جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "صادرات غیرنفتی" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

The development of non-oil exports is of great importance for a country whose industry is based on the export of oil and its derivatives. Given the emergence of technology-based industries in the past two decades and the increasing importance of the technology economy, focusing on the development of exports of innovation and technology-based products is more necessary than ever. Therefore, examining the existing supportive policies in the country and successful global models to optimize and increase the effectiveness of these policies is crucial.This research examines the supportive policies of the Vice Presidency for Science, Technology, and Knowledge-Based Economy in the development of exports of innovation and technology-based products and formulates an optimal model for supporting knowledge-based businesses. This study has been conducted using scientific research methods, and its results can be extended to other supportive institutions such as the Trade Promotion Organization, the Small Industries and Industrial Parks Organization of Iran, and the Innovation and Prosperity Fund of the Presidency.To achieve the research objectives, qualitative case studies were conducted, and other research areas were reviewed. Additionally, semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists in the fields of export and technology were conducted to gather their opinions.The obtained data indicate that supportive policies have been analyzed in three approaches: government-oriented, firm-oriented, and intermediary-oriented, and an optimal model based on these approaches has been proposed. The research results reveal that the executive policies in the country’s governmental structures, especially in the Vice Presidency for Science and Technology, have weaknesses that need to be addressed and improved. Among these weaknesses are the need for more attention to the export of knowledge-based companies, decentralization from reliance on budget and financial support, and maximum utilization of innovation and technology infrastructure in the country. Additionally, attention to the network of Iranians abroad and extracting comprehensive statistics on the official and unofficial exports of these companies are other important points for improving supportive policies.

The export of agricultural goods, especially nuts, plays a significant role in providing foreign exchange income from non-oil exports. Due to the inadequacy of the models presented in the existing theoretical foundations, this research was conducted with a developmentalist view of the non-oil economy with the aim of designing a model for nuts export tactics to Russia. This research follows the sequential mixed method. First by using the library method, nuts export tactics were extracted. Then in the qualitative part, the initial tactics were presented through interviews to 25 experts who were selected through the snowball sampling method, while confirming them, additional tactics were extracted. Data collection in the quantitative part was also done using a questionnaire which its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach alpha method and its validity was confirmed by content validity method. By asking 110 nuts exporters who were selected through judgmental sampling method, the final tactics were ranked using the TOPSIS method. The results showed that the best way to developing the nuts export to Russia is using of 30 tactics which have the following priority: Integration of small companies to achievement of reliable brand and production on an economic scale, Establishing the joint bank of Iran and Russia and opening branches in both countries to facilitate financial transfers, Controlling pollution and reducing the use of pollutants in export affairs and other tactics in the research model.

Digital currencies based on information technology and without dependence on banks and governments are in the real world, which is called the fourth industrial revolution. In this study, a general discussion was conducted on digital currencies and non-oil exports (handcraft industries) considering the moderating role of international sanctions. The type of applied research and the method of doing it was a descriptive survey and the statistical population included the managers of the country\'s handicraft industry. The research sampling method is available by random sampling and to determine the sample size of Cochran\'s formula which is equal to 367 people; 390 questionnaires were distributed for the possibility of non-return. Finally, by reviewing the returned questionnaires and excluding the incomplete questionnaires, 337 questionnaires entered the statistical analysis stage. The correlation coefficient test was used to test the first and second hypotheses of the research. In the first hypothesis, the positive value of the correlation coefficient (0.106) indicates the direct relationship between digital currencies and the increase in non-oil exports (handcraft industry). In the second hypothesis, the positive value of the correlation coefficient (0.250) indicates the existence of a direct relationship between digital currencies and the reduction of the impact of international sanctions. Finally, to test the third hypothesis, the path coefficient test and the value of tstatistics were used and the value of the path coefficient stated that 34.5% of the capability of digital currencies and non-oil exports (handcraft industry) was affected by the moderating role of international sanctions. The path coefficient also revealed that 18.6% of non-oil exports (handcraft industry) were affected by the capability of digital currencies. In the end, suggestions such as solving jurisprudential challenges and security problems and the adoption of laws to protect digital currencies by the government and government institutions, as well as the expansion of fashion programs based on Islamic and Iranian culture, etc. were presented as research suggestions.

According to official statistics published by the Customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the amount of exports of industrial sectors in the first 4 months of 1399 compared to the same period in 1398, decreased by an average of 28%. In this article, using the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) in 2016, assuming the continuation of this trend throughout the year, the effects and consequences of shock reduction of non-oil exports following the outbreak of Corona virus on economic sectors production and income distribution are analyzed. These results then serve as the basis for identifying the five important origin and destination segments for applying the structural path analysis approach to impact chains. Also, important paths of impact of export reduction on 5 economic sub-sectors are identified using structural path analysis approach. The findings of the study show that, firstly, the total output decreases by 6.49 percent. Second, the functional distribution of income, changes to the detriment of operating surplus and compensation for employee services, so that they experience a decrease of 5.63 and 3.84 percent, respectively; While mixed income decreases only 2.79 percent. Third, with a 3.23 percent decline in urban household income and a 2.98 percent decline in rural household income, the institutional distribution of income also changes to the detriment of urban households. Fourth, the explanations of the major paths of impact identified using the structural path analysis approach range from 45percent to more than 99 percent.

Non-oil export development is one of the policy priorities in countries dependent on oil exports to achieve balanced and comprehensive development. However, the development of non-oil exports depends on the growth of the private sector and the growth of the private sector is also possible through both the transfer of assets and public corporations to the private sector (privatization) and the removal of barriers to private sector activity (improving the business environment). But, empirical evidence has shown that privatization does not result without improving the business environment. Hence, economists emphasize that improving the business environment is prior to privatization. In this regard, the present study has tried to determine the impact of Business space on market share of non-oil export in developing selected countries during the period 2008-2019. From the three indicators, Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export were used as an alternative to the business environment. Eventually, the research model using panel data and the generalized method of moments estimated and results showed that the impact of Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export on market share of non-oil export is negative and meaningful. Also, the effect of controlling variables including per capita production, real exchange rate and openness on market share of non-oil exports is positive and significant

In the present era, banking is one of the most important sectors of the economy, which has led to the expansion of markets and the growth and prosperity of economies in organizing and directing receipts and payments, facilitating trade and commerce. Banks can play a very constructive role in the economy by equipping savings and allocating them to various businesses. Export Development Bank of Iran, as the only Exim Bank of the country, can increase its efficiency by paying low-cost loans to export companies and providing the required working capital, as well as financing investment projects and development projects to increase export capacity. and their competitiveness in global markets will help a lot.Seven criteria for evaluating firm performance are: effectiveness, efficiency, productivity, quality, profitability and Profitability, quality of working life and creativity and innovation.The amount of output produced by the firm using a certain amount of inputs is called productivity. Thus, improving the level of productivity is the result of producing more output using a fixed amount of input or producing a fixed amount of output using less input.

The following steps have been taken in the research for fulfilling the research objectives In the first step, in order to evaluate bank’s performance, the efficiency of various branches was measured using Stochastic Frontier Production Function.  Accordingly, 27 branches with continuous activity during the past three years were selected as sample and their monthly efficiency was estimated. For measuring branches’ efficiency, bank’s expenses were considered as a function of input and output variables and then estimated using Frontier 4 software. finally non-operating and operating incomes, as outputs, and impairment loan, provision of default and branches’ capital, as bank’s inputs, were identified.

As mentioned above, econometric estimation of cost function requires selection of function form. the translog function has been used to experimentally estimate cost inefficiency .also, the model was estimated with different inputs and outputs.the model was also estimated with different inputs and outputs. the general form of the function is as follows.TCit is the total cost of ith bank, Qit is output, Pjit is input price, Uit is cost inefficiency and vit is Statistical error with zero mean and constant variance. ln (TC),α, β are unknown parameters that Should be estimated.

Whereas inputs aproved in the above model for estimating branches’ efficiency include branches’ capital, impairment loans and provision of default branches' facilities, six strategies are suggested for improving branches’ efficiency and developing non-oil exports.a)Increasing the bank's capital continuity over time: The capital of the Export Development Bank is an exogenous variable due to the Being governmental bank, and increasing the bank's capital requires direct government support. In order to provide practical support for the country's exports, the government needs to try to expand the financing capacity of the Export Development Bank over time with the bank's capital.b) Although a slight decrease in the exchange rate of the rial against other currencies leads to an increase in the competitiveness of export goods and services,however, this advantage, through the occurrence of high domestic inflation, leads to an increase in the price of export goods and services and reduces the competitiveness of export products globally and against imported products. Therefore, the central bank should strictly avoid applying monetary policies that result in inflation in the economy.. c)The Central Bank is trying to reduce the restrictions of the rules and regulations related to commercial banks in Exim Bank Iran.d)Reduction and merger of loss-making branches that are unable to cover their costs due to the location and conditions of the branch.e)Increasing the productivity of human and physical capital by holding effective training courses and revising the recruitment and employment of manpowerin a traditional way and using scientific methods to attract talented, specialized, motivated and interested manpower, etc.f) The government should avoid appointing non-bank managers, especially at the level of the bank's board of directors and CEO, who do not have the necessary banking expertise, knowledge and familiarity with the bank's mission, culture, values and vision.

The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of changes in the real exchange rate on the export performance of the non-oil sector. Export earnings are assumed of vital importance not only for developing but also for developed countries. Developed countries mainly export capital and final goods, while the main part of developing countries export consists of mining-industry goods especially natural resources. In this context, there are some challenges for countries with natural resource abundance, such as oi,l in comparison with other countries. The main point is that in parallel with the windfall of oil revenues these countries have to pay more attention to the development of the non-oil sector as well as its export performance ;because in most cases oil-driven economic development leads to some undesirable consequences such as Dutch Disease in oil-rich countries. In oil-dependent countries, the export of other goods can help reduce the effect of oil revenues on the country's trade basket. Several factors affect non-oil exports, one of which is exchange rate variable. exchange rate which is the price of a foreign currency in terms of domestic currencies, has an important effect on macroeconomic variables; Such as production, exports, the balance of payments, etc. By affecting the relative prices of domestic and imported goods, this rate can also affect other economic sectors of the country. Accordingly, exchange rates and shocks of this variable are one of the main factors affecting non-oil exports.

Today, because many countries are experiencing continuous changes in politics and economics, it is expected that modeling macroeconomic variables with linear models and fixed parameters are not appropriate, so nonlinear models and temporal parameters have a comparative advantage. This study examines the impact of the exchange rate on non-oil exports in Iran from 1978-2017 by using nonlinear Markov-switching (MS) and Smooth Transition Regression (STR) models. Therefore, these two models are used to estimate the regime transfer rate due to the asymmetric exchange rate on non-oil exports. The studied variables have been collected from the websites of the Central Bank of Iran and the Bank of Commercial Partners. They include non-oil exports, exchange rates, Iran's GDP, GDP, and price index.

The results of a sudden change of Markov-switching model (MS) show that the effect of exchange rate in the first regime is about 8.6 times the second regime, both of which have a positive effect on non-oil exports, So, the results of this method show the nonlinear, asymmetric, and positive effect of exchange rate on non-oil exports in Iran.However, in the Smooth Transition Regression model (STR), exchange rate coefficientsshowed different effects in the two regimes in a way that exchange rate in the first regime has a negative, insignificant effect on non-oil exports, but in the second regime it has a positive and significant effect on non-oil exports.

Overall, the results show that the effect of exchange rate on non-oil exports is nonlinear and asymmetric and this effect changes with the change in transfer rate of the regime;i.e. if the rate of transfer from a regime to another is immediate, the effect of exchange rate on non-oil exports changes rapidly, but if the transition rate is slow, it can reverse the effect of exchange rate on non-oil exports and even completely change the effect. In addition, the findings of this study can be useful for policymakers in the monetary and real sectors in Iran, especially in terms of exchange rate policy implementation and its impact on non-oil exports.

Since the Free Zones of Iran have distanced themselves from their goals and become an import platform, this study was conducted with the aim of designing a policy-making model for the development of non-oil exports in the Free Zones and laying the railways towards the realization of export goals. This research is practical from the point of view of purpose, but in terms of method, it is considered as exploratory research.  and has been done with a qualitative approach based on Grounded Theory and in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding and has 402 primary codes, 63 subcategories And 18 main categories. Based on the final results, Causal Factors (factors that inhibit production, barriers to policy-making, barriers to the implementation of laws and policies and export barriers at the enterprise level) affect the development of non-oil exports in Free Zones, as well as Underlying Factors (contexts and requirement of Free Zones, economic structure, cultural structure and capabilities and advantages of Free zones) and Intervening Factors (pressure and interest factors, corruption and profit-seeking) affect strategic factors, and finally, Strategic Factors (improving the decision-making process, improving the structure of the Supreme Council of Free zones , following National patterns of Export development, production prosperity policies, Export development policies, improving marketing factors and Improving management productivity) will turn Free Zones into the country's export platform and development engine, as well as achieve the goals of Free Zones.

The development of non-oil exports is one of the policy priorities in order to achieve balanced and comprehensive development in oil producing countries. Meanwhile, the development of entrepreneurial space by reinforcement the innovative approach to economic activities and transforming new knowledge into new goods and services, can lead to a competitive advantage in global markets and and the development of non-oil exports. So, in this regard, the present study attempted to determine the effect of entrepreneurship space on non-oil exports in developing and developed selected countries during the period 2013-2017. For this purpose, the research model is estimated using panel data and generalized moment method. The results showed that indicators of entrepreneurial overall, entrepreneurial attitudes, entrepreneurial abilities and entrepreneurial aspirstions as an alternative to entrepreneurial space respectively with coefficients of 0.31, 0.23, 0.29 and 0.34, affecting on non-oil exports. Also, the control variables, including GDP per capita, real exchange rate and openness of the economy, respectively with coefficients of 0.41, 0.14 and 0.17 affecting on non-oil exports.

The development of non-oil exports in oil-exporting countries is one of the policy priorities in order to achive balanced development. However, achieving this important, requires the creation of different infrastructures that the development of information and communication technology is one of the most important of them. In this regard, the present study attempted to examine the impact of ICT development on the market share of OPEC member countries from global exports during the period 2017-2007. In order to achieve this goal, the research model using panel data and GMM method. The results showed that the effect of ICT development indicators (access, use and skill) on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant. Also, the effect of control variables including per capita production and real exchange rate on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant.

Non-oil exports have been the subject of a lot of debate and discussions in recent decades. In Iran, the majority of the export revenue comes from oil sales and the government does not necessarily rely on other sources of revenue; therefore, non-oil exports are of particular importance. Meanwhile, Iran has been under economic sanctions for 40 years after the Islamic revolution, and export companies are facing many problems as a result. Thus, appropriate strategies should be used in order to maintain the business and increase the company performance in business exchanges, especially in the complex and ambiguous environment that causes many risks for various reasons due to political, economic, and cultural reasons. Such strategies can help deal with these uncertainties and risks. According to the previous studies in Iran, there are only few researches to analyze and assess export risk, which can be due to the dependence of the Iran economy on imports. Most research in this area has often examined the impact of a single risk. In this study, Miller model is considered as the basis for identifying risk factors. The output of this study is a network model of risks that Iranian exporters are faced with in the non-oil export sector.

In this study, the risks were identified by reviewing the related research literature and the opinions of professional and academic experts were collected through a questionnaire to select the most important risks. Judgmental sampling was considered for this study and an online questionnaire was sent to 187 people in both stages where the first questionnaire was responded by 31 individuals and the second questionnaire by 18 individuals. In this study, the same 31 questionnaires were considered sufficient. Then, interpretive-structural modeling method was used in order to extract the relationships between these risks. Using SPSS software, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the initial questionnaire was reported 0.722 and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each item was higher than 0.7, which indicates that all the questions in the questionnaire are reliable. The second questionnaire was designed based on the outputs of the first questionnaire and the second questionnaire was analyzed using interpretive structural modeling.

The final model obtained from this study consists of 6 levels; it should also be noted that the higher level risks are less effective and are more likely to be affected by other barriers. Level one risks include changes in the pattern of society, changes in the amount of use by others, the elimination of pollution, product innovation and workforce, which indicates that these components are affected by their five sub-levels. On the other hand, level two risks include quality change in machinery, social unrest, job security, and motivation management. Monetary-financial reform, price control, shortage of complementary goods, process innovation, shortage of raw materials and the results of research and development activities are considered as level three risks. Level four risks include strikes, barriers to capital and money outflows, inflation, changes in consumers’ taste, and collection of debts. Level five risks include chaos, revolution, business restrictions, earthquake, interest rates, heavy rainfall, and technology. Finally, level six risks, which are considered as the last and the most influential factors, include war, government laws, and exchange rates.

Managers should note that the importance of risks will be different compared to each other in different environments and different conditions, and also in different stages of the product life cycle. Therefore, considering the type of organization and environmental conditions, the manager should pay attention to the risks with different prospecrives. Regarding the connections made between the risks, it can be seen that most of the risks are associated with a lot of communication and impacts, and no unnecessary or insignificant risks are found. Any type of defect or shortcoming in a risk can cause disruptions in the end result, which is the increase in non-oil exports. In other words, the obtained model indicates that the model should be viewed as a process or system and also all the related aspects should be taken into account as well.

The development of non-oil exports can regulate the employment situation and help to the provide of necessary foreign exchange resources for imports. It can also increase the resilience of the economy by cutting off dependence on foreign exchange earnings from oil exports. But to achieve this, in today's competitive world, It needs to support creative ideas, build new products and services, based on the needs and preferences of foreign customers using their new tools and methods of production and commercialization, referred to as innovation. Therefore, the present study attempted to examine the effect of inputs and outputs of innovation on the market share of two oil exporting selected countries (sample group) and Innovation -Driven Stage selected countries (control group) from non-oil global exports during the period 2007-2017. For this purpose, the research model was estimated using panel data and generalized method of moments in two groups of countries. The results showed that the effect of inputs and outputs of innovation on the market share of both groups of selected countries from non-oil world exports was positive and significant. Of course, the estimated coefficient of these variables is higher in oil-exporting countries.

Trade affairs, particularly export, have been always encountered with risks and uncertainties. It is obvious that coping with these risk categories requires a systematic process for identifying, analyzing and responding to the risks in order to maximize the results of positive events and minimizing the consequences of bad and negative events that can affect the main goals of export. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to design and determine the optimal risk management model and its executive requirements in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Custom Administration (IRICA) with the export development approach. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section was the managers and experts of the IRICA in Tehran and in the quantitative section, was all experts of customs with a definitive export procedure. The sample needed for qualitative interviews was collected to the extent of theoretical saturation through a targeted judgment sampling. The qualitative data was analyzed by the grounded theory. Out of 181 subcategories extracted from verbal propositions, 41 core categories were extracted which formed the paradigm model of export risk management. Results indicated that product-based risk, trade risk, export decleration risk, non-performance risk, credit risk, transportation risk, individual based risk, and legal risk are the main export risks in Iran and related strategies were suggested. In addition, contextual factors including cultural, legal, environmental, economic, and political facors as well as mediator factors including quality of export operation mechanisms, human resource quality and stakeholder participation have affectd the risk management strategies.

The reliance on oil exports is one of the characteristics of the Iranian economy and the fluctuations in oil prices always cause instability in foreign exchange earnings and the economy of Iran. This has led to the lack of dependence on the single-economy economy, the diversification of foreign exchange earnings by enhancing non-oil exports and increasing the share of the Iranian economy in international trade. Paying attention to non-oil exports and effective action to improve requires the creation of a competitive environment, which will make it more widely available in global markets. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting non-oil exports on Iran's economic growth. For this research, the developed model of "Abbas Shakeri" (2004) has been used. The statistical population of this research is governmental university, Payame Noor, Islamic Azad, Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Mine and Trade. The sample size was 78 people using Cochran formula, which was selected using stratified cluster sampling. A questionnaire containing 25 questions related to non-oil exports and its effective factors was used to collect data. To analyze the obtained data, Spearman correlation test, regression estimation, Friedman test and Chi-square test were used. The results of field analysis showed a positive and significant effect of price and non-price factors on non-oil exports from the viewpoints of public universities, Payame Noor, Islamic Azad, Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Mining and Trade. Also, based on the results, the preference of the factors of the factors and factors unconnected with non-oil exports is the same and do not show significant differences. The results of the correlation test confirm the relationship between price and non-price factors with non-oil exports. Also, the results of the chi-square test confirmed the relationship between all indices with non-oil exports.

The effective rate of exchange is one of the most important factors in international competitiveness. The more it increases, the better the competitiveness of exports is. So, keeping or raising the real effective exchange rate has a positive effect on the country's trade balance, but reducing it will have a negative effect. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exchange rate on the non-oil exports of Iran with the time series analysis approach. The data on the variables were extracted from databases for the period of 1991-2012, and the Dickey-Fuller test was used to evaluate the reliability of the variables. Also, the Granger causality test and the VAR model were used to test the hypothesis. The results showed that the variable of exchange rates had significant adverse effects on non-oil exports during the studied period; with an increase in the exchange rate in that period, non-oil exports declined. It was also shown that the impacts of GDP, the degree of economic openness and non-oil export facilities granted to the private sector were positive.

Over the years of central planning in Iran, export diversification has always been at the forefront of governments’ objectives before and after the revolution. At the same time, many economists, especially neoclassical economists, has questioned the role of the State in bringing about export diversification and in particular carrying out selective targeting policies. Economic complexity, a theory put forward in recent years by Harvard and MIT economists, emphasizes the need to simultaneously take account of existing comparative advantage as well as the need to enhance economic complexity. In this paper, Iran’s export dynamisms has been studied for the first time over the period of 1997-2015 using economic complexity theory. The results show the decline of the share of complex products with a high degree of diversification in Iran’s export basket since 2005. Moreover, our research demonstrates that the main drivers of Iran’s export basket include the degree of export penetration in existing export markets, growth of world demand, currency devaluation and the degree of penetration into the product space.

One of the issues discussed in the international economics literature is the type and amount of imported goods. The main reason for these disputes is the negative impact of imports on the domestic economy. On the other hand, some experts believe that there are some types of import that do not lead to increase the dependency and not reduce the sustainable development of the importing country. The import of intermediate goods and capital, in addition to providing the basic needs of the manufacturing sector, has led to increase in the knowledge and technology spillover from developed countries to developing countries. Thus, these types of imports indirectly increase output and ultimately exports of developing countries. This paper aims to examine the effect of import of intermediate and capital goods on non-oil exports in OPEC Countries so using Spatial Panel Data Approach during 2005-2015. The results indicate that these imports have significant and positive effects on non-oil exports. In other words, one percent increase in import of intermediate goods and capital goods increase the growth of non-oil exports in OPEC countries 0.45 and 0.38 percent respectively.

Considering the importance of non-cash exports in Iran's economy, in this study using a nonlinearmethod, the effect of factors affecting non-oil exports of the country which have been emphasized in empirical and theoretical studies including real exchange rate, economy growth, and degree of openness of the economy has carefully been studied. Using the annual data between the years 1347 and 1395 and the TVP-VAR model, Iran's non-oil exports were modeled. Based on the results of the research, the effect of the variables on the growth of non-oil exports during the study period changed, so that the effects of economic growth rate, openness of economy and growth of non-oil exports on non-oil exports were positive with slight changes in the variables. During the period under consideration, while the effects of the exchange rate on non-oil exports changed more strongly, it was negative in the years 1351 to 1356 and 1372 to 1395, but it turned out to be positive in the years 1357 to 1371. The results of the present research indicate the role of the composition of the exported goods of the country and the conditions governing the economy of the country in shaping and influencing the model variables on non-oil exports.