جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « توسعه روستایی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Entrepreneurship, a burgeoning force in today's economy, plays a pivotal role in rural development by fostering progress, poverty alleviation, and job creation. However, rural areas often grapple with a scarcity of financial capital essential for business initiation or expansion. To address this, governments have introduced micro-rural credits as self-employment loans to stimulate rural employment and entrepreneurship. This study aims to evaluate the impact of government micro-credits on rural entrepreneurship development in Radkan. Adopting an applied, developmental, and descriptive-analytical approach, data was collected through documentary, library, and field research. The study population comprised 27 entrepreneurs, with a sample of 244 individuals from 13 Radkan villages selected using the Cochran formula with a 0.06 error level. Their opinions on research indicators related to the topic were assessed. Findings reveal that micro-government credits have had a negligible impact on rural entrepreneurship in the study area. Most sample entrepreneurs supplemented bank loans with personal funds. Furthermore, insufficient loan amounts, limited credit accessibility, absent insurance support, lengthy loan processing times, and unfavorable repayment terms resulted in low satisfaction levels among entrepreneurs (average 2.32) and rural residents (average 1.91).

The purpose of the present survey factors influencing on extreme individualism of rural youth in the Ardabil County. The research method was analytical -explanative survey type. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all youth living in rural areas of Ardabil County in 2019 (N=31204), among which 380 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.74-0.84). in order to analyze the data, factor analysis model was used and the results of this model showed the most important factors influencing on extreme individualism of rural youth in studied region includes four components (expansion of ethics and individual personality reinforcement, promoting of psychological capabilities and reinforcement of altruism values, reinforcement of social capital and information, reinforcement of collectivism and self-belief) that explained variance and the cumulative variance by the four factors 64.44.

Due to their inherent role in job creation and the development of creativity, rural businesses can play a significant role in creating a sense of hope and belonging among the villagers. Indeed, the development of rural businesses is an important factor in the sustainable development of countries and the enhancement of life quality within rural communities. These businesses can help create employment, increase local production, preserve local culture and heritage, and improve rural infrastructure. Nevertheless, even though rural businesses are vital components of economic activities in rural areas, they have not received much attention and their development is facing obstacles and limitations. In this regard, the present research was designed and carried out to identify and prioritize the factors hindering the development of rural businesses in the Gachsaran rural system.

The research is a quantitative study in terms of the paradigm, an applied study in terms of the goal, and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection and analysis. The statistical population included the villagers with businesses in Gachsaran County. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined as 217, and the participants were selected by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a group of experts and whose reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. SPSS version 26 and LISREL version 8.8 software were used to analyze the data both descriptively and inferentially.

According to the results, the individual-personality factors, psychological factors, environmental, educational, and cultural barriers, and economic barriers were identified as the most important barriers to business development from the point of view of the participant villagers. In fact, it can be said that the rules governing the rural society, especially the family, such as the inability to speak in public, weak bargaining power in the profession and work, and not accepting responsibility are effective in the development and employment of home businesses and are among the factors and reasons for the reduced economic activities of villagers (men and women).

Conclusion/ Implications: 

Based on the factors identified for preventing rural businesses, it can be concluded that the development of rural businesses has failed to prosper properly due to various obstacles such as individual-personality, psychological, environmental, educational-cultural, and economic obstacles. Therefore, for the development of rural businesses, these obstacles should be identified and appropriate solutions should be provided to overcome them. Based on the results, the approaches to creating rural businesses at the regional level may include developing educational programs in the studied rural community to transform the cultural beliefs of families and the rural community regarding the capabilities of the villagers, providing facilities in line with the creation and development of small businesses for the villagers, and identifying and introducing successful entrepreneurs as successful models.

Rural development is one of the goals of governments, especially in developing countries; Because the villages, having many natural resources and agriculture, due to the existence of many problems and problems such as poverty, unemployment, weak economic infrastructure, lack of endogenous service activities, low productivity rate in the agricultural sector and rural production sector and decline Natural resources, development and creation of sustainable employment are limited in it. This issue has caused rural development to receive special attention in recent decades, and theorists, planners, and government executives are trying to come up with new strategies and solutions for the problems and issues that these areas are facing. , reduce One of these strategies that is of interest in most countries of the world and its implementation has brought positive results is the development and expansion of industries in rural areas; In other words, by increasing public welfare, reducing poverty and creating positive effects in other dimensions of development, the action for the development of rural industries can provide the basis for creating a suitable living space in environmental, social and cultural dimensions for the villagers. The creation of towns and industrial areas is one of the common approaches of industrialization in order to facilitate and concentrate activities and actions. The development of industrial areas is a suitable stimulus for the formation of industrial units and a suitable platform for increasing the production and productivity of active industries and As a result, it increases the sustainability of industrialization in the village. One of the most important duties of the government is planning to reduce the problems of the people. In the third world countries, especially in Iran, the problems in rural areas are doubly burdening the villagers, so that the pressure on agricultural land, the low standard of living and the unemployment of the rural workforce are among the most important of them, which seems to be Industrialization of villages can be the best strategy in this regard.

According to the nature of the problem and the subject under investigation, the research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and a questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population under study includes 5 villages around Shirin Asal Shabstar industrial town, which according to the census of 2015 has a total of 6357 people based on Table 1, and the sample population is estimated to be 350 people according to Cochran's formula. The selection of the sample population to complete the field questionnaires was done by a systematic random method, and the number of samples was distributed according to the stratified method and based on the population ratio. In order to analyze the data, the results of the questionnaire have been analyzed in the SPSS software environment with relevant statistical tests according to the nature of the research. In this context, 2 dimensions (social and economic), 39 indicators have been compiled for the purpose of evaluating the effects of industrial towns in the development of rural areas around Shirin Asal Shabster industrial town. For data analysis, the mean difference and significance of different dimensions have been measured through independent one-sample t-tests and Anova test.

The results of the descriptive findings of the research based on 350 questionnaires distributed among the sample size indicate that 319 were men and 31 were women. The highest frequency of 156 respondents were in the category of 41-50 years, which accounted for 45% of the sample size. In terms of level of education, among the four levels of education, elementary and illiterate, under-diploma, post-diploma, bachelor and above, the highest frequency of respondents with 194 people, equal to 55%, was in the diploma level. According to the results of the research on the effect of industrial towns on the development of the economic indicators of the villages of the region, 5 people (1.42 percent) answered very little, 21 people (6 percent) answered moderately, 55 people (15.71 percent) answered high. And 269 people (76.85 percent)answered too much. The average economic impact of the industrial town in the villages of the region has been obtained with a 5-point Likert scale of 4.74. The mean difference was obtained with t-test -0.41. According to the results of the research on the effect of industrial towns on the development of the economic indicators of the villages of the region, 15 people (4.28%) answered very little, 42 people (12%) answered moderately, 68 people (19.44%) answered high. And 225 people (64.28%) have answered too much. The average social impact of the industrial town in the villages of the region is 3.91 on a 5-point Likert scale. The mean difference was obtained with t-test -1.27.

In this research, the economic and social effects of Shirin Asal industrial town in the rural area of Eastern Goni district in the central part of Shabastar city have been investigated. The research data shows that the establishment of the industrial town has had positive and negative effects on the villages of the region in economic and social dimensions. The results of the industrial town in the studied villages show that the total average of the economic indicators is 4.74 and the social dimension is 3.91. Therefore, according to the respondents, relatively, the industrial town has been relatively effective in both economic and social aspects. The examination of each economic and social indicators shows that the greatest and the least impact of the industrial town in the economic indicators included employment opportunities for local people and the reduction of the labor force in agriculture, respectively, in the social indicators also included the acceptance of immigrants respectively. villages and increasing the opportunity to continue education for the villagers. The presence of an industrial town in the area has overall positive effects on rural development indicators, and the degree of impact includes economic and social dimensions respectively.

Empowering the villagers in the field of rural tourism can bring about a successful transition to rural development as a strategic choice. The aim of this study was to explain the effects of empowerment of rural households on creative tourism in Shahrood. The statistical population of the study is 373 rural households that the questionnaire as a research tool was provided to the statistical population by sampling. The Cronbach's alpha value for creative tourism indicators is 0.80 and for empowerment indicators is 0.75. SPSS software version 24 and LISREL 8.8 were used for data analysis. Based on the obtained results, the components of creative tourism and empowerment of rural households with an average of 3.093 and 2.77, respectively, have been evaluated at the desired level and below the desired level, and the relations between the components of empowerment and creative tourism have been evaluated. Ali fitted with favorable indices (RMSEA = 0.079). According to the research findings, the promotion of education and awareness components, skills and development of human resources, finance and investment, competence and individual independence, and institutionalism and organization are effective in the development of creative tourism indicators.

Introduction Equitable access for all citizens to public services is one of the basic principles of planning, which has become important in emerging justice-centric approaches in recent decades, and requires reaching out to the rural community to explore resources and facilities in these areas .Methodology The purpose of this study is to measure the amount of spatial justice in the distribution of sustainable development indicators in rural areas. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature of which the approach is quantitative .Results and discussion In order to analyze the subject, a framework of eight indicators in 54 items was used based on the official statistics of the Population and Housing Censorship of 1395 that were weighed using the AHP method. To analyze the data and rank the villages, the method of decision making was used as a method for choosing VIKOR and TOPSIS. Finally, the rank average was used. Also, for analyzing the distribution of indices, the coefficient of dispersion was used. Conclusion The results of the dispersion coefficient also indicate inequality in the distribution of indicators, and the greatest inequality is in distributing indicators of health care centers, the representation of the kerosene and fuel location. In order to improve the development and achievement of spatial justice, it is suggested that health, infrastructure and . indicators be more appropriately distributed so that sustainable development in rural areas will lead to balanced growth.

Rural development is mainly focused on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative self-employment programs. A smart village provides long-term social, economic, welfare, and environmental activities for the village community, which enables widespread participation in local governance processes and promotes entrepreneurship. It can also improve health and well-being and strengthen the interactions of village residents. Therefore, the current research aims to identify and analyze the factors affecting the formation of the smart village approach in Iran. 

 The required information was collected in a documentary-library way. The data was analyzed using expert judgment, the field survey method (observation and questionnaire), the network analysis process model (ANP), and DEMATEL. 

 The research results show that among the factors related to the formation of the smart village approach, the ten components of the smart village include smart education, smart connection, smart economy, smart energy, smart health, smart environment, smart governance, smart infrastructure and mobility, smart agriculture, and smart tourism in this research have been identified. According to the opinion of the respondents, smart education, with 7.26%, ranked first, and smart connection component, with 4.20%, ranked second. 

Therefore, in order to achieve all-around development in connection with the smart village, effective attention must be paid to education and connection because they have the most influence in the formation of the smart village.

Innovation:

 For the first time in Iran, the components of the formation of the smart village approach based on its native capacities have been examined, which can open the way for further research in this field.

Today, the rural areas of developing countries, especially in Iran, suffer from many challenges, including poverty, hidden unemployment, environmental degradation, and continuing inequality in the distribution of opportunities and resources between urban and rural areas, which indicates the failure of the past strategies of rural development in order to provide a successful solution to solve them. In the meantime, entrepreneurship has found a special place and prestige as the driver of economic and social growth and development of societies and as one of the necessities of rural development programs. Therefore, it is particularly important to measure the state and level of rural entrepreneurship development and try to develop and strengthen it by providing its basic conditions. Thus, the present research seeks to answer these key questions in order to develop entrepreneurship among the villagers of Aleshtar:- What is the status of entrepreneurship development indicators in the rural areas of Aleshtar? What are the effective and driving factors in strengthening and developing entrepreneurship in the studied area?

The research method is descriptive-analytical and exploratory, and in order to collect data, documentary and field studies and questionnaires were conducted. The statistical population of the present research includes all the rural entrepreneurs of Aleshtar, including 100 people; based on Cochran's formula, 78 people were calculated and selected, and they were investigated by a simple random sampling method. In the current research, after studying the theoretical foundations and studies conducted to investigate the current situation, 63 indicators were extracted and analyzed in 4 dimensions and 12 components. Also, by reviewing the literature and the background of the research, 50 influential and leading factors were preliminarily extracted from the statistical population to prepare a questionnaire and ask for opinions. Research data analysis has been done in two parts as descriptive statistics such as absolute frequency distribution table, frequency percentage, mean, and standard deviation to compare the information collected through the questionnaire and in the inferential statistics section from sample t-tech statistical tests, factor analysis was performed in SPSS software.

The results of examining the status of rural entrepreneurship development indicators in Aleshtar city using the sample T-Tech test showed that out of 63 research items, 17 items are below the average level (between low and medium level = average less than 3) and 46 other items, were evaluated more than average (at the level between medium and high = average greater than 3). In this regard, the results of this test showed that the indicators of entrepreneurship development in the rural areas of Aleshtar (with a significance level of 0.296) are not at an optimal level. In addition to this, the factor analysis results also show that among the 50 key factors evaluated, 12 factors are influential and driving the development of entrepreneurship in the villages of Aleshtar, which predicts about 75% of the development of rural entrepreneurship. According to the results obtained from factor analysis, factors such as investment in production activities, investment in research and development, investment in educational services, access to bank credits, free financial support, existence of entrepreneurial organizations, local participation in the program planning, local places of information, transfer of necessary facilities, laws supporting investment, privatization laws, transparent laws, intellectual property laws, the society's view of the entrepreneur, have the priority or factor loading of 1, and investing in infrastructure facilities has the 12th priority or factor loading of 12.

Based on the subject literature and according to experts, the development of rural areas, including Aleshtar, needs new strategies that will reduce the gap between regions and cause equal regional development; this is possible by developing entrepreneurship and empowering environmental policies. The results of investigating the status of entrepreneurship indicators in the studied area showed that the average calculated entrepreneurship score has no significant difference from the base limit and is on the average level. The obtained results are consistent with the research findings of Jamshidi et al. (2015), Dehghani and Jamini (2016), and Barghi and Zulfaghari (2017). In this regard, the research results regarding the key and influential factors in developing entrepreneurship in the studied area showed that many factors are involved. However, some factors are important and considered influential and driving factors for developing rural entrepreneurship in this region. Factors mostly related to the economic dimension and the managerial-institutional and infrastructural dimensions. The obtained results are in line with the research of Barghi and Zulfaqhari (2017), Darban Astana et al. (2017), Pour Jamshidi (2016), and Agarwal et al. (2018), each of them has pointed to the above factors as effective factors on the development of entrepreneurship.Finally, according to the obtained results, it can be said that rural entrepreneurship is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that includes managerial, economic, social, individual, and geographical dimensions; it is necessary to consider all of them in connection with each other with a comprehensive and integrated view in order to realize the sustainable development of rural entrepreneurship in the rural areas of Aleshtar through scientific planning.

The Achievement of sustainable rural development necessitates active participation of all stakeholders within these communities. Among the crucial components for progress and development in rural areas is the enhancement of manpower skills. Recognizing significant involvement of rural women in village production activities, growth of tourism in these regions presents a new opportunity for their engagement in development, thereby underscoring the importance of their empowerment. Empowerment has emerged as a fundamental aspect of sustainable development, wherein augmenting women's capacity and control over resources can be facilitated through tourism development. This research aimed to assess the role of community-based tourism in the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. This study adopted a practical research approach with survey-based data collection. The research population comprised the residents of coastal villages in Bushehr Province. The sample size for this study was determined to be 400 individuals using Cochran’s formula. Statistical analysis, employing the one-sample T-test and utilizing AMOS and SPSS software, was conducted. The theoretical framework and the results of the statistical analysis employed in this research demonstrated the positive impact of tourism development on the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. 

Social science experts emphasize that sustainable rural development cannot be achieved without the active participation of all stakeholders, particularly in the economic and social realms. Consequently, development of human resource skills emerges as a critical component for progress and growth in rural communities. Developed human resources can be regarded as an indispensable factor and prerequisite for attaining sustainable rural development.In line with the principle of equity in sustainable development, all beneficiaries, especially local residents, should have the opportunity to participate in decisions that affect their lives and enjoy the benefits of development. Given the active involvement of rural women in village production activities, emergence of tourism in these areas, and creation of new avenues for their participation in development, the significance of focusing on women's empowerment becomes increasingly apparent. Empowerment has now become a fundamental concern in the realm of sustainable development. As a service sector and a branch of sustainable development, tourism possesses the potential to empower communities.Empowerment primarily targets vulnerable groups in the society, who have experienced social exclusion, thus being deprived of full participation in a broader society through various means. Extensive studies indicate that women are considered a vulnerable and marginalized social group, often lacking control over resources and access to equal opportunities and positions. Research has demonstrated that the entire society benefits when women are supported and empowered.Development theorists view empowerment as an effective strategy for reducing gender inequalities in terms of capacities, resource access, opportunities, and a pathway to sustainable development. By enhancing women's power and control over resources, tourism development can play a crucial role in empowering women. Women's participation in tourism brings numerous benefits, including economic development in marginalized areas, sustainable utilization of natural resources, and heightened local control over development. Accordingly, this research aimed to evaluate the role of community-based tourism in the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. 

This research was of an applied nature, employing a descriptive-analytical implementation method and utilizing survey-based data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of residents living in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. The sample size determined using Cochran's formula was 400 individuals. To analyze the data, both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed within the AMOS and SPSS software environment. The study area for this research encompassed 45 coastal villages within Bushehr Province. 

The literature highlights that tourism activities implemented with a community-based approach and local community participation bring about numerous economic and socio-cultural benefits to rural communities. Experts suggest that along with the establishment and expansion of this type of tourism, changes in social relations within the host society and transformations in social network connections can be anticipated. Ultimately, these developments contribute to the economic and social empowerment of rural residents. Table of standardized factor loadings and t-statistics between variablesVariable Components Standardized load factor Amount of tSignificance level Cronbach's alpha Rank Result Empowerment Economical 0.779--0,9521Optimal social 0.7126,129***2Optimal cultural 0,6215,102***3Optimal  The table above demonstrates that the t-statistics values for enablers and their components are significant, surpassing 1.96. Hence, it can be inferred that the enablers can be divided into three subsets or sub-components. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire is 0.952, exceeding the threshold of 0.7, indicating a favorable level of construct reliability. All criteria, including Cronbach's alpha and significance of factor loadings between the questions and underlying variables, confirm suitability of the measurement model. 

The theoretical framework of this research based on the sustainable development approach coupled with the findings derived from the statistical analysis revealed the positive impact of tourism development on the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. These results signified that community-based tourism in the region had successfully generated women's interest in village development, fostering group activities, cooperation, and interpersonal interaction. Furthermore, it had improved public perception regarding women's contributions to the tourism sector, leading to their active participation in village public meetings, problem-solving endeavors, communal responsibilities, consensus-building, and consultations on village-related matters. Moreover, women had played a crucial role in safeguarding village tourism attractions, fostering empathy and unity, managing their own affairs, enhancing their understanding of village tourism issues, promoting local attractions to others, and encouraging acquisition of necessary skills for engaging in tourism activities. Ethical Considerations:All study participants provided informed consent and the researchers assured them of complete confidentiality and anonymity in relation to the study results. Authors' Contributions:All authors have made equal contributions to the study, including involvement in the study design, data analysis, interpretation, and final approval of the article. Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Achieving rural development requires special attention to stakeholders and utilizing the capacities of local communities, which will be feasible when social capital in rural areas is effectively utilized. This study focuses on two dimensions of social capital, namely trust and social participation. Dasht-e Arzaneh District is one of the high-potential districts in terms of human, economic, natural, and tourism resources in Bakharz County. Neglecting social indicators such as participation, trust, social cohesion, commitment, and responsibility has led to various problems in villages, including migration from villages, dissatisfaction among people, and a lack of responsibility in rural affairs. Planning in this regard is crucial. The present research is of an applied nature and falls under the category of descriptive-analytical research. The target population of the study includes household heads in Dasht-e Arzaneh District in Bakharz County, with a total of 2779 households based on the latest census data. The sample size of the study has been determined to be 300 individuals using the Cochran formula. Spearman correlation tests and independent t-tests were used to examine the dimensions of social capital and compare the means between components. The findings indicate that among the components of social capital, participation, sense of responsibility, and trust have had a significant impact on strengthening social capital and achieving rural development in the studied villages. Among the 5 villages studied, three villages were able to achieve desirable development after implementing capacity-building projects. Based on the research findings, strengthening associations and community groups are among the most important strategies for enhancing social capital and achieving rural development.

Nowadays, rural planning is considered as one of the most important activities of development agents and planners. Based on this, in order to achieve the goals of rural development, the Agricultural Jihad organization should be able to develop its programs and activities to improve the level of awareness and professional skills of the villagers. The purpose of the research is to investigate the role of sustainable leadership and creative self-efficacy of employees as a result of IBE. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population was (600) agricultural Jihad agents, who were selected by simple random method using the Cochran 234 formula. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that had good validity and reliability. The results of the hypotheses indicated that stable leadership has a strong, direct and indirect and significant effect on the IBE, stable leadership has a strong, direct and significant effect on the creative self-efficacy of employees, and also the creative self-efficacy of employees has a weak, direct effect on the IBE. And it is significant that finally the role of the mediator was also confirmed. With the designed model, it can be expected that the aforementioned department can improve the IB of agricultural jihad agents in the direction of rural development by increasing the level of its sustainable leadership, and if it wants to be more effective, it should be able to pay attention to the mediating role of creative self-efficacy.

Prioritizing rural development is recognized as one of the basic principles of Iran's development system, and in this regard, the development of branding in the handicrafts sector can be one of the ways to achieve this goal.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of handicraft branding in the development of villages in the west of Gilan province.Methodology of Research: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature.

 Geographic territory of research:

The statistical population of the study includes experts in the field of handicrafts in the west of Gilan who were selected from the experts and experts of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization by purposive sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview.

After identifying the dimensions and variables involved through the Delphi technique, the identified dimensions were examined and then after the approval of experts, they were classified into 4 factors: increase and improvement of income, job creation, village participation, population stabilization as indicators. Rural development resulting from branding were introduced. Then, the final research model was examined among the activists of this industry. The results showed that the relationship between branding and the four identified elements of rural development was confirmed. Also, among the four elements, branding had the greatest impact on employment.

Based on this, it can be said that with the development of handicraft branding, employment can be improved in the western villages of Gilan province.

Access to adequate and desirable foodand nutritional health are consideredas the main axes of development and the foundation ofbreeding the next generation of the country. Rural communities playasignificant rolein ensuring the country'sfood securityby providing more than two-thirds of food.However,evidence showsthat the situation of the country's main food security providers is unfavorable,at least compared to urban communities,due to reasons that havenot been addressedso far.The present study was conducted with the generalaimof analyzing the food security situation and the factors affecting itin theruralcommunityof Bakshlochai district.The statistical population of thestudy consistsof all headsof households in51villageslocated in Bakshlochai district.Using Cochran'sformula,180 householdheadshave been selectedas the sample. Inthe quantitative part of the present study,a standard and global questionnaire of the US Department of Agriculture was used to assess food security,the validity and reliability of which have been confirmed in several studies.In the qualitative part,data collection through purposeful sampling and snowball method continueduntil the theoretical saturationstage and thecollected data were analyzed using the data theory theory(GTM).The results of thequantitative part of the research showed that food security in the study area is in unfavorable conditions.In this way,7.8%of the studied people have food security,10% in food insecurity without hunger,25% in food insecuritywith moderate hunger and 57.2% in food insecurity with severe hunger.There is no significant difference in terms of food security. Also, the results of the qualitative part f the research related to food security challengesin the studyarea showed thatthe five main food securitychallenges thatareinterrelated are:weak policy-making,weak economicconditions,inadequacies And environmental hazards,cultural barriers and social change and agricultural instability

Agricultural systems are a tool for agricultural production management in Iran and the world. The rental system is one of the common systems in the agricultural and rural sectors of Iran; But the impact of renting and leasing on rural areas is different. This system leads to the development and deprivation of some villages.

Aim of the research: 

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of rent on rural development in the villages of Khare Ab-e Sofla and Sarv-e No in Kermanshah province.

The research method is descriptive-analytical that a questionnaire was used to collect information. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The research sample was 100 people in Sarv-e-Naw and 30 people in Khoreh Ab village. The reliability of the research was 0.74 for Sarv-e-Naw village questionnaire and 0.71 for lower water donkey. The validity of the research has also been used by experts in rural planning and rural development.

Geographical area of ​​the study: 

The study area in Kermanshah province is in the two villages of Khare Ab Sofla and Sarv-e No.

The findings show that land leasing in Sarvabad village has led to rural development in terms of economic, social and physical dimensions;

In general, the rental system leads to the distribution of capital in the villages of the lessee and the outflow of capital from the villages of the lessee.

The dominant form of migration in developing countries, including Iran, is from the village to the city. However, during the past two decades, another pattern of migration, reverse migration, has occurred in rural areas in such a way that in the findings of the general population and housing census of 2012, the number of reverse migrants is higher than the rural-urban migration. In the whole city of Natanz, due to its location in the center of Isfahan province, the city of Isfahan has access to the markets of Isfahan, Badroud, Khaled Abad, Natanz, and Targhroud. On the other hand, the physical development of Isfahan and its economic and social relations have various characteristics. During the past years, reverse migration flow to urban and rural settlements has taken place in temporary and permanent forms. The general goal is to investigate and analyze the role of reverse migration in the economic development of villages in Natanz. From a practical point of view, the results of such research provide solutions to the country's managers to implement better planning to prevent migration and encourage migrants to return. Reverse migration is when people return to their first place (origin) after a long residence in another place (destination). In other interpretations and definitions, reverse migration is considered a reaction to creating attractiveness in rural areas, which emerges through the establishment of income in activities such as agriculture or animal husbandry, retirement, and sometimes due to the hardships of urban life; a process in which a person or persons, due to various reasons, return to their first place again from the place they have chosen as their new place.

This research is descriptive-analytical. The samples were based on Cochran's formula, and to complete the discussion, Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination table was also used. Information was collected from 381 individuals across 24 villages through field surveys using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Regarding gender, 84.78% of the sample was male, and 15.22% were female. Also, 94.75% were married, and 5.25% were single. The age group included 3.93% 20-30 years old, 17.85% 31-40 years old, 28.08% 41-50 years old, 27.30% 60-51 years old, 22.83% 61 years old. Out of the total sample, 2.62% are illiterate, 27.82% have a diploma, and 36.49% have a bachelor's degree, master's degree, or higher.One sample t-test was used to study the factors affecting reverse migration. In order to evaluate the dimensions of the factors affecting the migration from the city to the village, the items were first oriented and it was combined as an average; considering the 5-point Likert scale in the research items, the number 3 was chosen as the theoretical median to evaluate the importance of the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration from the society's point of view. This research has been studied at a confidence level of 95%. Given the frequency of variables used for leveling (47 variables in the first step) and the importance of evaluating more important variables and determining the weight and importance of each variable, the factor analysis method was used. In this research, the exploratory factor analysis method was used to summarize data and identify causes. In order to determine the suitability of the collected data for factor analysis, the KMO coefficient and Bartlett's statistic, which were significant at the 1% level, were used, so they were suitable for factor analysis. By benefiting from the factor analysis technique in the principal factor analysis method, 6 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, and the variables for evaluating the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration were grouped in these factors based on the factorloading and after orthogonal factor rotation using the Varimax method. The 6 factors explained a total of 71.682% of the total variance related to the variables of factors affecting reverse migration.In this research, the basic theory is the theory of human capital, which was proposed by Larry Shasta. According to the theory of human capital, the return migration of people is formed in the hope of benefiting from more prosperity in the village. The result of the research shows that the reverse immigrants have been able to be effective in the economic sector in both capital and idea sectors. In fact, the innovation of this research can be that the economy is based on reverse migration, and if there is a correct plan and vision in the programs and among managers, it can cause the growth and development of villages.

Population relocation and migration is a sign of the continuity of human life, which has a history as old as humankind. People who consider the continuity of life, social and economic activities, and the field of effort limited and short for themselves in a geographical place start to migrate. Among the spatial-location features related to rural areas, "lack of welfare and civil services" has played a special role in the appearance of the driver of migration to the city. However, with the development of welfare-civil services and the increase in the income of the agricultural sector and belonging to the original birthplace, the return of immigrants to rural areas is provided. The results of this research are related to the research of Shaojun Chen and Wurong Liu (2020); urban repulsion factors and attraction factors play a role in the migration from the city to the countryside. It is associated with Stockdale's (2014) studies concerning urban repulsions, such as the inability to create jobs in cities and rural attractions, such as age and retirement. It is associated with the studies of Edival (2015) about urban repulsions such as lack of job security and rural attractions such as retirement. It is associated with the studies of Langroudi et al. (2012) in the field of rural attractions, such as obtaining more income, increasing relative welfare, and improving human dignity for migrants returning to rural areas. According to the studies of Afrakhteh et al. (2015), in economic and cultural-ethnic causes, the least impact on reverse migration from the city to the village is associated.