zahra sadat saeideh zarabadi

Introduction :

The dominance of exchange value over the use value of land[1] and inefficiency in the preparation and allocation of the irreplaceable resource of land in raw and undeveloped form has intensified speculation, intentions, and Commercialist Behaviors towards it. This trend has led to redistributive rent-seeking and has fueled urban space development in line with it[2]. Therefore, over the past decades, unconventional spatial development has caused a break in the continuous spatial structure of cities. So, in the next 30 years, with the doubling of the urban population in developing countries, the built-up land area will triple the current area [4]. Therefore, in the not-too-distant future (by 2030), we will face a predominantly urban world that will exploit the earth beyond its ecological capacity to meet its needs [5]. In this regard, it can be said that despite various models and approaches, not only has the area of land and housing rent not subsided, but the growth of commercialism has also affected the areas of economy, development, laws and regulations, welfare and quality of life, equality in access to services, and transparency in affairs. [7]. Therefore, considering the background and results of research conducted in the form of models, hybrid and network approaches, as well as the smart urban growth strategy, it is necessary to present and explain “a systematic and smart strategy to control the areas of rent in urban land and housing.” Therefore, in line with the primary goal of the research, what makes the strategy for controlling land and urban housing rents systematic and smart is a more precise redefinition of the conceptual dimensions, patterns, and studies in the field of smart growth that have an effect size in their results regarding the control of land and housing rents. The present study reviewed the concept of “ Effectiveness of the Theories of Smart Growth In Controlling Urban Land and Housing Rent.”

In this study, considering the title and nature of the research, the third version of the meta-analysis method was used to analyze the data. Therefore, the existing literature on the effectiveness of smart growth theories in controlling land rent and urban housing has been reviewed based on the guidelines, checklist, and 4-phase flow chart of the systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA). In total, based on the study inclusion criteria, 391 systematic studies, mainly in English, were found between 2024 and 1970. Then, in the screening stage, by placing the studies in a specific protocol (applying data entry and exit criteria), finally 204 study samples in the field of “Efficiency of smart growth in controlling land rent and urban housing” were analyzed using the meta-analysis method. Also, according to the study and analysis of the effect size of the variables based on Cohen’s criterion (1988), the effect size of the nine research concepts was recorded as contributing factors in explaining the divergence and convergence of the study results regarding the status of land rent and urban housing, respectively. In the following, the correlation code of each “smart urban growth” theory with the research variable emerged based on the WH question table. Finally, the data from each study, previously set up in Excel format, were imported into the CMA spreadsheet with “Ctrl-V.” In the final stage of categorizing the content of each study, the following items were considered:1. Has the efficiency of smart growth been checked to control the fields of land and housing rent?2. Is it in accordance with the nine dimensions of the concept of efficiency of smart growth?

Based on the heterogeneity analysis and Cochran’s Q test, also considering the significance level of 0.05, the hypothesis H0 of the study that the effect size of the studies is the same is rejected, and preferably a random model with P-value = 0.000 and ES =.747 was used for the research analysis. Also, the results are I_Squared = 99.810. The value is close to 100 and indicates more significant heterogeneity in the effect size of the original studies. Examination of the Begg and Mazumder rank correlation test and Egger’s regression intercept test shows that the distribution of effect sizes of individual studies is not symmetrical, and 43 small studies bias the funnel plot of the study. Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill approach was implemented to fix the gap in CMA, and this study gap was hypothetically repaired and added to the analysis. In the analysis of the Nfs: Classical fail-safe N index statistic, the value of this statistic indicates that after 2270 non-significant studies enter the analysis process, the calculated effect size will become non-significant, and an error will occur in the final results of the calculations, and analyses. This situation indicates the high accuracy and precision of the information and results of this research. Therefore, the overall effect size is reliable, and publication bias does not threaten the results. Considering the results of the tests and also the regression analysis of the conceptual dimensions of the research and the interaction status of the essential components of the efficiency of smart growth in controlling the fields of land rent and urban housing, it can be said that the unsystematic and unbalanced attention of the studies to the nine conceptual dimensions of the research is evident. So that the conceptual dimensions of “Smart governance or democracy,” “Smart citizen,” “Smart dynamism,” and “Social equality for access to services,” respectively, have the most significant effect and intervention towards the reduction of land and housing rent, And the conceptual dimensions of “Citizens Oriented Smart Urban Space Conventional Development “, “ Transparency “, “Amendment of Corrupt Laws & Contracts”, “Smart economy” and “Smart life” have had the least effect and intervention in reducing land and housing rent, respectively.

According to the results of the tests and also the regression analysis of the conceptual dimensions of the research and the interaction status of the basic components of the efficiency of smart growth in controlling the fields of land rent and urban housing, in general, it can be said that research lacking effect sizes, individual perspectives of researchers, and neglect of the systematicity of the conceptual dimensions effective in controlling the fields of land rent and housing, methodological gaps, less systematic analyses, theoretical limitations, and insufficient mechanisms for applying research results have been the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of the results of each study in controlling the fields of land rent and housing, and as a result, its continuation and intensification in its spread. In this regard, the current research with a superior perspective, a comprehensive model that all effective concepts (Smart governance or democracy, Smart citizen, Smart dynamism, Social equality for access to services, Citizens Smart Urban Space Conventional Development‏, Transparency, reform of Corrupt Laws & Contracts, Smart economy, and Smart life) It has been presented systematically and without partiality, as a different type of the effectiveness of smart growth theories in controlling the fields of land rent and urban housing. Therefore, researchers’ attention to all nine conceptual dimensions of research can lead to monitoring and control of land and housing rents in the form of a systematic and smart strategy and serve as a smarter and more integrated model of systematic management and control of land and housing rents in cities.

Physical heritage, cultural diversity and richness of arts are the support for the development of creative tourism in cities, but unfortunately, in Iran, the concept of creative tourism has not been addressed in a practical way, especially in historical contexts. The purpose of this research is to design the model of drivers for the development of creative tourism in historical contexts with the approach of start-up businesses (case study: Rasht city). The research is a mixed research in terms of method. In the qualitative part of the research, the foundational data theory method was used, and in the quantitative part, the structural equation modeling method was used, in order to collect data, in-depth interview tool was used in the qualitative part and semi-structured questionnaire was used in the quantitative part. The statistical population of the research includes managers of three levels of knowledge-based companies and science and technology parks, and specialists in the fields of creative industries, urban planning, and tourism. Sampling in the qualitative part was stratified sampling and in the quantitative part, sampling was done using random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The findings of the research have been presented in the form of a model, which has two main dimensions of drivers of new businesses (with coefficient β=0.459) and drivers of creative tourism in historical contexts (with coefficient β=0.590), identifying and meaningful were located The results showed that creating a favorable environment for start-up businesses can lead to the development of creative tourism by these businesses.

Due to the growth of environmental crisis in the last two decades in human settlements in general and in cities in particular, thinkers and researchers in the field of environmental sciences have sought approaches and strategies that improve livability in cities. One of the most pervasive approaches, proposed to achieve the environmental dimensions of sustainable urban development, has been the return of humans to nature under the name of biophilia. However, no coherent and comprehensive research has been done on how this concept affects the livability and quality of urban life. In this regard, this study has been conducted with the aim of identifying how biophilic dimensions affect the perception of people in cities regarding the quality of their lives.

To achieve this goal, after reviewing two concepts, biophilia in cities and the quality of urban life, the conceptual model of the research was explained and surveyed using a questionnaire in the city of Ramsar in northern Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey with regard to a method. The city of Ramsar was selected as a study site due to its special natural richness and at the same time the rapid growth of human structures and the destruction of natural spaces. The study sample includes 384 citizens of Ramsar based on the Cochran's formula. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in smartpls software.

The conceptual model of research based on biophilic indicators includes four factors: "necessary infrastructures and conditions", "biophilic activities", "biophilic attitudes and awareness" and "biophilic organizations and institutions". The results showed that the three factors "physical form", "biophilic organizations" and "biophilic attitudes and awareness" as the most significant biophilic factors in affecting the quality of life of Ramsar citizens have been effective through a special mechanism.

Destruction of proportions and natural elements in recent years by unplanned constructions and inconsistencies between the physical form and natural elements in this city are known by citizens as the main reasons for the decline in the quality of life in this city. According to the citizens' mentality, the pervasiveness of biophilic attitudes and awareness will change the priorities of governance in cities and increase attention to nature. Moreover, the existence of biophilic attitudes and awareness among citizens will cause them to pay attention to their health. In general, in this process, the quality of life of citizens is gradually affected

Higher urbanization rate, the non-economic exploitation of land, and the unusual growth of urban spaces have significantly contributed to the accelerating pace of land and housing rent, with unsystematic controls making land and urban housing rent difficult, if not impossible. The present study aimed to revisit the concept of “Effectiveness of Theories of Controlling Land and Urban Housing Rent” using me-ta-analysis and systematic review methods. In this connection, articles in scientific databases were searched to investigate the theories of “Land and Housing Rent” us-ing meta-analysis and systematic review methods based on the four-stage model of PRISMA in nine conceptual dimensions. Initially, 300 articles from 2000 to 2022 were identified. Out of this, 149 final articles were selected to be included in the me-ta-analysis by data description in the CMA software, after being incorporated into a specialized protocol. Findings revealed that the combined average effect sizes (ES) of the fixed-effect model and the random-effect model were 0.243 and 0.233, re-spectively, both being statistically significant. The significance of two Cochran (Q-Test) and Squared (I2) indexes with a high heterogeneity showed the effectiveness of the nine variable-based interventions on reducing land and housing rent. According-ly, the selection of the random model as a meta-analysis model was confirmed. Test results, including high heterogeneity rates, high data accuracy, larger “Classic Fail-Safe N index” statistic, as well as the significant contribution of the nine variables to the interventions aimed at affecting land and housing rent were confirmed to be suf-ficiently valid and reliable and were regarded as comprehensive strategies. Finally, it was found that publication bias did not influence the results.

The construction of biophilic residential complexes is one of the new approaches to increasing the nature of the residents of residential complexes whose benefits will lead to better people's life. In recent years, in the field of architecture, biophilic residential architecture has been paid special attention and tries to consider the link between architecture and nature further. This study aims to investigate the theoretical modeling of the components affecting the biophilic design of the intervening spaces of residential complexes and the design of the relationships of these factors. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied results. A qualitative research approach was used through systematic review and purposive sampling to identify the studied components. In the section on interpretive structural modeling, expert academic opinions in architecture and Urbanism have been used through the Delphi method. Data collection tools are interviews and a two-way questionnaire, and a face validity criterion was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. The relationships between the components affecting the biophilic design of the spaces between residential complexes have been determined using a new analytical methodology called interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and analyzed seamlessly. The findings showed that the relationship with natural systems with nine penetration power is the most effective and the strongest motivator of the biophilic design of the spaces between residential complexes and acts as the underlying stone of the model. Also, the order and complexity component with the penetration power of 4 has the least effect.

In recent times, spatial critical studies have become well-established as an alternative to the positivist traditions of urban studies. This perspective views urban space as a socio-economic product that reflects the dominant political and economic conditions of society. Consequently, the spatial political economy approach serves as an appropriate framework to study built space, which is inherently a fundamental element of the capitalist mode of production and a commodity that contributes to economic growth, accumulation, and surplus value production. By conceptualising space as a commodity, it encompasses both exchange value and use value, becoming an inseparable attribute and driving force of the economy in generating surplus value. We explore the formation of value and the process of creating value within space production. We ask: What types of values are embedded in urban spaces? How have different forms of value been shaped and directed? Who is impacted by these values? And how can a balance between these values be achieved?

This paper aims to define the concept of value in the production of space and to recognise the formation of value embedded within it. Through a conceptual understanding of value, we explore the trends and controversies in the creation of the built environment, particularly the tendency to prioritise exchange value over use value. The methodology adopted combines interpretivism, with an emphasis on hermeneutic and normative approaches, and post-positivism, with a focus on critical approaches. The central premise is that understanding social realities is insufficient without considering political economy relations.

Employing a deductive strategy, we present several assumptions and observations in Tehran to develop a conceptual framework for creating value in the creation of space. For instance, housing is a clear example where use value is defined by its characteristics in providing a shelter and privacy, while its exchange value lies in its property value and economic driving force. In Tehran, however, with almost 350,000 to 500,000 vacant properties, housing prices have surged by more than 1200 percent in the last decade. This increase has led to social exclusion and poor housing conditions among the lower and middle social strata, indicating a shift from the social and use value of housing to exchange and capital value, effectively depriving housing of its social function. Furthermore, the inner city of Tehran, a historic area that should be vibrant with high-quality public spaces, has seen a predominance of commercial land use on a large scale. Supportive activities such as warehouses and workshops have dramatically reduced the quality of living and public life, resulting in physical dereliction of the urban fabric. This commercial dominance highlights the prioritisation of exchange value over use value, turning the area into one of the most problematic sites in terms of social decay. Similarly, shopping malls and commercial complexes have proliferated across Tehran in recent decades. Although these establishments serve recreational purposes and meet the public’s daily needs, their genuine function has been altered by the restrictions and controls imposed on them. These fully privatised spaces lack publicness, and their inappropriate locations have caused issues for neighbouring residents. This again illustrates the dominance of exchange value, adjusting public spaces to maximise profit at the expense of social value.

The research findings reveal that a coalition of urban political actors and capital holders has formed a consensus to transform urban space into a platform for profit-making and the acquisition of exchange value. However, urban space is also a public realm for citizens, who should be given primacy in terms of use value. In this context, it is crucial to prioritise use value in our urban spaces, or at least to regain a balance between exchange and use values, to prevent disparities in spatial development and enhance the quality of the built environment. In order to achieve spatial and social justice and improve the quality of the built environment, the gap between exchange value and use value must be bridged by balancing the interests arising from both values. As long as the development of urban spaces is driven solely by exchange value and financial profits, disregarding public interests and social value, the decline in the quality of public places is inevitable. Given that the market and investors invariably pursue higher profit margins, urban planners and policymakers must identify and address stakeholders’ concerns and needs, especially the intangible ones, to foster the creation of inclusive urban spaces.

Nowadays, one of the factors that cause confusion and visual clutter is the presence of urban facades with an abnormal appearance. This heterogeneity is more visible in the facades of Iranian cities, especially in Tehran and in the vicinity of the main local streets. It is crucial to deal with the issue of which parts of the facade have caused visual clutter and to determine the most effective visual component of the facade in this regard. The current research has been carried out to explain the position of facade architectural components and their effect in creating visual clutter and compare the effects in urban and single facades. The present research method is a case study, survey, and coding. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the effects of extensions, materials, windows, forms, style and ornaments, lines, and doors in creating visual clutter of the urban and single facade were investigated. In order to identify and compare the effects of components, questionnaires and field studies were used, and SPSS software and Friedman's test were used for analysis and ranking. The method followed in this research is innovative in the field of pathology and provides a model for the studies of the pathology of facades. The results of the research show that the difference between the impact of the criteria in creating visual clutter of the urban and single-facade and different sub-criteria of the single-facade and urban facade components are effective in creating visual clutter. By analyzing the results of Friedman's test, it was determined that the lines in the urban facade with a score of 5.28. and Extensions in a single facade with a score of 5/20. They have the greatest effect in causing visual clutter. Moreover, it has the least impact on creating visual clutter in the urban facade and single-façade door.

The utilization of natural ventilation in urban canyon plays a substantial role in lessening energy consumption and heat island effects. Therefore, the determination of suitable street canyon form is very influential. Due to rapid urbanization, industrial activities and massive construction in Shiraz during the recent years, it is inevitable to investigate the new development effects. The aim of this study is to investigate how strategic urban design can influence natural urban ventilation through the analysis of wind flow simulations, with the goal of informing urban planning. This study aims to numerically simulate air flow, heat transfer and solar radiation over a large-scale buildings at different altitudes in Hosseini Al-Hashemi Expressway, Shiraz, Iran by using Ansys Fluent. According to the solution method of this research, after obtaining the initial solution using the k-ε model, the problem was switched to the LES method, and the final solution was solved by this method. In addition, convective, conductive, and radiation flows were calculated through the governing equations of fluid dynamics using Monte Carlo model. The results show that the blocked flow at 2 m height was released at 25 m height due to a larger eddy. It can be concluded that the design of the urban canyon located next to the busy highway, effectively repels heat and has good ventilation.

One of the prominent characteristics of Iranian architecture is the simultaneous presence of three types of open, semi-open and closed spaces. After the 1940s, due to the civility crisis, the dignity of the house was reduced to the lowest functional level. The loss of semi-open spaces such as a veranda or a spring was affected by this crisis. After that, an element called the balcony replaced these spaces, which today has become a problem for the facade of the building and the appearance of the city due to the lack of privacy, the appearance of a mistake in the interior space of the building, the unsuitable climatic location, and the small area and lack of practicalityThe facade, as the external shell of the building, is one of the important and effective elements on the aesthetics of the urban view. One of the main elements of the facade is the balcony, which has become the cause of visual confusion in neighborhoods and cities today. The purpose of this research is to observe how the residents use the balcony and how it affects the landscape of the neighborhood. This research is of qualitative-interpretive type, research strategy, case study and data collection was done by field method. In this research, 20 medium-rise residential buildings built in the 90s, consisting of 100 balconies, were selected in the Darya neighborhood of District 2, Tehran. how they were used by users was analyzed. The results of the research indicate that 36% of the balconies were left unchanged and and did not affect the facade of the building and the neighborhood. 18% of the balconies are closed by glass, 12% are placed on installations, 9% are closed by fences and guards, and 2% are used to store waste.

The criteria and indicators affecting the behavior of urban entrepreneurial places and the policies of forming such places should be derived from the change in the structure of plans and strategies of urban places and spaces. However, these changes have been faced only with regard to previous approaches and past experiences without interacting with the main approaches affecting behavioral roots in the formation of urban entrepreneur places. Therefore, realistic studies and policy-making with regard to modern global systems on places and spaces that are prone to development and progress, as well as places that have the ability to be improved and revitalized, are imagined more than ever. Therefore, in line with its goals, this research has provided a tool for developing a conceptual framework based on the interaction of two approaches "innovation ecosystem and natural urban ecosystem" with the help of metacombination method, the results of which is the emergence of new knowledge in creating entrepreneurial places in interaction with urban regeneration. . The findings of this article, by focusing on the concepts and criteria obtained from the two approaches, led to the extraction of 4 components, the extracted components integrate records of interventions, characteristics, mutual relationships, resources, views, policies and concepts of the two approaches and The solution has presented the fields of change in the behavior of formation and creation of dynamic and efficient places. The results of socio-cultural communication, the promotion and development of the welfare of the civil society, the impact of intelligent systems on the civil and economic society, and finally the positive impact of knowledge and education on human and cultural behaviors have been presented. Therefore, this research can be considered as a tested example for the foundation of conducting research in the future.

Today, although urban societies have become more introverted and private with the expansion of communication technologies, and subsequently, urban spaces, as the most important centers of vitality and collective life, have been threatened, but still ,there is a need to provide facilities in order to more vitality the mentioned spaces as much as possible. "Vitality" is a concept with a "qualitative", "abstract" and "mental" nature, which can be considered as including all the spatial qualities in an urban space or place. Despite the importance and position of this concept in improving the quality of urban life, it has not been conceptualized accurately so far. In the domestic field, most of the previous researches have studied urban vitality based on quantitative approaches and have not contributed to the conceptualization of urban vitality from this point of view. with the aim of limiting the mentioned knowledge gap, this research tries to investigate urban vitality through a theoretical-fundamental and qualitative study and take an effective step towards conceptualizing it as a "whole". Based on this, in the first level of research, based on the world theoretical literature, the two concepts of "vitality" and "urban vitality" are explained. Then, in the second level, with the help of text content analysis, the dimensions, criteria and indicators of urban vitality are explained and used in compiling the "dynamic model of vitality at the scale of urban spaces".

After selecting 25 relevant sources, data related to the vitality of urban spaces were collected and classified through a three-step process. In the first step, phrases and words reflecting indicators of urban vitality were selected and labeled with a theme (open coding). In the second step, through constant comparison, similar and related themes were placed in a conceptual class and formed 15 categories (axial coding). In the third step, themes and categories were classified and related in the form of three dimensions (selective coding). Finally, the dynamic conceptual model of vitality at the scale of urban space was developed in the form of a schematic diagram.

The proposed conceptual model is presented in the form of a schematic diagram, including 3 dimensions, 15 criteria and 55 indicators, which conceptualize urban vitality on the scale of urban space and it can be used to measure or evaluate the vitality of urban spaces. This model has the ability to be developed (especially at the level of indicators) in future researches. In addition to the proposed indices, in relation to each index, an index called "contextual index" has been predicted, which may be able to take into account the specific conditions (social, cultural, political, etc.) of the city. This model, considering the two factors of "time" and "contextual indicators" is considered a dynamic and acceptable model that can be used in various fields and cultures.

Among the most important findings of the upcoming research, the following can be mentioned:Unlike most of the previous researches (both domestic and foreign) that have presented urban vitality as one-dimensional and generally derived from diversity (activity and social), the current research considers urban vitality as "One whole" includes a set of multiple and interrelated factors to improve the quality of the environment and the quality of life.Seven interrelated key factors play a role in explaining urban vitality: 1) movement and dynamism, 2) events, 3) context for emergence, 4) accessibility, 5) urban diversity, 6) city energy, 7 ) active street life.The process of creating urban vitality can be conceptualized in the form of a three-component model, which is based on attention to the dialectic and the relationship between the three elements of "human", "space" and "activity". These elements are respectively related to 3 dimensions "cognitive-semantic", "physical-environmental" and "functional-management".

Localization of development agency based on unique civilizational-cultural characteristics is one of the concerns and challenges facing urban planners in policy making in Iran. The purpose of this study is to extract and analyze those factors of urban morphology in local studies that have been evaluated as effective on social vulnerability in order to reach a clear definition of the dimensions, components and elements of each of them.

Based on the purpose, this research is applied-developmental, and with a quantitative approach, meta-analysis method has been used to extract the influential criteria and components of urban morphology on social vulnerability.

results show that urban morphology is influenced by the four aspects of: urban economy, transportation management and urban logistics, macro policies of horizontal and vertical development of the city and the urbanization paradigm. Social damage caused by urban form affected by land use management, roads geometry, type of texture in terms of wear and tear, geometry of filled and empty masses and creation of voids, transparency and readability of urban texture, vitality, accessibility and lighting of roads at night, the degree of realization of spatial justice It is for all sections of society and safety in the urban space during natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes.

The main approaches to the studies of the dimensions and components of urban morphology are physical, local-climatic, environmental perception and behavioral sciences, historical and geographical, economic-political, social sciences, humanities and cultural-contextual dimensions.

The most obvious characteristic of the historical textures of the cities is the valuable tangible and intangible urban heritage and the available and important capacities, which are neglected by the decision-makers. Heritage tourism is considered one of the important tools for regeneration the historical contexts of cities due to its role in creating competitive advantages on a national and local scale. This role takes into consideration the protection and development of historical textures. The use of heritage tourism in historical areas can help the successful urban regeneration of these tissues. The current research aims to identify the existing assets and capacities in the field of heritage tourism and have a reading on the model of heritage tourism in regeneration the historical texture of Shiraz. This research is derived from the paradigm of interpretivism, its approach is inductive, the type of research is applied-developmental and its nature is descriptive-analytical, and it falls under the category of qualitative approaches, the method of collecting data is documentary, survey and purposeful sampling. Its data analysis is also based on open, central and selective coding, and the strategies of the Grounded Theory were used to explain the pattern. In this research, in order to achieve its goals, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts who included beneficiaries and users, influencers and stakeholders. Based on the foundational data theory, the collected documents were analyzed in 175 open codes, 131 concepts, 49 subcategories and 15 main categories. The result of the reading shows that the model of heritage tourism in regeneration the historical context of Shiraz should consider education, cultural, social and religious tourism, physical tourism, event-oriented, traditional values, spiritual heritage and social cohesion, at the same time. With it, capacity-building, pattern-making, promotion and encouragement, interaction, cooperation and action in the context of drafting and revising national and local laws, facilitating and mediating, facilitating and empowering the field of physical creativity, public participation and social vitality, and resulting to strengthen physical, cultural and social identity.

      The most obvious characteristic of the historical textures of the cities is the valuable tangible and intangible urban heritage and the available and important capacities, which are neglected by the decision-makers. Due to its role in creating new jobs and creating competitive advantages on a national and local scale, tourism is considered one of the important tools for regeneration historical contexts. By strengthening tourism, it is possible to achieve the protection of historical textures. Using tourism in historical areas can help solve urban problems and achieve successful urban regeneration of these areas. Heritage tourism is the redevelopment of an area with historical and cultural values, an inevitable process of urban development. The historical texture of Shiraz, has the most valuable spiritual characteristics such as cultural identity, specific cultural patterns, social and cultural authenticity, unique economic capacities and with specific patterns of architecture and urban planning, physical identity. However, the tourism capacities of the historical texture of Shiraz metropolis as one of the largest and richest historical and cultural centers of the country have been neglected. Therefore, this research seeks to identify the existing assets and capacities in the field of heritage tourism and have a reading on the model of heritage tourism in regeneration the historical texture of Shiraz

      This research is derived from the paradigm of interpretivism, its approach is inductive, the type of research is applied-developmental and its nature is descriptive-analytical, and it falls under the category of qualitative approaches, the method of collecting data is documentary, survey and purposeful sampling. Its data analysis is also based on open, central and selective coding, and the strategies of the Grounded Theory were used to explain the pattern. In this research, in order to achieve its goals, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts who included beneficiaries and users, influencers and stakeholders. Based on the foundational data theory, the collected documents were analyzed in 175 open codes, 131 concepts, 49 subcategories and 15 main categories.

       In the heritage tourism reading of the model of regeneration the historical texture of Shiraz, five categories of education, cultural, social and religious tourism, physical tourism, event-centered, traditional values ​​and spiritual heritage, and social cohesion were identified as effective causal conditions. In this model, causal conditions include categories that affect the formation of the central category. Strategies for the realization of the central category, which are specific actions and interactions that have resulted from the central category, and in this model, people's participation, social vitality, and physical creativity. Fields have also been introduced as special conditions that affect strategies, facilitation and mediation, facilitation and empowerment, formulation and review of national and local laws. The intervention conditions in this model, which are the general background conditions affecting the strategies, are capacity building, pattern making, promotion and encouragement, interaction, cooperation and action. The consequences of the model of this research are physical identity, cultural and social identity.

      The historical texture of cities with historical and cultural attractions are neglected by decision makers and decision-makers, heritage tourism is one of the significant approaches in recreating historical contexts, which plays a very important role in economic, physical, social and It has a culture. A careful reading of this role should be placed in the agenda of the trustees so that it can consider the protection and development of historical contexts in a balanced way and have effective results in the regeneration of historical texture. In the historical context of cities, especially in the city of Shiraz, in the study of heritage tourism, event-oriented category, traditional values ​​and spiritual heritage, we should focus on historical stories and narratives, capitals and spiritual heritage, traditional and old values ​​of the context, events and Historical and cultural rituals should be emphasized and efforts should be made to inform about these events and values, documentaries, multimedia productions and storytelling. Also, education and training of tourism capacities of historical context should be taken into consideration. In the category of social, cultural and religious tourism, by using the capacity of creative houses, efforts should be made to identify, strengthen the attractions and recreational and tourism capacities, and introduce the religious and special attractions of the historical texture of Shiraz. The category of physical tourism, the diverse architecture of historical houses and the definition of tourism should be emphasized
In order to read the role of heritage tourism in recreating historical contexts, especially in the city of Shiraz, in the context of facilitation and mediation by defining the duties of facilitator and mediator, fulfilling the role and reassuring people in heritage tourism should be emphasized, also in the category of drafting and revising national laws. And local attention should be paid to the review of municipal laws and cultural heritage and to fix the museum's view of historical contexts, and in the category of facilitating and giving authority, he paid attention to facilitating and delegating national authority to the provinces in carrying out context actions. At the same time, capacity building should be considered by formulating a comprehensive plan for the regeneration and flexible registration of the historical context, modeling, promoting and encouraging all-round participation in preserving the context's facilities, social activism and interaction with policy makers, inter-institutional cooperation in the implementation of various matters. The context and connection of activists with the media should be emphasized. The emergence of heritage tourism with physical creativity is possible by showing creativity, depicting events, making spaces attractive and creating stories, producing old architectural and artistic materials, and popular participation and social vitality in preserving the heritage of localities, the result of which is strengthening the physical, cultural and Social according to the identification and strengthening of physical assets, content-oriented patterns, memory generation, artistic cultural needs of the fabric, culture building, preservation of the original residents, the heritage of ordinary citizens and the prosperity of the traditional way of life in the valuable historical texture of Shiraz.

Human life and the historical course of civilization have always been subjected to concepts such as justice and equality. Although the concept of justice is more than fair distribution and is considered a kind of social value, due to its content, there is no universal definition of justice, and it takes on different meanings depending on the social and geographical conditions. However, spatial justice theories emphasize its spatiality. Today, with the rapid growth of urbanism and excessive attention on the planning process, spatial inequalities derived from social and economic inequalities lead to the collapse of the balance of urban systems, the lack of content of urban planning measures, and unbalanced and unequal access to the district. Therefore, since the spatial organization in cities is influenced by the economic, social, political and cultural functions of the society, if these structures are formed based on justice, we will witness its impact in urban spaces, and its consequences can be spatial justice, and He pointed out equality in the distribution of services and resources in cities. In fact, spatial justice is the fair distribution of socially valuable resources such as power, environmental goods, and social services throughout space. In the public sphere, social claims can be negotiated and discussed, allowing multiple voices to be heard in the city. According to Michel Foucault, what sustains power and makes it acceptable is the fact that this power is productive, induces pleasure, shapes knowledge, and produces discourse. So it should be considered productive. A network that passes through the entire social body. With these words, the concept of a justice city can be studied in terms of its relationship with the two concepts of knowledge (truth) and power (Expediency), and by expanding Foucault's knowledge-power theory, it discussed whether the justice-centered city is based on Is communication action and Foucault's theory possible to be realized in the real world that has conflicting interests and complex power relations? The current research tries to find the theoretical foundations of justice and its roots in line with the concepts of spatial justice and the justice-centered city, emphasizing Foucault's theory of knowledge and power, to investigate the relationship between these two concepts in the urban space. 

 This research is an applied-developmental research. The general strategy of this research is a combined strategy that uses a different and separate research strategy for each topic of the research. Thus, in the theoretical part of the research, using the qualitative approach and based on the library method, the concepts of the justice-centered city and its spatial and physical components are explained, and then by referring to Foucault's works in knowledge-power theory and others. Thinkers in power, the place of this theory in urban planning have been studied and finally, the theoretical framework and conceptual model of the research based on the relationship between the two sides of spatial justice and knowledge-power in urban planning has been presented. Also, the special strategy will be narrative and analysis, and the type of theory in this research is content-proof. The indicators obtained in this research are based on the theoretical framework including spatial knowledge, guidance and control, and participation, as well as the statistical population including the citizens of Rasht city, which was randomly sampled from the statistical population of citizens. Cochran's formula and Morgan's table were used to determine the sample size, and the sample size was equal to 384 people. The statistical results are presented in two topics, descriptive findings and inferential findings. In the descriptive topic, the main variables were explained and interpreted using frequency statistics, mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage, and in the inferential topic, the research model was investigated using the structural equation modeling technique. The average of the factors was evaluated with one-sample T-test, the ranking of factors was done with Friedman's ranking test, the comparison of districts in terms of spatial-physical components of the city of justice was done with the one-way analysis of variance test, and the comparison of the existing and desired situation with A one-sample T-test was performed. Data analysis was done with Smart PLS version 3 and SPSS version 27 software. The maximum error level of Crombach's alpha for hypothesis testing was considered being 0.05 (p<0.05).

The results show that because of the content of justice, there is no universal definition of it, and the concept of justice takes on different meanings depending on the social and geographical conditions. However, researchers emphasize that the material and non-material benefits of public policy should be distributed fairly. This point shows that planning is the product of power and politics. Urban planning, especially land use planning, is no exception to this. In fact, it is accepted by the public that citizens do not have much control over the forces that form the environment, and the changers, decision makers, creators and organizers of the environment are not citizens, but a group that changes the environment and makes decisions about it in the shadow and vaguely. The consequences of this trend lead to the privatization of urban spaces and injustice in the spatial organization of cities. Therefore, justice-oriented urban planning is a critical discourse against power inequality (poverty, corruption and discrimination) in urban spaces and a political effort against the privatization of public spaces for the benefit of capital.

The present research states that for the principled movement of planning, it is necessary to identify the role of effective powers and forces in the society. In fact, justice-oriented cities improve the quality of life in cities by providing an empowering framework for urban actors. Therefore, understanding the dominant power structure and creating a control and monitoring system using technical knowledge and popular participation can lead to achieving a justice-oriented city based on the knowledge-power theory. The quality of life and the distribution of opportunities are two prominent axes of spatial and physical justice, which crystallizes in the majority of distributive justice and structural justice in the city. Also, Foucault's analysis of the space of the modern era emphasizes how specific spaces are produced, designed, constructed, controlled and regulated by disciplinary discourses and power-knowledge technologies. In the knowledge-power theory, Michel Foucault considers space to be the producer of power relations, which shows its influence in different ways, and believes that power flows in space and no space can exist without power flows. Therefore, planning is a mechanism that connects with the urban space through physical-spatial justice.

The findings obtained from the analysis show that almost all the components and indicators of the city of justice are lower than the average in all districts of the city of Rasht. However, spatial knowledge or technical rationality to some extent has obtaineda higher average in the city level than the other two components, guidance- control and participation. However, district 2, which forms the central fabric of the city, has the highest level of spatial knowledge component, which means the highest level of balance, diversity and spatial capability, the highest level of guidance and control, which means the highest level of visibility and regulation, and the highest level of participation, which means the highest level of monitoring and networking. And district 4, which often has an unplanned texture, has the lowest amount of these indicators. Finally, it can be concluded that by identifying the components of physical-spatial justice based on the theory of knowledge of power and the relationship between them, planning can be done through spatial knowledge (technical rationality) and by creating balance, diversity and capabilities. Spatially and by moving towards more complete forms of decision-making to reduce the intensity of injustice. Therefore, planning can be done by producing a disciplinary space toward guidance and control (discipline) and in line with the purposeful regulation of life by using concepts such as visibility and regulation in disciplinary spaces such as cities, streets, public uses, etc., To act toward social equality and influence the power of activists. Also, through participation (influence on choices) and considering the role of networks as relationships between forces and communication links, as well as the politics of difference and resistance, and the participation of weaker groups in decision-making, as well as the participation of disciplinary institutions from such as local governments, social representatives, local participants, etc., to play a positive role in liberation and standing. Finally, it can be said that understanding the dominant power structure and creating a control and monitoring system using technical knowledge and people's participation can lead to achieving a justice-oriented city based on the knowledge-power theory.

This article has tried to identify and cluster the effective requirements on the design of biophilic architecture of interurban spaces in the first phase of Ekbatan settlement of Tehran, using the method of structural analysis. Theoretical data has been prepared by documentary method and experimental data by survey method based on Delphi technique. The statistical samples were 20 urban experts and specialists who were selected by snowball sampling method. 55 primary drivers in 6 statistical categories and identified by structural interaction analysis method were processed in MICMAC software. According to the results of the general dispersion pattern of the studied requirements, in terms of mutual effects analysis, it indicates the state of an unstable environmental system in which the design requirements of biophilic interspaces are complex and intermediate in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness, and the requirements are more concentrated in the cluster of independent factors. General patterns, composition of components and habitats and ecosystems have been ranked first to third by obtaining the direct influence of 311, 296 and 278, respectively, and as the most key requirements for the design of biophilic interspaces in the phase 1 residential complex of Ekbatan settlement, Tehran. were chosen. General patterns, composition of components, habitats and ecosystems, inspiration from nature, geographical connection to the place, ecological connection to the place, building form, space as shape and form, coordinating factor of shape and spatial form, natural light, defining spaces. Inside and outside, light and shade, and growth and effectiveness were selected as 13 key requirements for the design of biophilic interspaces in the residential complex of phase 1 of Ekbatan. Key forces in terms of system performance in the design system environment have a role of high effectiveness and low effectiveness. As a result, as stable requirements, it controls the macro state of the system and its changes; The key requirements of the entrance effect of the design system of biophilic spaces in the residential complex of phase 1 of Ekbatan town of Tehran are considered.

Knowledge is one of the most important resources for competition and development in today's economy. Therefore, knowledge-based cities are considered as a suitable solution for economic growth and development of regions and improving the quality of life in the 21st century. The main goal of this research is to formulate solid theoretical foundations regarding the impact of knowledge-based cities on regional development and the micro-goal is to identify the components and criteria of a knowledge-based city in order to achieve a proposed local framework for knowledge-based urban development in Pardis city. The research philosophy is pragmatism with a positive orientation and analytical research method, and the research approach is based on the nature of the data in a combined (inductive and deductive) manner.In this research, in order to reach a proposed local framework for the development of a knowledge-based city, it explains and evaluates the components and criteria of a knowledge-based city in Pardis city. In order to achieve this goal, the desired components and criteria were determined using documentary studies and theoretical and experimental bases, and a questionnaire with 65 items was distributed among the decision-making group consisting of 40 members of the target group, using the Delphi method. The z-score method was used to extract the best indicators, and the weight of the components and criteria was calculated based on the Likert spectrum and the best-best method. In the following, the research questions were answered, which are the criteria and indicators necessary to transform Pardis city into a knowledge-based city and what will be their priority to achieve a successful knowledge-based city.In fact, six social, economic, managerial, perceptual, spatial organization and urban infrastructure components were defined as the proposed components for knowledge-based urban development and their related indicators. The results of the research show that the economic component with a score of 0.42 is in the first place, the social and cultural component is in the second place with a score of 0.35 and the urban infrastructure component is in the third place with a score of 0.21 in terms of importance in Pardis city and in line with every One of the mentioned components, the indicators related to them were prioritized and necessary proposals were presented to transform Pardis city into a knowledge-based city with the aim of regional development

The concept of Knowledge-Based Urban Development (KBUD) is gaining popularity among urban scholars, emerging as a focal point of research interest that connects planners, economists, geographers, and other social scientists. This study delves into the KBUD features of Qazvin, tracing its journey towards becoming a knowledge city. With its universities, knowledge workers, and knowledge industries, Qazvin boasts a high capacity and potential for knowledge city status. The study explores the critical connections between Qazvin’s sources, internal capabilities, and KBUD. Utilizing qualitative content analysis, data were collected from documentaries, libraries, affiliate organizations in Qazvin, and the statistical agency. Experimental data were gathered through a survey employing the Delphi method. Meta-SWOT and PESTEL analyses were applied to process information and formulate KBUD strategies. While Qazvin possesses the foundations for a knowledge city, it exhibits deficiencies in various indicators. The research findings highlight Qazvin’s abundant sources and internal capabilities, such as the Science and Technology Park, KBUD vision, knowledge workers, and the creative class, which play invaluable roles in the city’s development as a knowledge hub. Conversely, weaknesses in urban research and development, coupled with economic downturns, pose significant barriers and threats to this endeavor.

The acceleration of decision-making processes within urban planning has instigated significant transformations across various facets of cities, encompassing economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. Consequently, heightened emphasis has been directed towards the cultivation of urban entrepreneurial environments as instrumental mechanisms for enhancing societal decision-making capabilities. Recognizing the pivotal role of this approach in fostering sociocultural and entrepreneurial dynamics within urban settings, the imperative to organize vibrant locales, currently grappling with formidable challenges and deficient planning strategies, has become increasingly pronounced. Aligned with its defined objective, the present study employs the meta-synthesis method to articulate a conceptual model aimed at elucidating the interplay between the "urban regeneration" and "urban entrepreneurial ecosystem" paradigms in the formation of entrepreneurial locales. To ascertain the qualitative criteria and components, the Delphi technique was utilized to validate the criteria derived from the applied quantitative methodology, thereby achieving a more precise validation grounded in expert opinions. Through an in-depth exploration of the core tenets and principles underpinning these two pivotal approaches, the findings of this study culminated in the identification of six components encapsulating the attributes, interdependencies, intervention modalities, constituents, resources, recommendations, perspectives, policies, and conceptual frameworks germane to the synergistic interaction between the aforementioned approaches. Consequently, a comprehensive framework is delineated to facilitate the establishment of entrepreneurial locales through mechanisms such as sociocultural engagements, elevation of societal well-being, sustainable generation of financial resources and employment opportunities, integration of intelligent systems within the societal fabric, and the cultivation of knowledge dissemination and educational initiatives. Moreover, this research underscores fundamental pathways for prospective investigations in this domain, thereby laying the groundwork for future scholarly endeavors.

Tourism resources are a vital and influential factor in a competitive environment. In the last few decades, the management of tourism resources has taken a special place in the sustainable development of tourism destinations. This article aims to provide a strategic approach that can evaluate the sustainability of tourist destinations along with competitiveness analysis.

Design/methodology/approach: 

We gathered comprehensive information on resources and capabilities by using the data and information available in the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization and other provincial Organizations such as the Management and Planning Organization of Kerman Province. Then, we evaluate the tourism capabilities and sustainable competitiveness of Kerman province using the results of questionnaires and a Meta-SWOT analysis.

The results show that the tourist activities and attractions of Kerman province are the most valuable and rare tourist resources in this destination. Despite the relative sustainability of these resources, they are not well organized. Along with tourist activities and attractions, the facilities and services have a very high strategic fit in this destination.

Tourist activities and attractions have a very strong strategic fit with economic, ecological, and technological factors. They also strongly fit with legal, political, and socio-cultural factors. On the other hand, legal and political, and ecological factors are the most important among the external factors and have the highest degree of urgency.

Originality/value:

 this research has used a combination of resource-based and sustainable development approaches using the Meta-SWOT analysis to generalize the resource-based theory to the sustainability of tourism destinations.

Today, “knowledge” has become a vital necessity for increasing the competitiveness of countries and cities in the twenty-first century. Therefore, a knowledge-based economy, defined as an economy capable of generating, disseminating, and utilizing knowledge, has led to a shift from traditional patterns of urban development to knowledge-based development, ultimately resulting in a knowledge-based city. On the other hand, it is now established that a city relies more on its capacities for innovation than on material resources and central government support. Innovation, resulting from the dissemination of local knowledge through interactions among urban elements such as businesses, customers, suppliers, and universities, is what drives growth, economic development, sustainability, and urban competitiveness. However, unfortunately, the main pillars or areas of innovation, which are the connecting points between the concepts of knowledge-based urban development and urban competitiveness, have not been identified in the global literature. In this regard, Tehran, as a megacity, due to the emergence of a networked society and the phenomenon of a knowledge-based economy, has set a new perspective called “knowledge-based urban development” and a competitive city on the agenda of its planning and urban development. However, there is currently no written plan for moving towards a competitive knowledge-based city in Tehran, and there is a need for review and revision. In line with the aforementioned, the main issue of the research is the neglect and insufficient attention to the main driving force such as innovation as a value-creating capital for achieving competitive knowledge-based urban development in Tehran. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to address this gap in the global literature in locating competitive knowledge-based urban development (innovative regions) in the megacity of Tehran.

The aforementioned research has an applied development objective, gathering data through documentary studies and expert interviews in a Delphi format involving 20 experts. A total of 54 influential factors affecting the future state of competitive knowledge-based urban development in Tehran, within 13 components (diversity, urban scale and population density, spatial proximity, internal spatial connectivity, external spatial connectivity, knowledge dissemination to society, government support, ICT application, innovative society, economic competitiveness, organizational-institutional competitiveness, locational character, and human capital), and 6 dimensions (institutional-organizational, economic, physical, socio-cultural, activity-performance, and technology-communication) were identified and then prioritized based on expert opinions using questionnaire tools and the Delphi technique. Furthermore, the method of Structural Mutual Effects Analysis was applied using the MICMAC software for further processing.

The research findings indicate that 13 stimuli have been identified as the most influential factors on the future status of competitive knowledge-based urban development in Tehran. Among them, six main influential factors (decision-making culture based on knowledge, collaboration of knowledge actors and decision-makers in knowledge sharing, organizational interaction, supportive legal framework for knowledge-based activities, government investment in knowledge-based activities, strategic collaboration and organizational networking) fall under the institutional-organizational dimension, while five stimuli (knowledge-based businesses, the infrastructure of knowledge spaces, global urban competitiveness index, foreign direct investment, per capita gross domestic product of the city, international business environment, and urban innovation) belong to the economic dimension. Additionally, one stimulus related to the Gini coefficient of the urban region is categorized under the social-cultural dimension. This highlights the significant role of governments and organizations, as well as the economic planning approach and the importance of intellectual advocacy in achieving a competitive knowledge-based urban development future in Tehran.

The research findings confirm the theory based on governance and economy in the development of competitive knowledge-based cities in Tehran. Contrary to what Florida suggests, it’s not only the creative class and soft factors that determine the development of competitive knowledge-based cities in Tehran, but rather a combination of governance-based theories and soft and economic condition theories that lay the foundation for the development of competitive knowledge-based cities. Therefore, priority should be given to these key drivers in formulating the main strategy for the future development of competitive knowledge-based urbanism in Tehran through the establishment of overarching documents and the content of urban planning schemes. Furthermore, the following points are summarized in the form of recommendations: Encouraging the clustering and concentration of innovative businesses and individuals to promote innovative activities and economic competition. In terms of government support, the establishment of official institutions to guide knowledge-based urban development, facilitating government-industry-academia collaboration, and investment in cutting-edge technologies are recommended. Additionally, governments are advised to act as entrepreneurs and market creators by deeply understanding and supporting knowledge-based businesses. In the societal sector, integrating traditional and new technological infrastructures, changing citizens’ lifestyles in line with sustainable development approaches, and altering social behaviors have been emphasized. Regarding diversity, diverse and context-appropriate spatial policies, the establishment of cultural hubs and districts, and infrastructure development to promote diversity and encourage the presence of various innovative industries have been proposed. In terms of external connectivity, upgrading public transportation systems and creating physical links between public spaces to facilitate access to technology and innovation clusters are among the suggestions. Finally, the development of organizations and knowledge-based individuals and the aggregation of knowledge actors are also proposed as strategies to enhance local knowledge and information.

One of the most important urban issues and concerns today is the disarray and inconsistency of urban facades. This disarray of urban facades has led to the visual clutter of today's cities on a macro level. Since visual clutter is created as a result of a disturbance in perception, explaining the effective criteria for visual clutter in the process of perception can be a way to solve this problem. With this aim, this research, based on studies of perceptual theories, has investigated the effective criteria for creating visual clutter in the perceptual process, and the path of the perceptual process that leads to visual clutter or relaxation has been determined. Then, the impact of the criteria was measured through a questionnaire and based on the Likert scale, and the effective criteria on visual clutter were ranked through SPSS software and using Friedman's test to determine their importance. The findings of the research show that the lack of coordination and connection of components, lack of readability, and increase of data are the most important, and new and unfamiliar data are the least important in creating visual clutter in the perception process.

Construction of residential biophilic complexes is one of the new approaches to increasing the nature of friendliness of residents of residential complexes, the benefits of which will lead to better life of people. In recent years, special attention has been paid to biophilic residential architecture in the field of architecture and tries to pay more attention to the link between architecture and nature. Due to gaps in existing knowledge, abundant evidence of existing shortcomings and approaching the goal, this article reviews the research background in biophilic architecture by highlighting definitions, dimensions, indicators and solutions to identify the characteristics of residential biophilic architecture. Biophilic architecture as well as desirable intermediaries each have indices and characteristics that overlap identification of these two axes can lead to the identification of biophilic interspace characteristics. For this purpose, in the first step, we have tried to identify and categorize the variables affecting biophilic architecture by examining the latest scientific information and in the next step, by systematic review method based on four-step model by editing. This strategy of searching articles and search path was performed with the words "biophilic principles", "efficiency of interstitial spaces", "residential biophilic collections", "biophilic design", "biophilic landscape" in valid citation databases.

Given the global deterioration of environmental conditions and its critical relevance to urban issues, this research aims to establish a model for advancing the theoretical underpinnings of urban spaces through the lens of landscape ecology. Research data have been systematically gathered through documentary research, surveys, and questionnaires. The sample size, determined using the Cochran formula, consists of 384 participants, and Likert scale scoring was employed for questionnaire statements, attaining a high correlation level of 0.979 through Cronbach's alpha test. The conformity of the case study with the proposed model was evaluated using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), revealing a substantial alignment. However, it is noted that the ongoing trajectory may diminish this alignment, prompting the provision of solutions to ameliorate the situation.

The lived experience of million years of human beings has been originated and evolved in nature. The connection between man and nature plays a fundamental role to respond his physical and mental needs. The increasing manifestations of industry and technology, simultaneously lifestyle changes in the contemporary era, have led to rise dissociation of urban environments from nature. Accordingly, numerous problems, such as; loss of biological species, deforestation, global warming, traffic, air pollution, etc., appear in the present cities. Consequently, Human beings; as the main stakeholders of urban spaces, have been suffered from various physical and mental problems, such as; movement disorders, hypertension, diabetes, alienation to the environment, neurological diseases, depression, anger, etc. due to the nature receding processes. Therefore, it is more necessary to address the approach, through human-nature reconnection by creation, revive and restoration nature aspects in urban spaces. In this regard, the research problem raised from the main question: What are the issues of Biophilic paradigm in urban planning and design? This research is based on the content analysis for systematic review (PRISMA).Accordingly, articles with keywords selected and screened from comprehensive scientific databases and the selected final articles were analyzed in-depth, to extract and define while expressing the Biophilic concept of urban planning and design, its dimensions, components and criteria. Biophilic urban development is a comprehensive approach; principally deals with the interaction of functional, structural and meaning dimensions, embodied environmental, sociocultural, economic, institutional , city spatial and time duration scales, simultaneously sensory design components and the embodied natural features. Consequently, enriched accessible natural urban spaces can directed to people wellbeing and their responsibility toward the natural values of the environment.

One of the most important issues in the design of educational buildings, especially schools, is providing thermal comfort for students in classrooms. If the design is correct, in addition to providing the thermal comfort needed by the students, we will reduce the energy consumption in these buildings. The purpose of the research: analysis of the thermal behavior in the school buildings of Rasht city, in order to identify the damages and problems in the buildings built by the General Department of Renovation, Development and Equipping of Schools in Gilan Province. Research In this research, an attempt has been made to simulate one of the schools in the temperate and humid climate of Rasht city in the accurate design builder software, and with the powerful engine of Energy Plus, the thermal behavior in this school has been tried in order to investigate and generalize it to other schools in the climate. Let's analyze the moderate and humid city of Rasht Geographical scope of the research: This research was conducted in the temperate and humid climate of Gilan province, Rasht city. After the simulation, it was determined that the location of the air intake and exhaust windows was suitable according to the CFD analysis and the building had good natural ventilation throughout the year. Also, the results show that the wall 23%, lighting 21%, glass 20% and equipment 17% respectively include the most energy loss in this building. Analyzing the heat loss in the coldest month of the year in the studied school, graph 5- but it is facing a big difference with the energy loss in the warm month of the year. In the coldest month of the year, the external wall 48%, glass 26% and the roof 20% of energy loss account for the most energy loss in this building.