 had one activity and only 12 had two activities. Also, the results of Lameda, V Kramer, Goodman and Kruskal tests show that there is a significant relationship between the number of activities and income increase in the studied villages, which means that households with more economic diversity have higher income. Of the total households surveyed, 204 people have an annual income of 5 million or fewer. All these households have one type of economic activity. The research findings also show that among the 71 households with income levels between 5 and 10 million, 45 have dual activity and 6 have 3 types of economic activities. One of the weaknesses of rural households is that they do not have diverse economic activities and only rely on agricultural activities. The vulnerability of their income and livelihood to shocks (human and natural). For this purpose, Lameda, V Kramer, Goodman and Kruskal tests were used to investigate the relationship between livelihood vulnerability of rural households against shocks and number of activities. The results of these tests show that in the studied villages there is a significant relationship between the number of activities and their livelihood vulnerability to shocks, so that the households, which in addition to the agricultural activities Other side activities are less livelihood vulnerability than households that only have one activity. And there are a number of economic activities in which there is an increase in income, which means that households with more economic diversity have more income. Of the total studied households (68.18%) who had only one kind of activity, their income and livelihoods were affected by (such as drought, floods and pests) climate shocks. Friedman test (rank average) was used to prioritize the key factors affecting the diversification of economic activities from the viewpoint of villagers. The statistical results of the test show that there is a significant difference between the factors at the alpha level of 0.05. The average results of the Friedman test also indicate that the government's support for diversifying activities is ranked first. The diversification of economic activities in rural environments can be seen as a consistent and dynamic process in response to threats and opportunities through which farmers can manage risk and can also increase their income and livelihoods, maintain their livelihoods and ultimately improve their living standards. Descriptive findings show that from the perspective of the sample society, the government's financial support by providing appropriate facilities to farmers, the availability of savings and financial resources for farmers, the purchase of guaranteed crops, horticultural and livestock, government support for entrepreneurship development and intermediary removals When selling products, raising the level of knowledge and knowledge of the people from the affiliated businesses can have the greatest impact on the diversification of economic activities. In confirmation of the descriptive findings, Friedman's test also shows that from the point of view of society, which is the factor of government support for diversification of activities, the second factor that influences the diversification of economic activities from the perspective of the sample population is the financial resources and household savings. In addition, the infrastructure facility for the diversification of economic activities from the perspective of the sample community is in the third place. Physical assets, institutional factors and climatic factors are also ranked next.

Annexed villages to metropolises face numerous environmental contaminations. One of the most common contaminations that is of great importance is pollution of soil, waste and .... Accordingly, the present paper analyzes the environmental contaminations of the annexed villages to Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytic and ArcGIS and GeoDa software are used for analyzing information. Moran's I and General G-Statistic was used for investigating the spatial distribution of the leishmaniosis, and to measure the spatial autocorrelation of leishmaniosis resulting from environmental contamination, bivariate Moran's I was used. The statistical population consists of 10 annexed villages to Mashhad. We obtained the samples from the statistics of Health Network. Among the studied villages, Cis-Abad village had the highest rate of disease with 2190 cases. The results show that the spatial distribution of leishmaniosis in Mashhad is clustered and G-Statistic is 0.5. In relation to spatial autocorrelation of and environmental contaminations, the obtained spatial distribution was cluster type and, bivariate Moran's I was 0. 68, which indicates that places on which environmental pollution is high are more likely to develop leishmaniosis disease. The results show that since the merged villages in Mashhad are more widely located around the Kashaf Rood river and the direction of the slope of Mashhad is towards this river, the most environmental pollution exist in the merged villages which has resulted in leishmaniosis disease for the inhabitants of these areas.

During recent years, Iran’s rural settlements have a particular distribution pattern according to the environmental and socio-economic forces. Among the geographical factors play an important role in the deployment and distribution of rural settlements, Some of these factors can be have a more effective role than other factors, This study aimed to evaluate the role of geographical factors in the distribution of rural settlements in the Zanjan county in order to determine more important factor or factors than other factors. Also, the zoning map of rural areas prepared in three different types of deployment in rural communities with suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable seat. In order to achieve this goal, 8 natural factors, including rivers, fault, rainfall, temperature, evaporation, elevation, slope, lithology, selected as factors in deployment of rural settlements. In the study, maps of factors digitally prepared by using Arc GIS software and then weighted by using AHP model in Expert Choice software. The results show that 31% of rural settlements in Zanjan county, with 103 villages, have suitable deployment pattern, 149 villages (45%) have relatively suitable, and 81 villages (24%) are located in a pattern of unsuitable deployment, that almost all of them were located in the northeast of the county. Hence, attention to safety planning and crisis management in rural settlements, with unsuitable position, is very essential.

The occurred changes in rural areas along with their complex and various dimensions are considered as one of the main subjects of contemporary geography. Such changes include: 1- changes of physical vision of rural space in form of unbalanced expansion of rural settlements, farming patterns, new forms of agricultural and industrial facilities; 2- subtle social changes in form of discontinuity of social cohesion, cooperation, social order and calmness; 3- rural statistics changes in form of agricultural employment, number of households, and number of migrants. From a political viewpoint, all these changes can be considered as a threat for rural life authenticity. Using villagers’ participation and qualitative methods, the present study tries to investigate the occurred physical changes in villages of BonRoud and Julgeh division, Isfahan county. To do so, twenty seven targeted interviews were conducted. Required analysis was done based on the basic theory. The results indicate that some factors are involved in changes occurred in rural residency style such as: the influence of urban culture, improvement of human capital, domination of new life-spacing patterns, and tendency of people towards welfare. Such factors have changed rural residency style towards a semi-urban one, by which physical and socio-economic changes in rural areas are happening.

INTRODUCTIONAlso, in most development programs, agriculture is considered as the only source of economic thriving in villages. The rural areas at this county possess various capabilities in different economic sections, which have not, to this moment, played a significant role in regional development plans. This situation has led to higher number of migrations to large cities, reduced number of productive labor force, the converting of rural regions into dormitory residences, and the weakening of the economic function of rural areas. Since the economy of the rural residences of Rezvanshahr County is solely based on agriculture and such an economic structure is highly vulnerable to a wide range of external factors, the current economic system of these villages has to be transformed. Accordingly, diversification of livelihood seems to be a suitable solution for this problem. Hence, the current study aims to identify the obstacles and potentials of diversifying livelihood in the villages of Rezvanshahr County, Iran. More specifically, this study aims to address the following research question: what are the potentials and limitations of Rezvanshahr County, as a geographical area, for diversifying livelihood?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe downward trend of economic conditions in villages, the increasing number of migrations to larger cities, spread of poverty and unemployment, lack of nutritional security, placement of the majority of rural population in suburban areas, etc. indicate that the major objectives of development (e.g. sustainable increase in income levels, expansion of manufacturing employments and more balanced distribution of profits resulting from growth in rural regions) have failed substantially. Therefore, sustainable livelihood is one of the key dimensions of the sustainable rural development paradigm in which attention to livelihood and its transformation, as well as ways for overcoming its challenges are considered as the most critical dimensions of reducing rural poverty and nourishing rural development. In this regard, offering sustainable livelihood strategies is a new solution in development theories for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas in order to convert the current life style into an ideal one. In fact, it is considered as a major tool for reaching sustainable development. The sustainable livelihood approach has been derived from the general rural development theory. Rural development theory has itself passed three main intellectual bodies since the middle of the 20th century, namely the population and technology model, agricultural development and political economy theories. Within this pattern, livelihood sustainability and economic security in rural areas are of utmost importance.
METHODOLOGYThe current study is functional in its aims and has been conducted through a descriptive-analytical research method. The sample population of this study consisted of 14 rural areas of 4 types (mountainous, plain, sub-montane, and coastal) within Rezvanshahr County, comprising 4202 families (14664 individuals). Cochran’s sample size formula was used to select 232 families from among the population. In order to gain the necessary data, thereby assessing the hypothesis as well as the variables under study, the researchers employed document and survey methods. The collected data were analyzed using Excel and Spss softwares. The main instrument of data collection was the Household questionnaire.
DISCUSSIONIn order to investigate the role of infrastructural-institutional variables, environmental factors, social factors and economic factors in the lack of diversification of rural livelihood, stepwise multiple regression was run on the data. Infrastructural-institutional factors were identified as the main obstacle resulting in the lack of diversification of rural livelihood in Rezvanshahr County. The Beta coefficient of this factor was found to be 0.721, which was identified through 17 criteria. The economic factor was found to be the 2nd influential factor in the lack of diversification of rural livelihood (β=0.554), while environmental and social factors came out as the 3rd and 4th influential factors in the regression model. In order to evaluate the role of capabilities in diversifying rural livelihood from the viewpoint of residences in the villages under study, a number of factors and variables were provided for the environmental, economic, and social-cultural dimensions. Environmental factors were the main identified factors for diversifying rural livelihood in Rezvanshahr County (β=0.447), while economic factors (β=0.236) and social-cultural factors (β=0.119) had the lowest impact on the pre-mentioned variable.
CONCLUSIONSingle-product economy (mostly rice cultivation) with low efficiency and traditional agricultural methods is the mutual characteristic of all 4 types of rural residences in Rezvanshahr County. The net income of families working in the agricultural sector is significantly lower than those who work in non-agricultural sectors. The other important factor which hinders the diversification of livelihood in this area is the lack of public and private financial investments, long-term bank facilities, sufficient motivation as well as necessary skills to create new jobs. Therefore, recognizing environmental potentials and optimal utilization of these potentials would significantly increase employment rates, followed by a potential improvement in the income level of families and the economic development of villages. Since the main obstacles and potentials for diversifying livelihood have been identified in this study, a well-organized long-term plan accompanied by diversification of the jobs at the rural areas of this county would lead to lower rates of unemployment, higher income levels, increased levels of the quality of life index, and lower rates of migration from villages to large cities. Combined together, these changes would result in the sustainability of rural residences in Rezvanshahr County.

Development experts with examining the role of government, business and civil society in development, found government and market failure in many cases and that it is turn to test civil society’s role in people and local institutions development. Therefore the strengthening of community-based organizations in development was considered important. In this regard, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of saving credit associations on spatial - physical development of rural settlements, 30 members of this community were chosen with snowball technique and in the semi-structured interviews and direct observation required data was compiled and were analyzed by contentanalysis and indactive approach. The data consists of interviews, divided into units and then compression means are summarized. Finally, by inductive way sub and main themes of abstraction have been extracted. The findings show that association in terms of physical capital (housing, communications, rural facilities) and natural capital (protection of the environment, water resources, livestock diversity, ownership of land) and rural settlements from the perspective of space on stream of consciousness, population and money rural settlement has been effective. In general, the results of show that although these associations are social – economic organizations, but can not be spatial – physicaly ignored. It seems that if empower the associations and using them to solve problems is better and faster to got results. The researchers also want to study these formations is proposed considering the local nature and having no (or low) similar to the outer approach of qualitatively can results in a more useful way form.

Participating in rural development includes dealing the people in decision making process, implementing plans such as pilot plan, sharing them in profits of plan development, dealing them in plan evaluation efforts. Also through using an active process the applicant groups with the intention of life improvement in terms of income, personal growth, self-reliance or other values would have influence on implementing of developmental plans. The following research study aimed to investigate the rural participatory attitudes in implementing rural pilot plan in Karkheh as a rural district. This research study aimed to follow practical goals consequently it was a sort of descriptive-analytical study. The process of data collection was a kind of case and documentary study based on statistical population size (887families), the interviewed sample according to Cochran formula were 268 families. The results indicate that some participation indexes such as individualism (3/47), responsibility (4/14), prospective (3/36) and following law (3/32) had most meaningful highest level among others; moreover, in implementing pilot plan the related average to rural housing variable (4/06) showed best performance in the proportion of other variables in view of sample population.

This study focuses on community-based financial organization and examines their efficiency on socio-economic development of rural areas. The sample of analysis includes 30 members of the financial institutions in the rural areas of Babol. The research data were collected through the methods of in-depth interviews and participant observations. Then, the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. This analysis categorizes the effects of financial institutions into two major aspects. First, social aspects that refer to human capital (education, skill, health), social capital (participation, support, trust, solidarity, awareness), cultural capital (knowing people and places, keeping local traditions, protecting environment and cultural buildings), institutional capital (marketing, social security, enhancing rural council, publicizing local officials and their activities). Second, economic aspects that refer to financial capital (credit, insurance, saving) and economic capital (multiple sources of income, reducing economic expenditures, material resources). The key research findings indicate that the financial institutions have significant effects on both social and economic aspects as detailed above.

Nearly three decades have passed from performing Hadi Plans in rural areas. For these projects, the national credit has been spent in different stages and its performance has created extensive changes in the areas of physical – space such as change in the physical texture of the village, change in the pattern of housing construction, coordination of rural road networks, and facilitate the traffic of villagers. The aim of this study is to assess the physical effects of the projects in the rural areas of the Karkhe in the county of Ahvaz. This research , based on the purpose is of functional type and from the nature and method view is of descriptive analytical one . The study focused on four aspects of housing, road networks, land use and environmental health. Data collection was carried out through integration of documentary and field methods and based on it, with respect to volume of statistical society ( 1333 households), the number of households based on Cochranformula has been obtained equal to 298 households. Analysis of the results showed that the effect of Hadi plan in the villages has a significant meaning in all four dimensions. On this basis, it can be concluded that performing rural Hadi plan will improve in practice the studied variables in rural housing, road networks, environment health and land use in Karkhe which means the creation of relatively appropriate and regular physical texture for rural settlements.

Rural tourism in Qom province – that have special feature of religious tourism - the may seem an unusual phenomenon. But the province with 93. 88 percent of urbanization، after Tehran province has the second rank It is as a metropolis with 6 percent growth that has urbanization problems including traffic and air pollution and marginalized and informal settlements where may affect rural tourism. Kahak District of Qom province has villa villages (Vashnoveh، Karmejegan and Fordo) for tourism purposes. The present paper survey method is a library and field studies، with regard to participants views in three groups (tourists، officials، families living in). We first determine strengths، weaknesses، opportunities، and threats in rural parts of Kahak (Vashnoveh، Karmejegan and Fordo) for Rural Tourism by the SWOT method. Tourism development strategy has provided the target villages. Community households in the survey included 874 residents، more than 1000 tourists and 25 persons are responsible for tourism in the area. Sampling method of Cochrane helped select 267 people and 306 rural residents and 25 tourists as statistical population. Research findings indicate a lack of necessary infrastructure including residential locations، catering، recreation and tourism development in the field of management of weaknesses. Review and analysis of the results from increasing environmental damage due to inadequate infrastructure and poor agents to invest in this sector for the use of positive effects in promoting rural tourism is a tale of rural development. Rural tourism may have significant economic effects such as preventing the flow of rural migration، raising income levels of rural households and creating demand for agricultural products and handicrafts. In Kahak (Qom province)، three target villages have the necessary capabilities in the field of tourism، but have been unable to benefit from tourism in creating jobs، increasing income and building service locations. It is while; tourism is the most suitable choice for rural development. This is especially important when the tourists are residing in the second homes during the warm seasons. This provides an opportunity for tourists who plan to strengthen rural areas، while there are no negative environmental effects. This study is seeking to answer these questions: Do we have target villages foundations for environmental and rural tourism development that can require us to attract tourists? Is there any relationship between lack of appropriate infrastructure (including roads and access to residential and entertainment venues) and the amount of tourists? To answer questions، strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats in the area were assessed by two internal and external factors using the SWOT analysis model.

The aim of this study is to examine the hospitality and the foundations of rural tourism in the three interested villages of Kahakto provide strategies for tourism development in this area. Hence، information was provided through observation، questionnaires and interviews. The population of the study was more than 10،000 thousand people (tourists annually three villages) and rural population، which has 874 households، and 25 persons of authorities. Population samples were studied in three groups: tourists with 306 people، 267 households living in villages and 25 patients and associated persons in charge. Sampling in the study was Cochrane formula. Questionnaires were distributed among the tourists using random sampling and among households living in targeted areas by qualitative methods. After completing the questionnaire، the SWOT model was used to develop strategies and provide solutions. In this model، four concepts of strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats from the main foundation of the model. they are the internal (domestic) and external (foreign) fields that were studied on rural tourism.

Internal and external factors affecting rural tourism in the study area (Tables 5 and 6 which are provided) shows that among the internal factors that influence rural tourism، there are nine strong points against 12 weaknesses. On external factors influence، there are 8 opportunities against the 8 threats. Total of 17 strengthes and opportunities are considered as an advantage. Up to 21threats are as disadvantage to pull constraints for developing rural tourism. In Table 7، the total weight for each of the factors، were set based on questionnaires frequencies، as well as weight and concepts from the viewpoint of the four respondents. Finally، in Table 8، there is the priority of each effective internal and external factors; Table 7 shows that the most important strengths is the most beautiful landscapes. The weakness is the poor inadequate facilities and services. Increasing and becoming more motivated to travel to the villages is the main opportunities and environmental damage is the main threats of the area.

The main result is the necessity for more researches in rural tourism planning in Iran. The necessity is more in some villages like those studied in this article. Tourism development in the study area can be at two levels of long-term and short term. 1-long-term programs includes: − To create and develop infrastructures such as accommodation and welfare facilities، catering facilities and service facilities. − To prepare a comprehensive tourism plan and set plans for developing tourism and attracting tourists، which is proportional to the ecological conditions of the region and prevent environmental degradation. − Provide a suitable ground for private sector investment in regional tourism activities. 2 - Short-term programs includes: − Tourist attractions and advertising recognition to mark them with different methods، like TV shows in the province and marketing to attract tourists and become a regional pole of rural tourism in the province. − Holding training classes for the villagers interested in interacting with tourists، tourism and education. − Create partnerships in rural areas for rural development. − Revival of handicrafts and production of local handicrafts for offering to tourists using the experiences of people with skills. − Install warning signs and collect accurate and automated garbage and rural sanitation to prevent environmental pollution.