جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فراموشی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

What is certain is that the motifs of banishment of the soul, descent, captivity, forgetting, awakening, liberation, and returning to the original principle are not emerging themes related to Islamic mysticism, but are much older. Undoubtedly, “The Hymn of the Pearl” is one of the oldest Symbolic stories in the world; the themes mentioned in it have been expressed in the fewest words beautifully, with many meanings, and with a coded language, and they have also influenced the mysticism of the world. The essence of the thought of The Hymn of the Pearl is Gnostic, which can be seen in the opinions of Manichaeans, Buddhists and Christians. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the effects and morphological and lexical reflection of The Hymn of the Pearl in Hafez's thoughts and poems. The researches show that Hafez, along with sympathizing with the themes of the Hymn of the Pearl, in a spiritual journey, which started from eternity, punishes and educates the soul until, like the prince of The Hymn of the Pearl. Finally He should separate from his body and return to his familiar homeland and present the burden of trust to his eternal lover. This research has been done by descriptive, comparative, analytical and library study methods.

Iranian culture is an enduring and sustainable culture and the main factors behind this endurance are three characteristics: flexibility, cultural interaction, and ultimately, cultural identity. These factors have contributed to the national cohesion of Iranians despite the diversity and plurality present in today's society. The museum is a mirror of a society's self-awareness and the dynamism of its culture over time and through the passage of historical events. The ceremonial character of the museum is accompanied by the reflection of the culture and civilization of a land over time. Therefore, the most prominent museums in the world can be found in lands that have placed great value on the knowledge of culture and the self-awareness that emerges from it, and consider the position of the museum to be very important in educating and increasing people's self-awareness about their history, civilization, culture, identity, and homeland. Ethnographic museums in Iran, are meaningful places for presenting and displaying the Cultural Identity of Iran, which operate in a symbolic manner. The present article, adopting the method of oral history and in-depth interviews, and analyzing the themes of the findings, attempts to achieve an understanding of the role of ethnographic museums in shaping the cultural identity of Iran. The findings obtained are presented in the form of several major concepts, such as ethnographic museum as: A space for recalling Iranian culture; Diversity, authenticity, and endurance of Iranian cultural characteristics; The museum of Iranian culture, the museum of Iranian life; A historical and cultural institution; The flow of life, a texture-oriented arrangement; A center for anthropological research on Iran; The cultural elevation of Iranian society; And the main theme emerging is ethnographic Museum: A space for identity formation and shaping the cultural identity of Iran. These concepts show that the Ethnographic Museum plays an undeniable role in displaying the cultural identity of Iranian society, and it leads to the production and representation of national identity, increased historical awareness, and the intensification of a sense of ethnic and national belonging among Iranians.

Perception and issues related to the quality of its attainment are crucial in Avicenna's philosophical discussions. He stands as the lone Muslim philosopher attempting to present a coherent theory on forgetting and recalling. Examining the possibility of forgetting and recalling in any scientific subject, and their occurrence for all people, is of utmost importance from the standpoint of epistemology in Avicennan philosophy. This aspect has been investigated in the present research in an analytical-descriptive manner. The questions addressed in this research include: What is the truth behind recalling and forgetting, the degrees of each, and the distinction between recalling and learning? Avicenna's discussions in this field are grounded in his theory about obtaining forms and their entrance into the mind from the outside world, as well as his categorization of different types of sensory, imaginary, apprehensive, and intellectual perceptions. Forgetting is a common attribute among humans and some animals, while recalling scientific forms is unique to humans. The non-materiality of imagination power and its perceptions, coupled with sensory evidence, fundamentally challenges Avicenna's perspective in this field. Learning is the acquisition of a new scientific form, marking a transition from the unknown to the known. On the other hand, recalling involves re-perceiving the scientific form that was previously apprehended.

Organizational learning is often dependent on organizational forgetting processes; That is, organizations that intend to make changes in themselves often have to forget the old knowledge that has limited them in the past, and in this context, mental modeling will be helpful. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to remove the obstacles of forgetting ineffective knowledge and old procedures in public organizations so that organizations can create the ground for inducing innovation, new opportunities, renewing organizational routines, and decisions. This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose, and its strategy is exploring mentalities (Q research methodology). In order to collect the discourses, interviews were conducted with 6 managers of public organizations, as well; library documents (theoretical bases) were also used. The participants in Q ranking were the managers of the public organizations of Mashhad, out of which 30 people were selected in a non-random and purposeful way and 20 people agreed to cooperate. The findings of the research show seven types patterns including, weak organizational maturity, weak organizational memory, tendency to stagnation and lack of organization agility, attachment to the past and low absorption capacity, weakness  of human capital, resistance to delearning and lack of creative thinking in the organization. It shows as factors preventing organizational forgetfulness from the point of view of managers of government organizations in Mashhad. In this regard, weak organizational maturity is the dominant mentality that has been identified, which is an important obstacle in the path of organizational oblivion due to the lack of culture of change, lack of expertise and knowledge of employees, lack of support from the senior management of the organization, and lack of proper performance evaluation.

Memory is one of the most important individual and social dimensions of human beings. Memory, even in its most personal form, is influenced by social, economic, and political contexts. Norms, values, and social rules, which have been passed down from generation to generation, shows that memory has a social dimension. Collective memory is not like a fixed and unchangeable format, but also a process that is Constructed under the influence of the present and social frameworks. The main issue of the present study, entitled "Poles in World War II in Kermanshah", is to try to understand how the process of forgetting about Polish refugees in the city of Kermanshah. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theory of social memory of Maurice Halbwax and the social frameworks of memory (age, sex, race, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status) to which Holbwax refers and also Paul Ricoeur's views, which are also influenced by Holbawax's theory of social memory in the discussion of recollection and forgetfulness, have been used. The research approach is qualitative and the method of narrative analysis has been used. 82 people were interviewed through purposive sampling and to increase the validity of the research, the relevant documents were also examined. The results indicate that collective memory is constructed by factors such as media, formal education, memorial ceremonies and memorial communities, places, the possibility of having different groups in society and the relationship and membership of different socialgroups with each other, Economic social class and ideology.

The story of the descent of the soul as a symbolic language has been adopted by philosophers, mystics, and men of letters for years. The systematic investigation of this symbolic language in Suhrawardi’s works, which is often represented in the form of a story, reveals that this image is interwoven with philosophers’ reminiscence theory on the one hand and the myth of awareness and oblivion on the other hand. Suhrawardi’s distinct intellectual and ontological system turns the “image of descent” into a meaningful symbol through which the state of oblivion is depicted as man’s superior gain. The motif of descent, which is symbolized by a bird in most stories, is the tale of a wayfaring soul who has departed from its origin and descended into the corporeal world. The characters of Suhrawardi’s symbolic stories sink into oblivion after their descent, and this stage prepares the wayfaring soul to realize its limitations and abilities while many of its profound beliefs turn into frail notions. Oblivion and descent in those stories provide conditions through which the wayfarer experiences boundary situations that can lead to knowledge, excellence, and elevation. The present study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the stories of “The Red Intellect”, “Resalat ol-Tair”, “Language of the Ants”, and “The Nostalgic Story of the West” and concluded that oblivion is some sort of pre-awareness or pre-understanding which plays a fundamental role in experiencing boundary situations.

Since the human mind is temporal, his/her thoughts and the incidents s/he remembers from the past and narrates are temporally interpreted as well. Therefore, understanding the temporal dimension of the narratives leads to a profound recognition of both narratives and life which can be interpreted through textual signs. From this viewpoint, the present paper attempts to engage critically with Tom Stoppard, the contemporary British playwright who utilizes time-plays for conveying his thoughts. This study intends to deal with the hows and whys of the historical past in light of Paul Ricoeur’s narrative theory. Travesties, going under the sub-genre of ‘memory play’, put prominent figures of politics and literature from different times and places along with each other to reveal their outlooks by representing opposed discourses regarding the definitions of art. To examine temporality in the narrative, the genre of drama was chosen for the opposed discourses as this genre offers the opportunity to represent binary dialogues in a dialectic manner based on their spokesmen’s lived experiences. Thus, each concept is pitted against its ‘other’, some of them have been characters, schools of thought, or even dimensions of time. This openness to the ‘other’ points to morality, and consequently, the order resides in the narrative that this study reflects. In this regard, time is considered metaphorically to get a hermeneutic understanding of the narrative. For this purpose, the time-plays are interpreted with a narratological approach. Correlative is Ricoeur’s three phases of mimesis, memory, and forgetting, and the related ‘narrative time’ theory.

Infallibility is one of the important characteristics of the divine prophet and caliph, and there are differences between theorists in its scope or scope. The Prophet is necessarily qualified with infallibility in order to guarantee the accurate and correct delivery of divine messages to human beings. Therefore, the question of this research is whether the limits of this infallibility extend to the ordinary affairs of life or their governing and social affairs? The Prophet of Islam consulted with the companions in the administration of his government and sometimes accepted the opinions of the companions. Since the companions did not have infallibility, can such decisions be considered infallible? The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library resources. The findings of the research show that the occurrence of inadvertence in social and political affairs should not be compared with individual affairs, the Prophet according to the existing conditions after consulting with the companions chose the best solution.

This inquiry is a case study of ‘writing in a third language’. It highlights three elements of identity, abstraction and oblivion as its main features. Among plurilingual writers, there are some ‘migrant writers’ that move to a third country and write in a third language in order to free themselves from the hybrid state that limits their identity and writing. They deny their dualistic cultural and social identity and write in an abstract language that gets them close to the state of becoming nomads. An illustrative example of this group is the Indian-American writer, Jhumpa Lahiri, who, after gaining success as a writer of migration literature in the United States, moved to Italy and wrote in Italian. Writing in a third language, Lahiri concerns herself no more with cultural and social matters, instead focuses on language as its main theme. Therefore, this essay by referring to the multilingual and multicultural experiences of Jhumpa Lahiri, demonstrates how writing in a third language can free the migrant writer from his/her memories and dualistic identity and gets him/her close to a nomadic identity.

In this research, it has been tried to optimize the efficiency of employees by considering the concept of human factor engineering in scheduling. Due to the importance of human parameters such as learning and forgetting in employees' skills, especially during job rotation, these factors have been studied and modeled in the issue of staff job rotation scheduling. For this purpose, a nonlinear integer programming model is proposed for scheduling problem of employees with two types of skills. The objective function of the model is to maximize the employee performance. Different examples are solved by considering different parameters to analyze the effects of staff costs, learning and forgetting on staff scheduling efficiency. To solve this problem, GAMZ software is used. The results showed that the proposed model has the ability to provide employee scheduling plans with the aim of maximizing employees. The computational results also indicated that learning and forgetting rate play an important role in determining the optimal scheduling plan and the use or non-use of semi-skilled workers and the movement of employees between machines. The proposed model and the results of this research help employers in using a variety of scheduling schemes and system optimization with dual constraints.

Floods are one of the natural disasters. Our understanding of floods as a catastrophe is a constructivism - interpretive. We will try to identify the flood narrative in the lived experience of the flood victims. The main question of the research is: how do the people of Poledokhtar city narrate the flood disaster? To answer this question in the tradition of qualitative research in the framework of the method of narrative analysis and qualitative interviews with eighteen samples, we have collected information and analyzed it. The results of this study show that the understanding of flood victims is in the context of technocratic shortcomings and inefficiencies, as well as under the religious paradigm as divine punishment and atonement for sins. The flood disrupts the supposed order of the communities and distorts the dignity of the flood victims and creates events such as displacement, humiliation and discrimination for them. The flood disaster has also created a dialectic of cooperation and division that is changing the social order. The flood victims' account of the post-flood situation also suggests that these situations create a kind of local and public dissatisfaction that can politicize the risk of floods and fluctuate social capital. Also in the catastrophic continuum, the vulnerability of flood victims has two cultural and material aspects that are manifested in experiences such as lack and need. Social resilience and dealing with disaster is also achieved by resorting to meaningful religious systems and the idea of self-salvation despite the death of other and the experience of loss.

The present article, based on a descriptive-analytic method, by explaining the gnostic attitudes toward human beings and the world, compare the Hymn of the Pearl, which has been written in the Syriac language and dates back to the second century AD,  with the Story of the Prince and the Witch of Kabuliin Rumi's Masnavi. By deciphering both of these allegorical stories, the basic beliefs of the Gnostic worldview, such as the dualism of the celestial and the material world, the duality of spirit and body, the fall of the soul from the world of light into the darkness and its confinement in the material world and the body yoke, amnesia, the awakening and the return to the prime position, and the meeting of "self" or "heavenly witness", are discussed. Also, we refer to some of Attar's anecdotes that share common themes with the Hymn of the Pearl and Story of the Prince and the Witch of Kabul.

Memory politics is achieved through the application of cultural memory and is used for remembering. Symbols, Memorials, celebration, murals, posters, mourning rituals and scripts are called cultural memory and contribute into the reconstruction of the memory. Objects and public spaces have inherent potentials to represent cultural politics and thus can lend themselves into collective remembering; in this process though, some part of the historical past are left out in the discourse. Manipulated remembering includes forgetting. During the Pahlavi era, as well as Iranian post revolutionary governments, there was an instance on selective remembrance of the history which in return has caused memory obsessions. The forgetfulness that is situated in the narrative of the historical past creates a divide between meaning and identity making and challenges the face-off between social actors and governments. This matter renders them incapable of narrating their national selves and inflicts a cultural trauma on the society.

We all find out in our lives that we could not remember the name of a subject or a place. Many of the amnesties are not available to humans and do not mean indifference or disregard of people to the rules. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between time passages with amnesia towards traffic laws. The purpose of this study is applied, and it is descriptive-analytic in terms of nature and method of a correlation type. The findings of this study were collected using a questionnaire from 384 drivers and citizen of Araki in 2016 using cluster random sampling method. The results of the research show that only 29.4% of the sample members were able to score the grade they were awarded at the time of certification, and 70.6% of them were rejected. It was also found that people forget their markings, tableaus, rulers, and visual symptoms later, while they forget about the theoretical rules twice, and more importantly, after obtaining a certificate and passing on the test of the Code of Practice, and after each passing year, the rate of forgetting the rules in gets higher in people. Gender and the level of education of people also affect the oblivion of traffic laws. Men have a higher acceptance rate than women, they are more aware of the rules, and they are more likely to be less informed by Lowe education, and forgetting rules will be huger. The higher the age of the person, the less awareness of traffic laws, but the type of certification and occupation of people are not involved in the amnesia of driving laws.

This research with goal of applying human factor engineering into the dual resource constraint system (DRC) studied and modeled significant human factors in staff scheduling problem. In previous studies more staff scheduling has been conducted based on machine constraints and production planning and less human factors has been considered in scheduling system optimizing. So, in this article human factor engineering was studied in shift scheduling and planning. Human factors which were modeled are learning, forgetting, fatigue and recovery by rest and objective function is minimizing ratio of number of employee on productivity. To study performance of mathematical model and examine effects of human factors on staff scheduling efficiency four scheduling scenarios with different human parameter sets were solved and analyzed. Results indicated that human parameters have impact on performance of dual resource constrained system and choosing good scheduling scenario can increase employees’ efficiency up to 20 percent. Also because of complicated impact of human parameters on system performance, any organization should define shift scheduling based on human parameters for their jobs. Regarding defined parameters in this article, scenario with one rest break time is more efficient compared to scenario with two or more rest break times. Also in average rate of fatigue, scenarios used by production workshops are more efficient compared to the other defined scenarios.

Muslim mystics seek the roots of episteme in the Vow of Yawm-i-Alast. Mawlānā is undoubtedly one of the prime figures in such an attempt. The present study focuses on the origins of episteme in the Vow of Yawm-i-Alast and its similarity to Platonic anamnesis theory. The analytical method used in this study traces Mawlānā’s view of this concept. On the basis of this theory, those who were provided with a sketchy intuitional episteme in the Vow of Yawm-i-Alast and prior to the 'certainty of existence' have the potential to be trained by sharia and tariqa although sometime in this world's life they forget the original wisdom and knowledge and fall in oblivion and negligence; and by remembering the eternal Vow of Yawm-i-Alast to eagerly search their way towards God. The Vow of Yawm-i-Alast has been a universal truth and if there are souls deprived of that eternal wine, living as if they have nothing to seek, it is because of oblivion and negligence. Thus, Mawlānā holds that no creature is devoid of episteme; every creature has had, since Yawm-i-Alast, within itself a level of the sketchy intuitional episteme and the eternal loved one (God) is what everyone seeks.

One of the basic beliefs fo religions, especially monotheistic religions and particulary the true religion of Islam is the infallibility issue. The essence of this issue doesn’t need to be negotiated and analyzed. However the issues around it and its definition is violated or insisted. Meanwhile presenting the viewpoints that lead to limiting the infallibility are worth to be considered thoroughly. On of these theories is known as ‘Sahw al-Nabi (pbuh)’ or prophet Muhammad (pbuh)’s error.This research tends to investigate the forget fullness and error theory and the ‘Sahw al-Nabi (pbuh)’s viewpoint in history and narration respects. And it’s accomplished using investigation over lexical and terminological meaning of infallibility and presenting a clear and new concept for infallibilty, and also presenting logical and narrational reasons of prophet Muhammad (pbuh)’s in fallibility from error and forgetfulness.There fore the article is to present some more scrupulous conslusions over this important religious chpter to the rtue believers of the divine religion. Thus we are to get to know the importance and requisitness of the argument paying a care ful attention and contemplating over the prophet Muhammad (pbuh)’ infallibility and error in this research. The research questions are answered and clarified using the library method and explanatory and analytical methods.

Learning a foreign language, like other fields, undergoes forgetting. Paying attention to forgetting in foreign language writing and speaking abilities is more important since these two realms indicate the learner's competence and performance.This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of forgetting of Iranian Language learners (French) at the level of language production. To achieve this objective, descriptive and analytical methods were used for reviewing the related theories of forgetting, memory and data storage. In the field study, forgetting of concrete and abstract words between two sexes and two age groups (25-30, 31- 40) was measured by two different tests. According to the results, forgetting depends on the type of words. On this basis, abstract words are more frequently forgotten. The obtained data demonstrated that age and sex have a significant impact on forgetting words. More precisely, these factors affect forgetting, when words appear in a context. So in the age group of 25-30 years, forgetting of abstract words is significant among men and 1.82% more in comparison with women. While in the age group of 31- 40 years, the forgetting degree of women is 2.5% more.