yasin fattahi

This research analyzes and examines theories related to corporate citizenship and its impacts on organizational behavior and stakeholders. Corporate citizenship, as a contemporary concept, emphasizes the social and ethical responsibilities of companies towards society and the environment. With the rising social expectations, a deeper understanding of the role of companies in society is essential. This study explores various theories such as stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and social contract theory, identifying their strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, it underscores the importance of developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for a better understanding of this concept. The current research method is document analysis. The results indicate that effective implementation of corporate citizenship contributes to the creation of shared values between companies and society, enhancing brand image and stakeholder trust. This research can serve as a guide for scholars, managers, and policymakers in the realm of corporate social responsibility.

Considering the importance of the two vital components of risk disclosure and business strategies in today's complex and changing business world, the current research tries to investigate the effect of business strategy on risk disclosure. To achieve the purpose of the research, the financial information of 158 firm admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2022 and to test the hypothesis of the research, multivariate regression method and combined data were used. The findings showed that firms that adopt a forward-looking (defensive) strategy are significantly more (less) willing to disclose risk. These results are the same at the level of all sample firms of the research. According to organizational theory, firms with a forward-looking strategy participate in more voluntary disclosure because they have more motivation to reduce information asymmetry and rely more on external financing. But the negative effect of defensive business strategy in firms on risk disclosure may be due to the desire of firms to maintain competitive information and prevent disclosure of their sensitive and strategic information to competitors in order to maintain their competitive advantage. The results of this research can help analysts and investors to have a better understanding of firm’s risk disclosure behavior and how this behavior may be consistent with their strategies.

The importance of labor as a vital factor of production in the profit function of a company is undeniable. From an economic point of view, investing in labor force is significant for advanced companies that often have high human capital. Because, they believe that optimal and efficient investment in the labor force can reduce the risks caused by uncertainty and volatility as much as possible. Therefore, the current research examines the effect of the cash flow volatility on labor investment efficiency. To achieve the purpose of the research, the financial information of 161 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from the beginning of 2011 to the beginning of 2022, and to test the hypothesis of the research, the multivariable regression method and combined data were used. The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the fluctuation of cash flows and the efficiency of labor investment. Also, the findings in the robustness section of the results showed that this relationship is different in companies with lower financial constraints compared to companies with higher financial constraints. Therefore, it can be said that the existence of fluctuations in cash flows leads to an increase in the efficiency of labor investment.

The role of management ability on the decisions and operations of firms is undeniable. Based on this, the role of managers' ability in firms has always been studied empirically. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of management ability on trade credit. This research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational and retrospective in terms of method. To achieve the purpose of the research, the financial information of 161 firms (1610 firm-years) listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) was used based on the systematic screening method and the multivariate regression method. The time period of this research is 2012 to 2021. The findings showed that management ability has a positive and significant effect on trade credit. Furthermore, these results are stronger in companies with lower credit ratings and in firms with higher constraints. In other words, in firms with a lower credit rating and in firms with higher restrictions, management ability has a stronger role in saving firms from critical situations. Based on these findings, it can be said that lenders appreciate the management ability of client or borrower firms and, therefore, are willing to provide credit to them.

The purpose of this paper is to focus on examining the impact of conservatism on IPOs underpricing and then examine the role of audit quality as a moderating variable in the relationship between conservatism and IPOs. Based on financial-behavioral theories, analyses are conducted of data from a sample of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) listed companies for the fiscal years 2008–2017 (i.e. 230 firm-year observations). Correlation and regression analyses are performed to evaluate possible associations between conservatism and initial public offerings (IPOs) underpricing with regard to audit quality. There is a negative significant relationship between conservatism and IPOs underpricing, i.e., it reduces IPOs underpricing. Also, the research results indicated that the auditing quality cannot moderate the relationship between conservatism and IPOs underpricing in Iran’s stock market. This conclusion may be explained under the winner’s curse theory. Accordingly, informed investors do not request to purchase unattractive stocks, and uninformed investors demand and obtain all the unattractive stocks since there is no competition between informed and uninformed investors. A limitation of this paper is the number of firms, which for future studies needs to be considered. This research is expected to contribute comprehensively to expanding the theoretical foundations and increase audience knowledge of the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). It is also expected that the results of the study will: 1. determine the underpricing of IPOs in Iran during the research period; 2. document the role of conservatism in reducing underpricing of IPOs; 3. potentially prevent inappropriate pricing of new stocks. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of financial-behavioral theories calls for more inquiry.

The ownership structure is one of the important issues of corporate governance that can affect the efficiency of companies by influencing managerial motivations. The aim of the present study is to investigate the asymmetric effect of ownership structure on bankschr('39') risk-taking behavior. The present study was conducted using the information of twenty-one banks listed on the Tehran Security Exchange and the Iran OTC in the period from1390 to 1398. Using the Panel smooth transition regression model approach, it has been concluded that the influence of major owners in the banking industry on bankschr('39') risk-taking is different in the two regimes. In the first regime (threshold level of 23%), major shareholders have a positive effect on banks chr('39')riskiness and in the second regime (above 23%) have a negative effect on bankschr('39') riskiness. The results showed that the presence of major shareholders in the ownership structure of banks has an asymmetric effect on their risk-taking and based on these findings, one of the foundations for improving risk management is the use of appropriate strategies to concentrate ownership.

The firms employ the accounting information comparability between firm peers, will determine board compensation through performance evaluation. Thus, current study is aimed to explore the important role of accounting comparability in board compensation. In line with this, using a panel fractional regression model and mixed data, we examined the data to explore the impact of accounting information comparability on compensation policies, with regard to 117 firms for the period 2009 to 2018 (1170 firm - years) from TSE. The results show that, there is a positive and significantly relationship between accounting information comparability (annual return and cash flow from operations proxies) and board compensation. Thus, it was concluded that higher accounting information comparability level leads more than board compensation. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of board compensation policies theories and the new fractional regression model calls for more inquiry with regard to three accounting comparability proxies. The present study was an attempt to develop the literature related to the factors affecting managers' rewards by using three criteria to calculate comparability and fractional pattern.

The aim of this study is to highlight the role of accounting in different models of public management and its modification in line with these developments. This study, first examines and compares the different models of public management and then the role of accounting in the development and evolution of these models. Also, the reforms and evolutions of public sector accounting will highlight the public sector in line with developments taking place in public sector management and introduces possible solutions for the development of public sector accounting research. The findings of this study show that tremendous changes have been made in the new public management model. Most researchers consider these developments as a post-new public management period and in this regard, they believe that public sector accounting will also witness extensive reforms. This study tries to highlight the role and reforms of accounting in this field by introducing a post – new public management.

Literature shows that increasing the quality of audit financial statements information increases the Accounting information comparability between peers’ firms. On the other hand, increasing comparability can also reduce the stock price crash risk. Using a panel data regression model, we explore the moderator role of audit quality on the relationship between the comparability of accounting information and stock price crash risk of 137 firms, for the period 2009 to 2018. The results showed that the earnings management as proxy of audit quality mitigates the severity of the negative and significant relationship between the comparability of accounting information and stock price crash risk. This can be due to upward earnings management. This conclusion is robust to the use of different control variables and econometric models. Present study contributes by providing theoretical and empirical evidence on auditing and finance literature. Keywords: Accounting information comparability, audit quality, earnings management and stock price crash risk

According to the literature, we can predict positive or negative relationship between ownership structure and stock liquidity. Thus, present study is aimed to document asymmetric relationship between ownership structure and stock liquidity. Using a panel smooth transition regression model, as a new econometric technique, we examined the data (135 firms for 2009-2018) to explore the asymmetric impact of blockholders ownership on liquidity. In addition, the prediction error rate was compared on the base of neural network models and logistic regression. The results show that there is a positive and significant relation between major shareholders and stock liquidity in the first regime (threshold level 34%), while in the second regime, the relationship between them is negative and significant. Also, present study show that neural networks’ mean-squared error (MSE) is lower than logistic regression. Legal entities are advised to develop laws related to investor support and, of course, the transparency of financial information in financial markets.

According to the transaction cost theory, active management leads to a reduction in transaction costs and thus reduces the distance between the bids and ask gap. Also, on the contrary, based on the adverse selection hypothesis, when a group of shareholders has the advantage of information over another, there is an information asymmetric that will reduce liquidity. This study is primarily aimed at testing the mentioned theories. Using a panel smooth transition regression model, as a new econometric technique, we examined the data to explore the asymmetric impact of blockholders ownership on liquidity in the 148 firms for the period 2009 to 2018 from TSE. Our empirical results strongly rejected the null hypothesis of linearity, and the test for no remaining nonlinearity indicated a model with one transition function and two threshold parameters. The first regime (levels of blockholders ownership below 36.1 percent) showed that liquidity increases with institutional ownership while the trend was reversed in the second regime (levels of blockholders ownership above 36.1 percent). Blockholders are inherently good or bad for the capital market because their impact varies from diet to regimen, and it seems to be dependent on the percentage of ownership of blockholders and corporate characteristics.

A better understanding of the earning downside risk (default risk) can increase the power of analysis and decision making by investors, stockholders and other users. Better corporate governance is expected to promote good firm performance and reduce default risk because of anticipated reduction in agency cost. The risk management and the corporate governance become critical and important due to the financial turmoil and scandals in recent decades. Using a panel data multiple regression, by 114 firms for the period 2014 to 2018 (570 firm-year) from Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE), this paper explores whether or not a corporate governance mechanism, are associated with its earning downside risk. Our results show that good corporate governance proxies as institutional ownership and non-executive managers reduces downside risk. Likely because their decision-making is more transparent than that of firms without these characteristics. We suggest board and ownership structure can be taken into account for the evaluation of earning downside risk.

The credit risk in banks is a function of the profitability and quality of bank assets. Moreover, cost stickiness also affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. To achieve the research aims, is to explore relationship between cost stickiness and banks credit risk were tested and analyzed is based on pooling data from 21 banks in duration 2012-2019. The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between cost stickiness and banks credit risk. In other words, with increasing the cost stickiness, the quality of assets decreases, earnings volatility increases and thus increases the banks credit risk. This study, employing cost stickiness tries to introduce a new index in literature factors of affecting banks credit risk. Since much of the cost behavior is driven by personal motivation and the ability of managers, it is suggested that future research be used as a moderating factor in this relationship

The managers’ sticky expectations is due to opportunistic behaviors. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore relationship between managers’ sticky expectations and earning management with regard to non-executive managers. The analysis is based on pooling data and multiple regression from 131 firms in duration 2012-2018. show that there is a significant relationship between the managers’ sticky expectations and earnings management. Also, non-executive managers effect on relationship between managers’ sticky expectations and earnings management. Managers employed the earnings management owing to their expected goals. Based on agency theory, non-executive managers have considered as a controlling and monitoring mechanism. This role can leads to modifying of relationship between managers’ sticky expectations and earnings management.Contribution: This study tries to fill the theoretical gap between board structure and earnings management literature in Iranian companies. In this regard, due to the potential conflicts between managers and other stakeholders, it is expected that the next enhancement of managers’ monitoring role by increasing the number of non-executive managers may moderate the earnings management.

The purpose of this paper is to explore relationship between board compensation and risk taking with regard to CEO duality in the banking industry. Using a panel data regression model, with regard to optimal contracting and managerial power theory, we examined the data to determine the relationship between board compensation and risk taking of twenty one banks, for the period 2012 to 2018. Result show that, there is a negative and significantly relationship between board compensation and risk taking. Since the cash-based compensation is associated with the bank's debt payment and, therefore, it can reduce the risk-taking behavior of the board as a result of losing their income. However, in the presence of CEO duality as moderate variable, the relationship between board compensation and risk in the banking industry have not been seen. The findings can contribute to the creation of a board compensation payment structure in which the cash-based compensation plays a critical role to prevent excessive risk. It is suggested that other corporate governance mechanisms such as audit committee, percentage of executive and non-executive directors, etc. be considered on the relationship between compensation and risk.