داستان

As an emerging area in literary criticism, the study of narrative time has attracted narratologists’s attention since the 20th century. One of the figures focusing on the analysis of time in narrative is Gerard Genet, who believes that the time of story and narration are not parallel but different, due to three reasons; order or chronological sequence, duration or temporal continuity, and frequency or repetition. The Translation of Tārīkh-e Yamīnī is one of the old texts in the field of historiography, which chronicles the events of Samanid and Ghaznavid eras. As it is written in the form of successive narrative fragments, with the author employing various techniques of temporal manipulation, it can be analyzed in terms of narrative time. This study examined the use of time through an inductive reasoning approach, focusing on order, duration and frequency. The result demonstrates that, although this work falls into the category of realistic and historical writings, the author has skillfully employed various narrative time techniques. Its refined prose style ensures that prolonged descriptions remain engaging rather than tedious. Moreover, the author’s seamless blending of historiography and realism is evident.

One of the most serious activities that have been carried out in the field of intellectual skills training is the philosophy program for children. Education experts believe that children's philosophical mentality is formed through stories. Therefore, the purpose of the upcoming research is to identify the components of philosophical thinking in the book The Little Prince. To achieve this goal, the story of The Little Prince written by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry has been selected and analyzed. The criterion of comparison in this research is based on the components of philosophical thinking from Lipman's point of view, which is divided into three dimensions critical, creative, and caring thinking components. Then, according to the theoretical framework, and using the method of comparative content analysis, the components of philosophical thinking in the story have been identified and analyzed. The findings of the research show that this story has a suitable capacity from the point of view of the components of philosophical thinking, and the presence of these components is evident in it. In this way, this story has more richness in the dimension of critical thinking compared to the other two dimensions, and the components of sensitivity to the context and based on the criterion have a greater and bolder role compared to other components. At the same time, this story is rich in terms of creative thinking components, and originality and holistic components can be seen throughout the story. Also, the presence of the emotional component shows

Humor is the most important type of literature that writers and researchers have paid attention to, and today it has reached the fields of linguistic research and has become one of the prominent features of contemporary Iranian fiction literature, which writers have used to convey their messages and reflect their social and cultural realities. . There are different theories about humor and how to create it. One of the important contemporary theories about humor is the theory of Ivan Fonagy (2662-7326), a Hungarian linguist. In his books and articles, Fonagy has talked in detail about the ways of creating humor in literary works, and since he examined humor from both linguistic and non-linguistic angles, his theory can be used as a good criterion for the morphology of humor in literary works and especially in contemporary fiction literature. Humor has entertaining, critical and beautifying functions. Fereydon Tankabani is one of the most prominent satirists of contemporary Iran with numerous works of story writing and satire. In this research, the author has analyzed the satirical techniques four collections of stories named Asirkhak, Busy City Notes and Thoughts, Dark Night Stars and Land of Happiness using a descriptive-analytical method and a library tool. The results of the research show exaggeration are the most frequent satirical techniques used by Tonekaboni to express his social and political criticisms with humorous language, as well as characters, dictionary satire, situational satire and The analysis of humor has also been used to express its subtle literary points.

One of the important themes of contemporary fiction is the reflection of popular culture in the stories of each region, and since man and his life and thought are an integral part of the story, the connection of popular culture with life has entered the field of fiction. Themes of popular culture include a set of topics and concepts that are used by the general public on a daily basis. A part of this culture includes: social, religious, medical and superstitious customs, and another part includes: colloquial language and local dialects, games, poems and songs, anecdotes, proverbs, idioms, ironies and expressions. Special and similar cases that are often used in the language of the general public. The purpose of the present research was to investigate and analyze the themes of popular culture in the stories of Mazandaran region. In terms of its purpose, this research is a descriptive-analytical research, and based on the type and nature of the data, it is a qualitative research. Therefore, after examining and analyzing the dreams of a loving tiger by Asadollah Emadi, it was found that this poet and writer has beautifully depicted nature, his hometown, and his habitat in his stories and tried to describe the names of plants, specific geographical names, and birds. And animals, and refer to the customs and culture of the people of this region to create images and use words that are enjoyable for the audience due to nostalgia. Also, by using local words and reminding the customs and culture of Mazandaran region, the author helps the young generation to become more familiar with their culture. Since the culture of any society also expresses the identity and special values of that society and the factor of transferring these values to the next generations, it is important.

Education is of particular importance in childhood. It shapes the personality of individuals and conveys concepts in an appropriate and correct manner. One of the most effective ways of educating children and adolescents is the use of the aesthetic and artistic method. Given the undeniable role of stories in conveying concepts, literature and art can be the best means of reflecting concepts in general, and Islamic concepts in particular. Emphasizing on the role of stories in the Holy Quran, the present study aims to investigate the role of this educational dimension in promoting the obligatory prayer. To achieve this goal, the descriptive-analytical method was used. The findings of the study indicated that the aesthetic and artistic aspect can play an important role in transmitting Islamic teachings and promoting and developing the culture of prayer. It can lead to deeper learning if the following requirements are met: attention to and utilization of religious elements (beliefs as the cognitive and insight aspect, internal states as the emotional and emotional aspect, internal commitment as the decision-making aspect, will, choice, and action) and educational elements. In transmitting religious concepts and religious education the key and influential characteristics and components in the stages of growth (introduction, discipline, puberty and the peak of puberty, moderation and elevation) and the correct and methodical transition from childhood to adulthood must be considered. Besides, rationality, desirability, humanity, and agency should be cultivated at each stage of growth.

 Characterization is one of the main components of storytelling. Character is a set of characteristics that make up the existence of a person in the story, and the audience expects to see the same characteristics in that person when dealing with that person at different stages of the story. Therefore, characterization is the art of portraying the characteristics and character of the people involved in the story in such a way that it is expected and believable. In this article, an attempt is made to compare the characterization in Khosrow and Shirin Nizami and Shirin and Farhad Vahashi Bafghi, and the similarities and differences of the views and tastes of these two poets in The field of characterization should be explained.

 This research has a comparative aspect and is based on the comparison of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami and Shirin and Farhad Vahshi Bafghi in the field of characterization methods. Discussions are presented in a combination of description and analysis.

 The findings of this research show that although the theoretical discussions related to the field of characterization are new and have become common in Iran since the encounter between Persian literature and Western literature in the contemporary period, two great Parsigo poets, Nizami Ganjavi and Vahsih Bafghi with Relying on their ingenuity, they have done characterization at an appropriate level.

 Nizami actually wrote the history of Khosrow Parvez"s life and reign, although he highlighted its romantic aspects as well. The main character of his poem is Khosrow, followed by Shirin and other characters, who are also numerous, some of them have secondary aspects and some of them are black. On the other hand, Vashvih has chosen a section of a bigger story and according to this choice, he has also chosen the characters. The number of characters in the wild system is as minimal as possible. The characters in the military system have more individuality due to the fact that they act in the heart of a historical text, and in the wild system, the aspect of the type of characters, whose number is also small, is more impressive, and even Farhad can be more or less He considered a symbolic and at the same time eternal character. The characters of the military system have more action, but the characters of the wild system are more like the people in the painting, who are quiet and still, and the poet is standing next to this painting and is talking about the people in it.

Narrative stories accompanied by music formed a part of the Sasanian court music repertoire. These stories were arranged in two scales, big and small, i.e. 360 melodies and 30 derivative modes, which were attributed to Barbad, the court musician of Khosrow Parviz. These names can be found in treatises left from the past, poems of poets such as Manochehri Damghani or in different cultures. This article emphasizes on Barbad's 30 derivative modes, especially the story of Panjeh Kabk e Dari/Rah e Ruh. The purpose of this research is to discover the stories and its practical motivation. The research approach is based on the description and analysis of content and the method of collecting library resources. The relationship between the titles of Panjeh Kabk e Dari and the Rah e Ruh is the most important question of this research. The names of the mentioned stories of the 30 derivative modes are sometimes not the same, and it seems that some of them had two or three similar names based on the content of the stories. The mistakes of the scribes regarding their number should not be neglected either. It seems that the origin of the story of Panjeh Kabk e Dari is Indian and is related to the story of Rah e Ruh / Rahat al-Arwah. The text of Rahat al-Arwah story has undergone many transformations in different centuries of the Islamic era. It is possible that the Arab translators have chosen the title of Rah e Ruh / Rahat al-Arwah for Panjeh Kabk e Dari, which refers to the wickedness of the ministers; The characters who are trying to prevent the main character of the story from gaining power and eliminate him, but they are not successful in this matter. This issue can be an interpretation of the victory of good over evil in the thinking of the dualism of Mazdayasna religion.

The Regional literature contains descriptions of the characteristics of nature and people in specific areas. All regions of the world have a great deal of literature of this type, including Persian and Urdu literature. Several works in Regional literature have been produced by Ali Abbas Hosseini on the subcontinent of India and Pakistan and Mahmoud Dolatabadi in Iran. The Regional literature contains descriptions of the characteristics of nature and people in specific areas. All regions of the world have a great deal of literature of this type, including Persian and Urdu literature. Several works in Regional literature have been produced by Ali Abbas Hosseini on the subcontinent of India and Pakistan and Mahmoud Dolatabadi in Iran. First, the existing definitions of Regional literature and the history of Regional literature in Persian and Urdu literature will be briefly explained, and then, in an analytical and inferential manner, the elements and characteristics of Regional literature in the stories of Ali Abbas Hosseini and Mahmoud Dolat Abadi will be explored. First, the existing definitions of Regional literature and the history of Regional literature in Persian and Urdu literature will be briefly explained, and then, in an analytical and inferential manner, the elements and characteristics of Regional literature in the stories of Ali Abbas Hosseini and Mahmoud Dolat Abadi will be explored.

The development and cultivation of critical thinking plays an effective role in the flourishing of children's talent to acquire the necessary skills to produce knowledge. It will also strengthen scientific foundations in the field of development and technology and individual and social growth, and of course, it is an important component in creating scientific transformation. Critical thinking as a cognitive skill should be included in the goals of educational systems. Along with formal education, the use of literature, especially stories, is one of the most efficient methods of developing critical thinking. Considering the important role that the organization of education plays in the growth and development of critical thinking in children, the present study aims to identify the components of critical thinking in the stories of the textbooks of the first to third years of elementary school.

A qualitative content analysis method is used in this study. Also, in this study, it has been examined through the census of all books from the first to the third grade (2022, 2023) and quantitatively through descriptive statistics (prevalence, percentage) and quality that phrases, images, and fictional poems, stories short and... which included and related to the components of critical thinking in textbooks were extracted and prepared for counting and coding, Then the codes that were very similar in terms of meaning had overlaps or were congruent and were combined and organized under a more general concept as sub-categories and the sub-categories were also categorized and placed under the more general concept as "category" in the tables and at the end according to each category and sub-category, evidence from the text, along with mentioning the page number (for elementary books) and (mentioning the educational level for books) were cited. The research tool included a checklist of critical thinking components based on the review and analysis of the theoretical background and critical thinking components of Lippman and other experts. In the first stage, this checklist was reviewed by professors and experts in the field of educational sciences, so the initial form of content analysis was provided to 5 professors familiar with this field and lesson planners for change and correction; in the second stage, after applying their opinions, the final checklist of content analysis was prepared and compiled, and it was again approved by the same professors. Its reliability has been through inter-coder reliability, and the acceptability criterion has been based on the review of supervisors familiar with this field, long-term engagement, and continuous observation.

As a result of data analysis, 47 subcategories and 19 categories were extracted. The findings showed that the total number of frequencies in all first three elementary school textbooks is 1209, of which the inductive reasoning component with 282 frequencies (23.32%) has the highest frequency percentage and correct criticism with 9 frequencies (0.74%) has the lowest frequency percentage. The results show that all components and critical thinking skills have not been given equal and balanced attention both in the first three grades comparison and in the comparison of books with each other and need further attention and improvement. Based on the table of critical thinking components, it could be concluded that some categories, such as the category of inductive reasoning, have received too much attention, and some categories, such as the category of correct criticism, have received too little attention, which could be argued that it is not given the importance it deserves for teaching critical thinking to children and needs to be improved. The reason for this lack of attention can be due to various factors, including the old approach to teaching children, little attention to critical thinking in the fundamental transformation document, little information from parents about the teaching method for students, lack of facilities for teachers in teaching, lack of sufficient freedom in changing the curriculum, and the impact of Western thought on the educational system, which was examined. At the end of the study, constructive and practical suggestions were presented based on the findings of the present study, taking into account the considerations and limitations of the primary education system.

The frequency of Leyli and Majnoon's tales is high in Persian literature. The tale of Leyli and Majnoon has been considered by Iranian poets and authors since the fourth-century AH and has been included in their works. Evolution of narrative, characters, and themes in the tales and anecdotes of Leyli and Majnoon in Persian literature, their relationship in terms of where and when the tale is written, and its difference from the original version and the location of the Arabic story would help to have a better and different understanding of the stories written under the common name Leyli and Majnoon. In this study, the main purpose is the investigation of the Leyli character changes among Persian poets. The research shows that the Layla and Majnoon poems in the history of literature in Persian poets, based on the imitation of Nezami, do not have much variation except minor changes. And all authors reach a consensus about the location and culture, and the pure love, although interesting minor differences were in Leyli's character in their writing.

Researching the personality of women in world literature has always been desired by researchers. Writers and poets have benefited from the function of the female character in the stories based on the culture and socio-political environment of their country. In such a way that in the literary stories of the nations, the presence and roles of women can be seen. This study is descriptive-analytical, apart from the controversial aspects of Ferdowsi's attitude towards women, a comparison and comparison of how this class of society is characterization from the point of view of the structure of storytelling, in the four tragedies of the epic part of the Shahnameh and the four tragic plays of Euripides. Presents in this way to show the similarity and difference of characterization in these works and to be able to avoid how people looked at women in the previous era. The results indicate that women are the main characters and heroes of most of Euripide's tragedies due to the fact that their existence is shown, and they have taken a role in Ferdowsi's tragedies according to the story and situation.

Every story is a narrative of events that take place in time. These events follow a continuous and chronological sequence, but somewhere there are inconsistencies in the form of time lapse, which expands the space of the story and creates suspense and anticipation in the reader. By using the time-lapse technique, the author breaks the linear system of the story and by showing the inner world of the main character of the story, calls the audience to re-read a dynamic, complex and involved story. Ali Khodayi, the author of the story of Sunday evenings, has used retrospective time travel (internal and external) by breaking the linear course of time. Internal flashbacks are a way of using time in the story, and external flashbacks are like a bridge to reach the main events of the narrative. The present study tries to analyze the concept of timelessness by analyzing the story of Sunday evenings by Ali Khodayi and examines the author's technique in discontinuing the time of the story .

Razavi’s children’s and adolescent literature festival stories are among the works of fiction in the age category of children and adolescents, which were mostly written in a one-sequence and somewhat positive way in the 2000s and 2010s.  The main focus of these stories is criticism of illness and poverty, praise of appeal and hope, altruism, gratitude, effort and perseverance.  This article tries to investigate and analyze the important structural and content elements of these works in a descriptive and analytical way, with the aim of better introducing these stories and knowing the viewpoints of their authors, which have been given less attention so far.  The findings of this research revealed that in these stories, the reality descriptions prevail over the imagination of the writers.  In these stories, in the end, superiority is with positive characters and the force of good, and the heroes and readers face relatively positive endings.  The predominance of dynamic characters over static characters because of the type of crises in the story and the predominance of content over form, scenes combined with similes and metaphors that serve the content of the story are other features of these stories.  Lack of attention to the national and mythological culture and uniformity in the language and speech of the story characters is one of the most important damages of these works.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the educational teachings of the collection of children's financial literacy story books to determine the level of attention paid to the standards and skills of each of the six areas of financial literacy. This research was carried out using deductive Miring content analysis. The unit of context of all the texts of the collection of 22 volumes and the unit of analysis in this research was equal to the unit of context The reliability of the research was calculated through the Scott coefficient (0733). Data analysis was also done based on Shannon's entropy method. The findings of the research showed that all areas and standards and skills of personal finance have not been paid the same attention. So that among the areas of financial literacy, the highest frequency and coefficient of importance belong to the standards of the field of spending and saving, and the lowest frequency and coefficient of importance belong to the standards of the field of risk management and insurance. According to the personal financial fields, in order of importance in fiction books, they are the fields of job search and income, financial decision making, investment, credit and debt, as a result of designing a rich model suitable for the culture and native characteristics of Iran for teaching financial literacy and writing fiction and non-fiction books. Based on such a model, it is recommended in all areas and skills of personal finance in a balanced way.

Digital educational games have recently received a lot of research and researchers in this field have welcomed their effectiveness. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the story and self-explanation of the digital game on learning, academic engagement and learning transfer in the mathematics of the first-grade elementary school students. The present research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population is all the first-grade students of Tabriz city, the school selection was done as an available school and the sampling of students was random and they were placed in three groups of experiment one (16 students), experiment two (16 students) and the control group (19 students). To collect data related to learning variables and learning transfer, a researcher-made test was used, and Reeve & Tseng's academic engagement questionnaire was used for the academic engagement variable. Multivariate covariance statistical method was used to analyze the data. The analysis of the research findings showed that the story of the digital game has an effect on learning, academic involvement and learning transfer, also the self-explanation of the digital game has an effect on learning and the transfer of learning, but no effect was found between the self-explanation of the digital game and academic involvement. Therefore, in the design of educational games, to increase their effectiveness, the educational capabilities of stories and self-explanation can be used.

Diplomacy in the Era of Storytelling Media: A Comparative Study of the First Media Narrative of IRINN, CNN and BBC about the Attack on Aramco
Modern media have emerged from the transition from the fascinating and attractive land of narrative and storytelling media to the new communication technologies. Event is in the narrow border between the media narrative and the fictional narrative. Hence, event is the dividing agent between the media and fiction. In the presence of event, the media narratives can be verified, falsified or scrutinized. On the other hand, fictional narratives cannot be scrutinized, even if there is an equivalent for them in the reality.
‘News as an objective report of an event’ on which Walter Lippmann once emphasized has now faded away. Narratives of an event are sometimes contradictory, numerous and plural; sometimes the narrative take precedence over the event and is more believable in the mind of the audience than the event itself. Using a qualitative analysis approach and library sources, the present article endeavors to study the first reports of the three TV channels IRINN, CNN and BBC about the Aramco attack event and remind the reader of the signs of the decline of the traditional news media and the rise of the storytelling media in theMetanarrative and modern international system.

In the contemporary period, there has been a deep connection between literature and philosophy and existentialist philosophy. Sadegh Hedayat and Bint Al-Hoda Sadr are among the writers who, each with a different point of view, use the story as a means to express themselves and influence the public opinion of the readers. The reader of these two characters, in the midst of the events of the story and from the language of different characters, faces many existential questions and concerns that prompt his mind and thoughts to struggle.In this article, an attempt has been made to analyze the existentialist ideas in the works of Bentalhedi Sadr and Sadegh Hedayat in a descriptive-analytical way. there are differences and similarities in these. Bint-ul-Hoda adopts the criterion of choice from the holy texts and the order of religion, but "Sadiq Hedayat" sees man as free in every choice. According to "Sadegh Hedayat", a traditional and especially religious woman is a superstitious creature and is satisfied with the status quo, but Bent Al-Hoda considers religious beliefs as a factor in women's empowerment and dynamism. From the point of view of "Sadiq Hedayat", the category of death is a gift that leads a person to originality, while from the point of view of Bint Al-Hoda, death is a means of freedom from attachment and a path to a life of faith.

Social skills are among the important and fundamental skills that contribute to the progress and improvement of an individual's quality of life. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of Joubert's stories on the social skills of elementary school students in Kermanshah City. This study is semi-experimental research using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The population of this research consists of all elementary school students in District One of Kermanshah City who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. Two classes from two different schools were randomly selected,  each class consisting of 15 students. One group was assigned as the experimental group, and the other group was assigned as the control group. The research instrument was the Matson Social Skills Questionnaire, and the storybooks were selected from the French author Claire  Joubert and were translated into Persian. Both the experimental and control groups underwent a pretest, followed by an intervention of storytelling sessions for the experimental group over a period of two months and eight sessions. Finally, a posttest was administered to both groups. The results were analyzed using covariance analysis, which showed that Claire Joubert's stories have an impact on enhancing the social skills of elementary school students, including the growth of social skills and skills related to avoiding antisocial behaviors.

The purpose of the present study is hence "The Investigation of the Consequences of Moral Education in the Collection Of "Good Stories For Good Children" books according to the human's quadruple relationships. It was quantitative-qualitative in the case of method and it was conducted through content analysis. The Fifth and Eighth books were forgone due to the high congruity with the subject. Therefore, the unit of field included all the stories in the remaining six books containing 130 stories in 951 pages and the unit of analysis included half of the stories in these six books containing 64 stories in 421 pages. The applied tools in this study included the books under the title of "Good Stories for Good Children" and the content analysis checklist. The directed (comparative) content analysis method was used in the present study based on Meiring's theory. The validity of the recognized categories related to relationship components was confirmed with experts's investigation. The reliability of the identified categories, too, was achieved at 77.92% by using the Scott coefficient. The data analysis was done via the Shannon entropy method. These findings revealed that the author's attention in selecting the stories has been more on self-knowledge and anthropology and, godliness has been addressed independently; hence in order to make up the shortage of this collection in relationship with the environment, writing the related story books is necessary. Finally, it is suggested to use these stories in writing and compiling other books and story collections, especially textbooks.