جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "cause" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Attributing attributes to Allah is one of the significant topics in theology and philosophy, playing a crucial role in the knowledge of Allah. This topic takes on a more serious form in theology in the specific sense. While there is no doubt about attributing certain attributes to Allah, due to issues such as the conditionality of the Divine Names, the attribution of some attributes to the Divine Presence has been subject to objection and controversy. One such attribute is the attribute of intellect, which this study examines from the perspective of Ibn Sina (Avicenna). By considering his views, we find that he considers this attribution to be correct. However, by discussing the root of the word “ʻAql (intellect),” some aspects of the topic become clearer. The discussions in this study are presented through a library research method. Sheikh al-Ra’is proves the rational permissibility of this attribution through two general and one specific method. According to him, the Necessary Being is Allah and He is the cause of all beings. Since the Necessary Being entails all existential perfections and the cause of the Existing possesses all the perfections of its effect, such an attribution is correct based on the two principles of necessity of being and causality. Additionally, from Ibn Sina’s perspective, abstractness and intellection are concomitant, and since he considers Allah to be abstract, it can be concluded that he views Allah as intelligent. However, it should be noted that proving the attribute of intellect for Allah is based on the unconditionality of the Divine Names and attributes.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the action of subjective-objective components affecting social vitality and the sense of belonging to a place in the areas of Urmia metropolis. To achieve this purpose, the cause and effect relationships between the factors were evaluated at two conceptual levels: 1- the components of the happy city and 2- the general environments or contexts that create happiness and the happy city. The current research method is descriptive-analytical, and library and survey (survey) methods were used in data collection. A survey of experts using a researcher-made questionnaire; There were 40 university professors and executive officials. The collected statistical data were analyzed through the fuzzy dimetal technique. Triangular fuzzy numbers were used in the calculations of pairwise comparisons and evaluation of the cause and effect relationship between the factors. The results obtained from Fuzzy Dimatel showed that the components of "access to play, sports, leisure and tourism" and "situation of place belonging and place identity" obtained fuzzy scores of "0.701", "0.780" and "0.780" respectively. "0.613" in the new context of Urmia city, the components of "social interaction status", "citizen's income status" and "access to play, sports, leisure and tourism" components, respectively, with fuzzy scores of "0.703", " "0.599" and "0.570" have the most influence among the factors that create a happy city in the old context of Urmia metropolis. Also, Fuzzy Dimatel calculations showed that among the environments/fields of Shad city in the new context of Urmia city, the fields of "physical-spatial", "social-behavioral" and "economic" respectively, with fuzzy scores of "3.479", " 1/432 and "1/376" have the most impact on other environments.

In this article, different approaches of traditional risk analysis and the phase-based multi-criteria decision-making application for quality analysis of CNC milling machine are examined. The proposed framework of this article can help the system analyst and maintenance engineer with better planning by identifying and prioritizing risks.

The statistical population of this research is 25 people and consists of experts in the fields of design, production, maintenance repair, safety and quality control. In this method, five working committees with different specializations have been used. Specialists are graded according to specific characteristics including education level, age, job position and work experience. The weight of each group of working committees is determined based on the composition of the experts. First, by using the cause and effect diagram and brainstorming method, failures were identified. A questionnaire was distributed for each of the breakdowns identified from the cause and effect diagram (Fish Bone), and opinions were collected with language expressions on a 7-point Likert scale, and the breakdown situations were prioritized using the TOPSIS phase method. Also, different traditional and phase FMEA approaches were compared.

A total of 17 failure modes were identified, seven of which were evaluated as critical for the system. In the current study, the defects of the spindle connections, the failure of the axle and bed brakes, the failure of the Y-axis bearing, the failure of the control panel handrail, the failure of the C-axis, and the failure of the Hayden Hein control panel control system. The device is identified as a priority failure and the failure of the HMI control panel as a critical failure mode.

Since about 41% of the malfunctions identified in the device under study are critical, it is necessary to plan and implement preventive maintenance and repairs for them.

According to Clause 4, Article 51 of the Civil Procedure Code, one of the obligatory provisions of a claim is the commitments and grounds by virtue of which the plaintiff is entitled to the claim. In some of the mentioned articles of law, such as Articles 15 and 98, the origin, and the cause of the claim are also referred to. In civil procedural law, the origin, grounds, the cause and the mode of the claim have not been properly explained; hence, by studying legal sources, one can find out that some jurists have considered the origin and mode of the claim as the same, and others have coined the ground of the claim and sometimes equated it with the origin of the claim. Distinguishing the difference, and at the same time, the relationship between them, has important effects on the litigation. For example, it can be determined which one is obligatory to mention in the claim since the failure to specify it will cause the suspension of the claim and the issuance of a notice to remedy the defect. Furthermore, changing the origin of the claim after filing the claim is not possible, but changing the mode of the claim is possible when the conditions stipulated in Article 98 of the Civil Procedure Code are observed. The legislator’s flaw is to mention some words without stating their meaning, for every word or phrase in the civil procedural law has its own specific legal effects. In this research, the obligations and grounds, as well as the origin, the coined word 'cause', and also the mode of the claim are explained in simple and clear language.

In legal terms, liability in the general sense implies the responsibility of a person for the actions that are traditionally attributed to him. Although the purpose of civil liability is to oblige a person to pay compensation to the victim and the purpose of criminal liability is to impose punishment on the perpetrator in order to maintain and restore public order, there are many thematic similarities between these two seemingly different concepts. The source of proof of civil liability stems from another obligation of the legislature. However, in order to prove this responsibility on someone who directly or indirectly committed a crime or caused damage to another, we will need to meet the principles and conditions that are provided in the relevant laws, both civil and criminal. In this article, to explain the pillars of civil liability for causing and directing crime, taking into account the developments in the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 and examining the conflicts between civil and criminal laws in some cases, and also to provide a way out of this conflict in In order to form a single judicial procedure, it has been discussed.

Hadith Raf' is one of the most important evidences in the explanation of secondary rulings, which includes 9 titles, but the main efforts of the usulists are focused on the paragraph "Malaya'lamun" in the debate freeness, and in jurisprudence, it is scattered under different topics to some paragraphs. On the other hand, scientists have often described the Taklifi rulings of secondary titles on various topics, and no comprehensive and complete research has been presented in the field of the Waz'i rulings of these titles, except Mohaqeq Naini who have analyzed in detail the different states of belonging to these titles.In the following article, using descriptive and analytical methods, using scientific software, attention has been paid to analyzing the possibilities and different forms of topics such as urgency, error, and reluctance when are loaded on Waz'i rulings, and as a result, according to Mohaqeq Naini's inference, the Hadith Rafa' in the causes is considered to be correct and sound but in details and conditions is not correct, and in effects, there are two cases regarding the inclusion of Hadith Rafa' effects: It includes contractual effects but does not include existential effects. It is concedered unreasonable.

One significant skepticism surrounding God’s existence and attributes arises from the presence of evils, a challenge not only faced by atheists but also by theists. Upon analysis, it becomes apparent that evils in the material world do not reflect any flaws in the divine essence. In fact, there are several reasons behind the human perception of evils. Thus, since evils existentially manifest, they possess inherent goodness, with any perceived flaw being merely a product of human perspective. Evils are perceived in various ways—stemming from conflicts within the material world, as a result of human choices, or due to certain outcomes not aligning with human desires. It is essential to recognize that the overall balance of the universe is not dictated solely by human will and desires; instead, causal necessity governs the events of the world. Humans, through their choices, contribute to this evolutionary course. While evils may not be desirable from a human standpoint, the causal system of the world indicates the permanent agency and power of God, alongside the influence of human free will as a natural entity within this system. Creatures' effects cannot be eliminated from this causal system; thus, evils can be addressed by rectifying one’s individual practices. Moreover, evils are inherent to the material world and are part of divine power within the causal system.

The discussion of causation in general and the discussion of the mu`iddih cause is one of the important and path-breaking topics of ontology, which can play a significant role in correct understanding in theology, cosmology, and anthropology. Despite all this, the problem of the mu`iddih cause has been less analyzed and sometimes it is satisfied with a vague definition of it. This ambiguity has turned the mu`iddih cause into a brief answer in many cases. Going through this formal definition and analyzing what exactly is the mu`iddih cause? It can be the basis for deep understanding and solving many problems, such as the doubt of the conflict between science and religion. Because the causes that the sciences investigate and seek to deny or prove are of this kind, and a cause such as vajib al-vujud, which is discussed in religious debates, is one causing existence. In this research, with the method of rational analysis, the definitions given of the mu`iddih cause have been examined, the defects and shortcomings of each have been shown, and it has been found that the mu`iddih cause when not meaning the presence and lack of preceding necessary and path of grace, it is the factor that prepares the matter, creates the capability in the capable and prepare it to receive grace of grace-giver.

The common perspective on the relationship between the special sort of gradation (tashkīk-i khāṣṣī) and the particular unity (al-waḥdat al-shakhsī) of existence suggests their contradiction. According to this view, if one adheres to the particular unity of existence, they must go past the special sort of gradation and believe in the gradation of manifestations of existence rather than the gradation of existence. However, ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī, in his "Conversations," presents a different perspective and believes that these two concepts are not contradictory. This article, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to elucidate the manner of compatibility between the special sort of gradation and the particular unity of existence based on the philosophical foundations of ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī. Finally it becomes evident that, according to ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā'ī’s viewpoint, every cause has an encompassing distinction concerning its effect and, as a result, enjoys a category absoluteness (iṭlāq-i maqsamī). Additionally, he believes that although the effect does not have an independent existence, it does exist. These principles lead to the explanation of the particular unity of existence due to its category absoluteness and the clarification of gradation of existence because of the existence of effects.

Robots are man-made machines designed for various purposes. The advancement of technology has envisioned different uses for them. Their deployment in wars and as weapons is a legal and jurisprudential question, which requires criminal liability for deliberate destruction through them. Understanding the concepts of robot, criminal offenses, cause and agent, commander, destruction, instrument, will be of great help in tackling this problem. Documents in proof of criminal responsibility can be verses that indicate a suretyship through the public. And the application and generality of hadiths, as well as the rule of indirect destruction, which is derived from reason and narration, are the other reasons in this context. Commander’s verity to the designer of such machines, the attention of the surety to non-addicted robots and the attention of the surety to multiple designers, as well as the investigation of causality or stewardship in intelligent robots and assaulting (warrior) robots are other jurisprudential branches of this issue. The role of the robot in performing such actions is a rational concern and cannot be doubted.

In compensating for damages, paying attention to the guaranteed rights victim and in examining the pillars of civil responsibility analysis of the harmful act of the cause of the damage is the focal point. The economic analysis of law, with social engineering, to achieve social goals takes into account all actors and activists. This instrumental approach promotes the triple goals of prevention, distribution of damage and compensation. The condition of compensable loss such as predictability and directness and certainty and non-compensation of loss in legal analysis is based on fairness, ethics and justice. Every loss cannot be considered claimable, civil liability must have a logical and fair limit and an unlimited liability cannot be tolerated. In economic analysis, the reduction of the final cost determines the characteristic of compensable loss and compensability of any loss is not reasonable and efficient. The economy is a guide in determining the fault of the harmful act by providing an objective criterion and makes the relationship of causality, contrary to the conventional concept, efficient, and. This relationship exists between the loss and the factor that avoids with less cost

The state of being, occurrence, essential possibility and the possibility of need are among the criteria that have been proposed to justify the need of some things. Each of these criteria has been criticized and denied by others. Some contemporary thinkers have also criticized and rejected the last point of view, the poverty possibility, and have introduced the possibility of meaning as the only correct criterion of need for cause. In this article, according to the two meanings of the criteria (cause and reason), the above views have been examined and shown that all of them are facing challenges. By dividing cause into analytical and external, semantic possibility has been introduced as the criterion of need for the cause in analytical causation and the cause itself as the criterion of need for the cause in external causation. Also, by dividing causality into agent, final, material and formal, complete and incomplete, direct and indirect, longitudinal and transversal, real and as ground, the criterion of need for each of them has been determined separately.

Nowadays, education is considered a long-term investment in many societies. which is achieved at the cost of ignoring the short-term growth of society's facilities. Problems such as anxiety, worry, apprehension, and weakness in solving physical problems and understanding their concepts initially cause a decrease in academic grades, then cause apathy and finally cause them to have little interest in physics at higher levels, especially university degrees. Now that physics is one of the basic sciences and considerable attention should be paid to solve the problems in this case. Considering that the physics course is apparently a new subject in the tenth grade, to solve the educational problems and issues, one can use the main methods of creating creative thinking and quality control and SWOT management tools, such as the scientific method of cause and effect of the table of other scientific methods. In this research, the most important factors that are involved in the academic failure of the 10th grade physics students were investigated and analyzed using the matrix method using questionnaire data.

Despite the significance of the possibility of producing new evidence in the phase of appeal in a proceeding, there is no explicit rule in this regard. This issue is controversial among the scholars in the field of procedural law and the judges in connection with the appellate stage of a proceeding. Most of the courts have induced from the laws and regulations which governs this issue, the fact that a judge can make reference to the new evidence in the appellate, such as new investigation, inspection of scene, or new deeds, even if those evidences have been out of the point or have been deviated or have not been considered by the court of first instance due to any reason. Such approach, from the view point of precedent in the field of appeal, has been provoked by the Iranian Law of Civil Procedure (1939) and Article 563 of French new Civil Procedure Code and it can be said that the judicial precedents in this regard have been established on the basis of the same laws. The only limitation thereof is reference to the new evidence for proving those claims which had been under consideration of the first instance court. However, such precedent is not compatible with jurisprudential (feghhi) history of appeal and the very texts of some laws. Thus the conservative approach of the courts in this regard should be taken into account In the process of the future development of legislation. By following such an approach the legislator can be pushed to revert to the previous laws and regulations concerning the appeal, taking into account some adjustments thereto for confronting the prolongation of adjudications.

Undoubtedly, the present age is the age of organizations and the custodians of these organizations are humans, humans who, by possessing the greatest source of power, that is, thinking, can create the causes of excellence, movement and growth of organizations. Organizations can integrate effective talent management strategies into their workforce programs from proven methods and systems to properly optimize human capital resources to increase their competitive advantage and maintain their market share. In this article, the system dynamics method is used to identify the cause and effect loops of the talent management system. In this research, using articles, library sources, and using the opinions of experts and experts of the National Oil Products Distribution Company, as well as academic experts in the field of talent management, cause and effect diagrams have been drawn. Vensim software has been used to draw these circles. The results of this research show that the talent management system has the main subsystems of organizational strategy, human resource empowerment, talent alignment, talent evaluation and talent development. Also, the causal loops obtained from the 15 subsystems of this model, the influencing variables and how they interact with each other were drawn and presented as a basis for providing a solution. Finally, the factors affecting talent management in the case of open control lead to the improvement of talent management.

Authority and its relationship with the philosophical principle of cause and effect necessity is known as one of the most essential and challenging topical issues among philosophers and Islamic orators. Each of the scholars in the field has tried to express his own definition of the issue regarding his own line of thought.The present study deals with the problem regarding a library study data collection and using a descriptive-analytic method and it is fundamental considering the aim of the study. This research intends to investigate the viewpoints of Sadr-al-Motaallehin Shirazi regarding authority and cause and effect principle necessity. After probes of works and writings of Sadra, it was concluded that Sadra’s ideas were rooted in philosophical mysticism principles and he tried to represent authority compatible with cause and effect principle necessity. Believing in such a principle not only does not deny authority but also approves it. It accepts the principle that there isn’t any obligation but one can choose from among different options and this represents the borderline between responsibility and authority clearly and considers authority to be synonymous with being a follower.

The exegesis of the verses of the Quran throughout history has suffered changes and evolution. One of these verses is verse 18 of Aale Imran well-known as “Shahidallah” (Allah bears witness…). The testimony of God, the angels, and the Resolute (ʾulul ʿaẓm) Messengers to the Oneness of God has been expressed in this verse. Regarding what form truly the testimony of God takes and the views of Shiite and Sunni exegetes about that are questions that need to be researched.This paper examines and analyzes the exegetic views by utilizing library resources, Islamic science databases, and software through a content analysis method. The results show that the development of views regarding the testimony starts from the verbal, continues with action, and ends with essence. Similarly, an analysis of the results shows that because all three types of views are linear, thus, all three kinds of testimony, that is, verbal, action, and concrete can be correct in this verse. The following are among the factors that affect the emergence of exegetic views: exegetic inclinations and tendencies, the dominant discourse of every age, the prevalence of conflict among Shiite and Sunni exegetes, the Mongol and Ilkhanid attacks, the critiques of the orientalists, the Islamic Awakening Movement, and the fusion of philosophical and mystical discussions. Similarly, among the effects and functions of this verse, we can point out the citation, theological, social and educative, and teaching and guidance functions.

The inappropriate use of "cause" in the translation of Aition and transferring the conceptual and metaphysical content of active cause to other causes, especially the ultimate cause, has caused misinterpretations and misunderstanding of this concept. If the relationship between cause and explanation is not taken into account, there will be confusion between the meaning of cause in the new philosophy and Aitia, which is caused by not taking into account the difference between "view to fact" and the mind, or the distinction between proof and evidence. In this article, the why and how to enumerate the Aristotelian causes and the ontological and epistemological strains of the relationship between cause and explanation are discussed from his point of view. The reason for Aristotle's fourfold classification of causes and the understanding of the causal relationship should be found based on the category of change and movement or the relationship between the creator and the artifact. The role of change and movement can be considered as the foundation of the natural analysis of causality based on the teachings of physics and metaphysics, in parallel with Aristotle's theory of causality in secondary analyzes based on the concepts of the middle ground of evidential analogy and general causal innateness. It is possible to consider the cause as a type of explanation or as a part of the explanation known as the causal explanation in such a way that it is both an explanation and an explanation of the cause.

Undoubtedly, the lyrical genre is the most widespread among literary genres. Some contemporary scholars have considered it to be the oldest literary genre and have divided it into several branches. One of the most important topics in the field of literary genres and perhaps the most important topic in the field of this type of genre is love. The purpose of this research is to study in a descriptive-analytical way, the motives of the love component in the Divan of Aref Qazvini and its various manifestations from the perspective of Aref. Out of a total of 229 poems that have been mentioned in the Divan of Aref Qazvini in various forms of ode, lyric, Masnavi, couplet, single verse and ballad, almost 106 are directly or indirectly dedicated to the component of love;That is about 46.28 percent of the total volume of the mystic court. Certainly, several motives have been effective in the application of this component in the mystic court. According to studies, the most important motivations of Aref Qazvini from the use of this component were patriotism, composition and love experiences, affection for friends and people, welcoming the love poems of other poets, lively life and political pressures.