حکمروایی

Increasing urbanization has brought various consequences for cities, which has become the basis for many social and economic difficulties and damages. Therefore, due to these harmful consequences, for years, policy makers and managers at the macro level and in the city scale; They seek to find healing strategies. In this regard, among the most important strategies based on the impressive capabilities of information and communication technology, in order to create a productive and effective city; and it has been proposed to solve the problems of cities in the world; It is a "smart city"; And in this framework, they have tried to build a platform, including in building the institutional capacity of such cities The main goal of the present research is to identify the basic components affecting the institutional capacity in order to realize a smart city; and evaluating the current situation of Ahvaz metropolis from the perspective of these components. This research is question-oriented, which was carried out by following an exploratory method in answering the research questions. The statistical population of the study was experts working in offices and companies of Ahvaz city whose organization was involved in the process of smartening this city; Or will be. The statistical sample of the research was 380 people, and the samples were selected by snowball and supervised network sampling. Since the exact number of the statistical population was not known, the KMO test, sampling adequacy and Rasko's rules were confirmed. The research tool was a five-point Likert electronic questionnaire, whose items were designed based on 29 components extracted from 114 scientific documents and valid research.The extracted data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test and Friedman statistical tests.Based on the research results, respectively, the components of superior institutions, the use of information and communication technology in improving environmental quality, smart governance, the use of information and communication technology in economics and business, the power of organizational actors; And institutional readiness is in poor condition. In the meantime, the government and the oil institutions are of strategic importance.

As an integrated whole, the district needs a powerful organization for integrated management with an emphasis on good regional governance. Integrated management in Tehran, as one of the most populous cities in the world, faces many challenges. The lack of an integrated management and the obstacles to achieving it imposes problems and heavy costs on citizens and city management every year, and the slowness of the reform process in good governance indicators is one of its consequences. In this regard, the present research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the obstacles to the realization of integrated management and good regional governance in Tehran city. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical with an applied nature. First, with library studies, obstacles to the realization of integrated management have been identified with an emphasis on good regional governance, and then, by analyzing these factors, its drivers were formulated based on the opinion of experts. The method of collecting information is documentary and field. Using targeted sampling, 25 urban studies university experts were identified who have knowledge and experience in the research topic. By examining documentary and descriptive studies, obstacles to the realization of integrated management were identified and key factors were formulated with the opinion of research experts. 25 key factors in the form of 8 indicators (transparency, accountability, consensus, justice and inclusiveness, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, participation, rule of law) have been identified by research experts. The research data have been analyzed in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness.The research findings show that the realization of integrated management is not possible due to political-administrative issues. From the point of view of experts in this field, transparent laws, process improvement and fair implementation of laws have been very important for the realization of integrated management with emphasis on good regional governance

Global experience shows that in developed countries as well as in developing countries, good governance to address the challenges and demands of the third millennium AD, especially urban management issues, is inevitable. Although the concept of governance has been widely discussed among policymakers and scholars, no strong consensus has yet been reached on a single definition of the concept. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and rank the neighborhoods of Genaveh in terms of indicators of good governance (participation, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, political stability, social justice, access and information, legitimacy and community-based).

The research method is descriptive-compositional and its type is applied and the data collection methods are library and field which was designed by a questionnaire from 15 professors, specialists and officials. In order to prioritize the neighborhoods of Genaveh city in terms of indicators of good urban governance, the Fuzzy Vikor model has been used and to weight the indicators, the network analysis model (ANP) has been used.

The results of Fuzzy Vikor show that the governorate neighborhood with a weight of 0.000 is in the first rank of Genaveh neighborhoods. Nowruzabad neighborhood with a weight of 0.089 in the second rank, Motahhari alley neighborhood with a weight of 0.159 in the third rank, Besat alley neighborhood with a weight of 0.318 in the fourth rank, Abd Imam neighborhood with a weight of 0.403 in the fifth rank, Bazaar neighborhood with Weight 0.587 in the sixth rank, Chahjoo neighborhood with the weight of 0.649 in the seventh rank, Baba Ali Shah neighborhood with the weight of 0.812 in the eighth rank, Malsadat neighborhood with the weight of 0.877 in the ninth rank and Ershad neighborhood with the weight of 0.967 in It is ranked tenth and last.

Also, in terms of the level of desirability, the neighborhoods were ranked into four levels: the governorate neighborhoods, Motahhari and Nowruzabad alleys at the desired level, Besat and Abd Imam alley neighborhoods at the relatively desirable level, Bazaar and Chahjoo neighborhoods at the average level and Baba Alishah, Malsadat and Guidance is at an unfavorable level.

Mashhad is located in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, and is the second largest city of this country. According to the latest statistics of the Urban Renewal Organization of this city, it has 69 marginalized neighborhoods covering an area of approximately 3888 hectares. Shahid Rajaei neighborhood (Qaleh Sakhteman) has been one of the villages on the outskirts of Mashhad that, due to its location which is beside the city's main roads, over the past years came under the city's influence and became part of the service area. Considering its population, the neighborhood has severe shortages in service provision. Among the most recent approaches to urban management is good urban governance that takes into account the well-being of all residents. Considering the above-mentioned issues, this study tried to offer solutions to improve services regarding urban equipment (police stations and fire stations) considering the principles of good urban governance in Shahid Rajaei neighborhood, Mashhad. The scattered distribution of services in this neighborhood requires it to examine this issue in terms of urban planning to improve the mentioned services. Therefore, this study aimed to find solutions for improving services regarding the urban equipment (police stations and fire stations) based on good urban governance in Shahid Rajaei neighborhood of Mashhad.

The statistical population of this descriptive-analytical research included all residents of Shahid Rajaei neighborhood of Mashhad. The size of the sample was determined to be 384, considering the statistical blocks in 2016 and using Cochran's formula. Among the indicators of good urban governance, six indicators (participation, following the law, agreement tendency, strategic vision, decentralization, and equity) were selected and researched as independent variables. Moreover, urban equipment services (police stations and fire stations) were selected as dependent variable. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Since the studied area holds eight urban neighborhoods (Arvand, Ansar, Mow’oud, Poor Sina, Keshavarz, Ma’ghoul, Amir Abad, and Shahid Rajaei), questionnaires were randomly distributed among the members of the neighborhoods in proportion to their population. Structural equation modeling in Smart PLS software was applied to analyze the data. Moreover, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software was used for generating maps. The data were gathered through both library resources and field methods.

The average index of the variables based on a Likert scale showed that the current status of the indicators is low; that is, the scores that the respondents gave were moderate. This suggests that by strengthening the indicators of good urban governance in Shahid Rajaei neighborhood, service offering will be improved. The coefficient of determination showed that 80.7% of the changes in urban equipment services could be explained by good urban governance factors (i.e., participation, following the law, agreement tendency, strategic vision, decentralization, and equity). 

The comparison of the findings of this study with the findings of other studies will lead to a common framework. The goal of all these studies is to improve services, achieve a balanced distribution of land uses, and equitably distribute urban services. These studies also emphasize the suitable use of spaces as a means of enhancing social justice, creating equal opportunities for having different services, and providing suitable urban services to organize non-official settlements and ensure that all residents benefit from these services. The most significant difference between the findings of this research and the findings of other researches was its emphasis on urban managers’ agreement tendency (especially regarding the per capita share and utility services) amongst urban governance indicators in the non-official settlements. The results revealed that the indicators of agreement tendency, strategic vision, and participation hold the highest impact on improving services in the urban equipment (police stations and fire stations) in Shahid Rajaei neighborhood of Mashhad. Therefore, reaching an agreement upon the urban planning among urban managers for determining land uses at this city as well as the related regulations that originate from the strategic vision of these actors (i.e., governorate, municipality, department of roads and urban development, private organizations, etc.), will improve all the services in urban neighborhoods, especially such marginalized neighborhoods as Shahid Rajaei. This study recommended that service providers and actors in the field of good urban governance integrate different policies to achieve a great agreement and participation to improve services in this neighborhood.

Unsustainable development and imbalance between water supply and demand and its exacerbation in climate change conditions are among the important issues in the country's water resources management. In this regard, the need to pay attention to the development of a program compatible with climate change in the water and agriculture sector, considering various environmental, social and economic dimensions, seems inevitable. Considering the wide range of potential effects of climate change and at the same time their inherent uncertainty, the adaptation plan should be developed in a way that has maximum flexibility and side effects. For this reason, the issue of claimatization of governance should be included in many programs and documents of the country and in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, regardless of their political orientations, because the nature of the impact and effects from the point of view of social and environmental issues, the side of climatization of governance has received little attention from different governments, and today it seems necessary to pay attention to this issue. Based on this, the present study investigates the opportunities and challenges of the climatization of governance in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of the research, in the section of the climatization challenges of governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it was found that the economic challenges have been assigned the highest rank. In the next order, placed political-security challenges, which is ranked second with a score of 0.812. The third rank of challenges is assigned to environmental challenges with a score of 0.730, and the lowest rank is assigned to social challenges with a score of 0.415.

The concept of nomadism or nomadic society, aside from its philosophical aspects, represents a human network in which adaptive, capital, and disciplinary processes and actions give rise to powers that are different from sedentary societies. These capabilities have provided an opportunity to reevaluate the concept of social resilience based on migration. In light of social crises and inequalities over many years, social resilience models are being reinterpreted for effectiveness. This research aims to create a model for social resilience in nomadism by comparing rhizomatic and Eastern approaches. In this research, we used the Grounded Theory Method to interpret a model by triple coding 42 events into 28 concepts, 8 sub-categories, and 3 main categories. We also employed the meta-synthesis technique to screen sources, examining related texts from a reliable database between 1990 and 2021 in five steps. The concept of social resilience, as understood through the lens of nomadism, encompasses three main components that can be viewed in terms of adaptability and practicality. The first component is "adaptation," which depends on social, cultural, economic, and environmental activism. The second component, "social capital," is not about luxury or appearance, but rather about internal knowledge, innovation, and willingness to take risks. The third component of the proposed model is "governance," which is associated with factors such as institutional capacity building or participation. This indicates a type of governance that involves taking action rather than simply existing. Original social concepts such as nomadism have deep semantic significance and complexity, which can be linked to contemporary social models like resilience. By deeply considering fluid concepts like migration and incorporating the perspectives of different experts, it is possible to gain a modern understanding of social models.

Spatial governance plays a pivotal role in achieving integrated regional development. Characterized by collaborative policy-making between public and private actors, regional governance is a means to mobilize endogenous development potential, a significant factor in attracting foreign direct investment, and a way to influence regional development. Consequently, attaining integrated regional development and addressing regional disparities is a critical aspect of socioeconomic progress that necessitates a novel approach to regional governance. It is essential for achieving economic, social, and spatial cohesion. In this context, Lorestan Province, despite its significant but overlooked potential, faces numerous spatial disparities that have led to unbalanced regional development. The primary research question is:-What is the main factor contributing to the unbalanced regional development of Lorestan Province?This premise suggests that one of the reasons for the persistence of unbalanced regional development in Lorestan Province is rooted in the dysfunction of the governance system, in other words, regional governance. Given this, the present study aims to investigate and explain the effects of regional governance on integrated regional development.

The current research is applied and seeks to explain the reasons and effects between the research components using a deductive approach. A deductive research strategy based on a quantitative method was employed to achieve the research objective and answer the 'why' questions. The study population comprises experts and academic-executive elites in academic institutions and development agencies. A sample of 30 individuals was selected using a stratified systematic sampling technique. Given the quantitative nature of the research, a questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. An inferential statistical approach was employed using Smart PLS to analyze the data. The measurement model was assessed using item reliability, composite reliability, factor loadings, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and the Fornell-Larcker criterion. The structural model was evaluated based on significance levels, coefficient of determination, effect size, and overall model fit.

The research results indicate that, based on the regional governance measurement model, among the mentioned indicators, the "intervention of power structures and governance in the region" and "transparency in decision-making processes" have the highest and lowest correlation with the regional governance variable, respectively. Moreover, the research findings show that the factor loadings of the integrated regional development measurement model are significant in 18 indicators (items). Based on this framework, "attention to the basic needs and infrastructure in nature-based tourism" and "accountability of regional development plans and programs" have the highest and lowest correlation with the integrated regional development variable, respectively.

Integrated territorial development, as a product of spatial planning and policy-making systems, will yield favorable outcomes when it is based on the principles and components of good regional governance. In other words, regional governance and the utilization of its components as an effective process can facilitate integrated regional development and realize the desired spatial organization as the final product. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze the effects of good regional governance on integrated regional development. The research results show that the observed variables have explanatory power for measuring the latent variable of "integrated regional development." Moreover, regional governance has a strong effect on integrated regional development. This finding is consistent with the results of the research by Darvishi and Sejody (2023). Given this, policymakers and researchers, by understanding the important role of spatial governance in achieving balanced regional development, can work towards creating more just and sustainable societies in the future.

The quantity, quality and optimal distribution of the population in the territory and more importantly population growth is one of the influential indicators in the process of sustainable development. One of the basic challenges of the third millennium, which has involved many societies and Iran is no exception to this rule, is the problem of population, population youth policies and population goals in general. demands Iran, like other parts of the world, has entered the initial period of demographic crisis in recent years, and it is expected that this trend will intensify in the coming years if there is no revision of demographic policies and programs affecting it. It seems that the governance model of urban development plays an irreplaceable role in this regard. Based on this, this research aims to investigate the pattern of governance of urban development and its impact on population goals, trying to identify favorable and unfavorable patterns.

The present research method is descriptive-analytical and its nature is applied-developmental. Data and information have been collected in two documentary ways (books, articles, upstream documents, statistics, etc.) and field (questionnaire from experts). The statistical population of the research includes experts and specialists in the field of urban planning and population, from among whom 100 people were selected non-randomly and purposefully (according to the time and cost of the research as well as the theoretical saturation of the data) and the questionnaire was provided to them. took The data analysis was done in two descriptive and inferential parts, in which the demographic information of the respondents was stated in the descriptive part, and in the inferential part, the independent one-sample t-test was used to calculate the obtained averages and confirm the significance of the difference. Has been used. In the final step, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to infer the normal distribution of the data.

In order to identify the favorable and unfavorable governance model of urban development, with emphasis on population goals, which is considered as one of the innovations of the research, the obtained data has been aggregated. Proprietary, horizontal, connected, large-scale and non-dense development is identified as a desirable urban development model, and the highest desirability is related to the large-scale development index with an average of 4.37. The total score of the indicators of the desirable urban development pattern is 3.86 with an error rate of 0.000. On the other hand, the total score of the indicators of the unfavorable pattern is 2.41, which indicates its negative effects on demographic goals and upstream documents. Patterns such as non-proprietary development with an average of 1.80 and small-scale development with an average of 1.92 are considered the most unfavorable patterns of urban development governance. In fact, the more the urban development policies and programs are based on the optimal governance model, the population goals will be achievable in the future, and the more the non-proprietary, vertical, detached, small-scale and dense urban development governance model, the more population goals will be achieved. Negative shape will affect.

Achieving the population goals, especially the family and youth protection law and general population policies, requires a review of development governance policies, and it is necessary to revise the upstream documents in accordance with the new patterns to avoid partial and non-integrated development of the territorial space. Avoided. In the end, things like revision of preliminary, comprehensive, detailed and guiding plans, revision of the country's housing construction plans such as the National Housing Movement Plan, formation of a special working group with the presence of urban development experts and demographic experts to formulate the ideal governance model, harm It is suggested to study the current policies and programs and formulate a new agenda to achieve the demographic goals.

Today, industrial free trade zones, as one of the main economic foundations, have taken a large share of the economies of developed and developing countries. However, the free zones in our country, despite their unique geopolitical position and abundant territorial, human, and natural capacities, have not been able to achieve the goals foreseen in the law on the formation and administration of these zones. Considering that the governance model and the rules and regulations governing the regions are known to be one of the main factors affecting the performance of these regions, in the present research, the dimensions and governance components of industrial free trade zones are identified with the deductive thematic analysis approach (background-based) and their stratification has been discussed with Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). The results indicate that in the most basic level of the model (fourth level), transparency, equality, inclusiveness, and participation are placed, which act as the cornerstone of the model and can be a good start for improving the governance of free zones.

Urban governance seeks to limit the role of the government to the extent of harmonizing and guarding the laws and to reduce its direct interference in decision-making, administration and implementation of affairs related to people's daily lives. The purpose of this research is to investigate the status of good governance indicators in the urban areas of Zahedan. The research method of the research is descriptive-analytical and library and field method (questionnaire tool) was used to collect the required information. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Zahedan, including 592,968 people. The sample size was calculated by Cochran's formula of 360 people and the questionnaire was completed according to the population of each region by a simple random method at the level of the regions. In order to compare pairs of each of the indicators of good urban governance, after obtaining the opinions of 17 experts who have full knowledge of the city under study, using model A. H. Fuzzy foundation has been applied to the weighting of each index. To analyze the collected data, SPSS software, one-sample t-test and TOPSIS fuzzy model were used. The findings showed that the indicators of good urban governance in the areas of Zahedan city are in an unfavorable situation. Also, the results obtained from prioritizing the five regions of Zahedan city with the Fuzzy Topsis model in terms of good urban governance indicators show that region 1 with a weight of 0.818 ranks first. Region 4 is in the fifth and last place with a weight of 0.000. Region 2 with a weight of 0.722, Region 5 with a weight of 0.636 and Region 3 with a weight of 0.289 are in the second to fourth ranks respectively in terms of good urban governance indicators.

Good urban governance always considers the general welfare of citizens and their social health, whose policies and programs are placed in the framework of certain indicators. The upcoming research deals with the comparative analysis of indicators and dimensions of good urban governance from the point of view of citizens, experts and managers in the current and desired situation. The research method is of a descriptive-analytical type, which examines the points of view of citizens, experts, and urban managers regarding the state of dimensions of good urban governance, as well as their similarities and differences, and the scope of their differences and similarities. The sources of data collection were library-documents and the use of questionnaire tools, 385 questionnaires were distributed to citizens and 48 questionnaires were distributed to experts and managers of the municipality and the city council. The tests used in this research with SPSS software include paired t-test and Friedman. The results obtained from the comparative analysis of the indicators show that according to the citizens, the variables of the research are consensual orientation, responsibility, and according to the managers, responsibility and all-round justice are the most important factors. Finally, the radar charts obtained from the paired analysis of the data show that there is a significant gap between the current and the desired situation from the point of view of citizens and administrators. With the explanation that according to the citizens, transparency and accountability have the largest average difference among the citizens with a number of 2.47 in the current situation and 3.99 and 4.02 in the desired situation.

Population growth and the need for economic and social services have accelerated the demands for land and its manipulations over the recent decades. The contribution of policies and interventions of different stakeholders in land change is not adequately addressed in previous studies. This research, therefore, aims to examine the role of key stakeholders, and their policies in land-use change in the study area. In doing so a total number of 20 interviews with senior experts and informants from 13 local organizations were conducted to collect qualitative data on the form, process and cause of land-use change in the area. Atlasti software was used to analysis the interviews' data. Furthermore, Social Networks Analysis (SNA) and questionnaires were used to map the trust among the stakeholders and also the role of their policies and program on land-use changes from the perspective of other stakeholders. The results show that the policies and interventions of the municipality are playing the most significant role in land-use change via disregarding and violations of roles and related for individual illegal benefits. Additionally, departments of agriculture, rural councils are among the most trusted agents in land use governance and management. Furthermore, water shortage was the most important reason pointed out by the many interviewees for conversion of farmlands to other uses. A part from water shortage, some other reasons such as: lack of governmental support for farming, strict official constraints and difficulties in providing amenities for gardens, expensive agricultural inputs, land price increase, immigration, corruptions in local organization are identified as drivers of rural land-use change.

Hekmar, a good city is a new method of urban management in which, through the improvement of several factors, it can include sustainable economic development and high quality of life. On the other hand, one of the concerns of managers and urban planners in The big cities of the country, including the city of Mashhad, which needs planning to solve it, are dilapidated urban tissues. Now it is necessary to see how good urban governance can take steps to achieve the organization of dilapidated urban tissues. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the status of good urban governance indicators in the dilapidated context of Mashhad city from the citizens' point of view and to identify the status of good urban governance indicators in each of the dilapidated context areas. The research method in this research is based on descriptive-analytical method. And the required information has been collected from two documentary and field methods (questionnaire). And it has been analyzed using Spss software and t-test, analysis of variance and multiple regression. The statistical population of this research is about 519,924 people based on the census of 1395, and using the Cochran sampling method, the sample size is 384. has been The results of the t-test show that the indicators of good governance in Mashhad are not in a favorable state. The results of the analysis of variance show that among the areas of worn-out fabric in Mashhad, areas 6 and 10 are in the worst condition with an average of 1.92 and 2.04, respectively. At the end, according to the results of the research, there are suggestions to improve the condition of these indicators. It is presented in the worn context of Mashhad city.

In the context of Hamadan, recognized as a significant new urban center in the country, substantial challenges in urban management processes have emerged, encompassing both organizational and external dimensions. Recent years have witnessed mismanagement in service delivery, spatial injustices, physical-spatial disparities, lack of transparency in presenting plans and programs, and an increase in civic problems, exacerbating issues within the city. This complex scenario has the potential to escalate into serious regional crises. Acknowledging the urgency of addressing this matter and emphasizing the need for regional studies, the present research investigates the indicators of good governance in Hamadan, categorized by different regions. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing a quantitative method, the study involves experts from the Hamadan management team, with a sample size of 35 individuals. The research findings, analyzed through average test models in SPSS software and the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model in MATLAB software, reveal that the good governance indicators in Hamadan are not in a desirable state, particularly with districts 3 and 2 facing severe deficiencies in urban governance indicators.

Villages are always a place for invention, innovation, and creativity. With the introduction of creative settlements in rural areas, it is possible to institutionalize decentralization, human resource creativity, public participation, and sustainable rural development in the heart of rural society. Good rural governance is a prerequisite for achieving the above-mentioned things. Therefore, the present research was conducted to analyze the role of management based on good rural governance in the development of creative settlements in rural areas, and villages of Roshtkhar Township. This research is practical in terms of purpose and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection has been done in both documentary and field forms (questionnaire) in the two sectors of good rural governance and the formation of creative settlements. The statistical population of the research included heads of households in the villages of Roshtkhar Township, and based on the Cochran formula, the sample size of 377 households was calculated and distributed randomly. AHP technique, SAR analytical model, Vicor model, and Pearson test were used for data analysis. The research results confirm that good rural governance has changed the quality of life of rural households by creating creative villages and bringing quality to the optimal level for households living in rural areas. The findings of the research indicate that, in 69.9% of the 377 households surveyed, the level of good rural governance has increased in 19.5% of the surveyed households due to creative settlements compared to the last 10 years. The class of good rural governance has decreased due to creative settlements in this time frame.

Urban governance as one of the important strategies to achieve sustainable development is of particular importance, which is the focus of this research in the border city of Javanrood. The analysis approach in this article is based on the position of governance in the realization of sustainable development of border cities. The data collection approach is an expert-oriented interactive approach, the analysis method is quantitative and qualitative, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The results showed that a total of 7 meritocracy variables in the selection of city managers, the coordination of the programs of organizations related to city management, mutual communication and constructive interaction between public and private institutions, the use of appropriate measures and solutions for the legality of city managers, the influence of social networks on the participation of civil institutions and the private sector, the exchange of opinions of city managers with citizens in decisions related to city issues, the appropriate use of the city's capacities in urban development were the most important influencing factors in the realization of sustainable development in the field of urban governance.

A look at the evolution of village management and management approaches shows that rural governance has been considered as an effective and efficient approach to accountability, transparency, legality and accountability of local affairs, which can play an important role in achieving sustainable development. in this study, we tried to examine the role of rural governance in the economic sustainable development in Kahak district in Qom couanty. The research method is descriptive-analytic and for data collection, a documentary and survey method was used. Questionnaire and observation were ccollections tools. The statistical population of the study consists of 17 rural administrations (dehyars) and 34 members of islamic rural councils (IRCs). The validity of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by the opinion of the professors and experts of rural management. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and validated using Cronbach's alpha test at a very high level (0.91). In order to analyze of studied variables the SPSS software and statistical methods were used. The results of the research show that the rated rural-dominated villages in the studied villages is 3.7 and then the accountability with the score of 4.08 is the best. Also, analysis of variance test shows that governance influences on economic development and with increasing level of governance the level of economic development also increases. In this research, responsibility factor in the study area with coefficient of 0.453 is considered as the most important factor affecting economic development.

Today, various approaches have been proposed in the field of urban management, of which good urban governance is one of the most prominent. Governance is an alternative to traditional management and governance methods. In this regard, the present article has tried to identify and cluster the obstacles affecting the realization of good urban governance in Tehran metropolis with the method of structural analysis. Theoretical data was prepared by document method and experimental data by survey method based on Delphi technique. The statistical population was 20 urban experts based on purposeful sampling. 50 factors in 8 dimensions of transparency, accountability, public participation, effectiveness, consensualism, legality, responsibility and justice have been processed by structural interaction analysis method in MICMAC software. The results of the research from the analysis of mutual effects indicate the dispersion of barriers in a complex and intermediate situation of effectiveness and effectiveness; The obstacle clustering system indicates the concentration of effective and dual obstacles (risk and goal obstacles). The factors of concealment and lack of transparency in the hidden and open decision-making of city managers, the low level of honesty of the officials, the lack of awareness of the citizens about the plans and decisions of the municipality, the lack of transparency in the policies of the municipality's income and expenses, the lack of coherence and Weakness of the legal order in the laws and regulations related to the control and guidance of urban development, lack of trust and ambiguity in the accountability of city officials, weakness of the municipality's performance in the process of planning, decision-making and action, fragmentation in management and decision-making within the municipality, non-implementation Regulatory rules and regulations, control by the relevant authorities, resistance to admit mistakes and management mistakes among city officials, lack of continuous participation of the municipality in solving urban problems, unequal treatment of illegal activities in the municipality, weakness in fulfilling promises. Given by the municipal officials, the lack or weakness of public supervision and sectoral approach and the lack of systemic approach to the city administration have the most direct impact on the non-realization of good governance in the metropolis of Tehran.

Based on the governance approach, the effective administration of affairs in various fields requires the constructive participation of other stakeholders and the development and promotion of their institutional capacity in the successful administration of affairs, the accurate implementation of measures, and the resolution of problems in achieving the goals. The article aims to provide a framework for improving the institutional capacity of the private sector in the development of Iran's upstream oil and gas industries, emphasizing the governance approach. Article in terms of practical purpose and from the point of view of the method; It is qualitative in its approach to documentary scanning. The statistical population was all the upstream documents related to the oil and gas industries, which were selected using a targeted method. The resulting data have been analyzed using the theme analysis method and theme network approach. The results of the findings have shown that the improvement of the institutional capacity framework of the private sector depends on the interaction of various factors at three levels: A) Individuals, including: 1) investors; 2) executive bodies; 3) senior managers in policy-making authorities; 4) mutual obligations of the parties; 5) partnership working groups; B) Organization, including: 1) technical infrastructure; 2) political-legal requirements in policy-making; 3) strong contractual mechanisms; 4) financial mechanisms; 5) approval of relevant authorities; 6) facilitation mechanisms; C) contextual, including: 1) the areas of partnership; 2) functions of the partnership; 3) modes of partnership; 4) preservation of values; and 5) areas of utilizing the capabilities of the private sector.