جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « tribes » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The current research aimed to identify methods of utilizing clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking.

The present research employed a qualitative approach based on the phenomenological method. The research community consulted experts from Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2023. Through purposeful sampling and employing the data saturation technique, 15 individuals were selected. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews, and data analysis was performed using the directed thematic analysis method in MaxQDA software.

The study revealed 8 organizing themes, consisting of 32 basic themes that proved to be effective as informational and operational methods. Additionally, two inclusive themes emerged regarding the utilization of clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking. The organizing themes of this research on tribes and clans included attracting information agents, utilizing information, motivating, informing, equipping with new tools, promoting border knowledge, operational training, operational use, infiltrating them among gangs and networks, and creating operational teams.

Recruiting from tribes and clans, motivating and raising awareness, providing them with new tools, enhancing their knowledge of borders as information methods and operational training, infiltrating tribes and clans among gangs and networks, and establishing operational teams from within the target community are effective methods for combating substance trafficking.

Although the origin of most Iranian rulers and governments after Islam was tribes and nomads, after gaining power and focusing on it, they started to fight against any rebelliousness, arbitrariness and centrism of other tribes, even their own relatives. Historical evidences and data indicate that throughout the Qajar period, some of Iran's elites, by engaging in destructive actions, created grounds for deprivation of security in the cities and villages of the country and caused trouble for the central government. In this research, using historical data and a descriptive-analytical method, the most important examples and examples of the anti-security role of Iran's tribes and nomads in the Qajar period (1210-1344 A.H.), i.e. making trade and travel routes insecure, creating insecurity and... is placed Also, this article tries to answer the question, what were the practical mechanisms of the Qajar kings and government officials to deal with this important challenge? The results of the research show that hostage taking and military suppression, political alliances and marriages, the use of nomadic military forces and the construction of military fortifications could not completely end the anti-security role of nomads and this fundamental problem continued until the forced resettlement of nomads during the reign of Reza Shah. It has continued.

Ethnobotany provides valuable information by studying how different ethnic groups use medicinal plants.The aim of this study was identifying plant species and collecting information about the properties and methods of using species in the treatment of diseases by the Qashqai tribe in two regions of Dashtestan (Qashlaq) of Bushehr province and Almaliche (Yilaq) of Fars province.

The research is non-experimental and descriptive-survey. Cochran's method was used to determine the sample size (number of questionnaires). Information on the use of medicinal plants was collected from about 100 knowledgeable local people. Local knowledgeable people who were interviewed in person included local herbalists, perfumers, nomads and villagers in the area.

The results of the research indicate the presence of 115 species of medicinal plants in the study areas, which belong to 42 families. Apiacea with 18 species, Laminacea with 7 species, and Brassicaceae and , Compositae with 6 species each were the most abundant families. It was also found that the most medicinal use of plants is for the treatment of digestive diseases, blood purification and anti-cough and cold. In terms of the percentage of consumed parts of plants, leaves were 29%, stems 22%, seeds and seeds 18%, fruits 12%, roots 11%, flowers 7%.

Concliusion:

The obtained results show the richness of medicinal plant species in the Yilaq and Qashlaq area of the Qashqai nomads that The highest species diversity was observed in the Apiacea.

Innovation: 

Qashqai is one of the two big and ancient tribes of Iran. The information obtained from this research, in addition to keeping alive the ethnic knowledge of the Qashqai tribes in the field of medicinal plants, can be considered the way for new research in the field of treating diseases. taken to be investigated using plants.

the question arises that in a society where rural and nomadic life has been the major part of its social and cultural structure until recent years, where have tribal and nomadic indicators gone? To what extent do the Bakhtiaris adhere to the social and cultural indicators of the tribe and what is their attitude towards the indicators of the tribe? In response to this question, this article has investigated the issue on a sample of the Bakhtiari tribe living in Farsan, Ardal and Kohrang cities in a descriptive, survey method and using a questionnaire. The general result of the research shows that despite the widespread and comprehensive invasion of modernity in Iran and as a result in the Bakhtiari tribe, although the formal structure of the Bakhtiari nomadic life such as nomadism and living in black tents has undergone major changes (reduced). Bakhtiaris, although less compared to the past, but still adhere to their social and cultural structure and express interest and live based on it. 91.78% of the respondents believe that an Illyrian should engage in animal husbandry. About 74% strongly agree, they believe that an Illyrian should be proud of the dress and way of life of his clan. or 73 percent believe that the language and dialect of the clan and tribe are important to him. The rest of the indicators also show that the Bakhtiaris adhere to the indicators that show that he is an Illyrian and that he is a Bakhtiari at a high level.

In the literature of political and social identity, the relationship between identity and local and national culture has always been disputed; Some thinkers believe in the conflict between the ideas of tribal culture and national identity, and subsequently its negative impact on the formation of the modern state, and others do not consider these two identities complementary to each other or at least in conflict between them. In the historical narrative of the two important events that shaped the flow of the constitutional movement and the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the same controversy exists in the form and content of the historiographical narratives. Based on this, the main question of the present research is as follows: What is the impact and position of Illyrian socio-cultural elements in the historiography of the constitutional movement and the Islamic revolution? The findings of the research have shown that the element of tribal leadership, centralized and hierarchical social organization, and the culture of participation in the collective life of the tribe provided platforms for the tribes to have an effective presence in both revolutions. The approach of the article is the qualitative method under the paradigm of critical history and the data is collected in documentary and library form.

We do not have comprehensive information about the largest constituent of society in the last century of Safavid rule, namely farmers. Limited sources describe the general situation of some farmers, which indicates the continuation of poverty in the lives of villagers. The economic situation of the subjects is often projected in the context of their relationship with the category of taxation. But it does not say anything about the exact amount received or its impact on people's quality of life. But it does not say anything about the exact amount received or its impact on people's quality of life. Despite the fact that the Ghezelbas were originally from nomadic tribes and Turkmens, the economic situation of this class of Iranian society at that time has also been ignored in historiographical sources. And their colorful military role in the political-military equations, which forms the framework of historians' views, has obscured their social life and economic functions. Court documents on the economic situation of smallholders, artisans and craftsmen, and the lower classes of urban society as a whole do not add anything to our knowledge. Because these sources are in fact indicative of the bureaucratic structure governing the government mechanisms of that period, and considering their application in the mentioned period, they did not feel the need to address this issue.

The main objective of this research is Study and analysis of the situation of tribes and nomads in Lorestan province during 1987 to 2008. In other words, in this research, we try to answer this question: What is the status of the tribes of Lorestan province in the three decades of 1987, 1998 and 2008? To answer the main question, according to the censuses on nomads during the years 1987 to 2008, variables such as the status of the age and gender of the tribes, the handicrafts situation, the livestock situation, the state of agriculture and gardening, the number of families of tribes and tribes Their independent status, marital status, and nomadic population of the province were studied. The study method in this study is a type of secondary study, in which the required data is already collected and available. The statistical population of this study is data obtained from general census of tribes of Lorestan province which were collected during the years 1987 to 2008. The research findings show that the handicrafts of the nomads of Lorestan are on the upward trend in the dimension of production and sale, and this trend is visible from 1987 to 2008 years. In the field of livestock breeding situation, the livestock has fallen in the dormancy period and has risen in the honeymoon period. Also, the agricultural and horticultural variable has declined due to land area and dry land, and the number of households in the elk and clan is decreasing in the dormancy period and in the ascending course of livestock And the marital status variable also has the highest number of spouses in the spouse's later life. The findings also show that the nomadic population of the province has been decreasing over these three decades.

People's capacities play a major role in strengthening the authority and security of the country's border areas. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the methods of getting the participation of clans and tribes in dealing with drug trafficking in the border zone of East Azerbaijan province. This research was carried out in the framework of a qualitative approach and by using the research method of directed thematic analysis to obtain the views of the participants regarding the research topic. . Two library and field methods were used to collect the data of this research. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview that was conducted with questions between 35 and 55 minutes. After conducting 13 interviews, the relevant factors in the previous interviews were repeated and the researcher reached thematic saturation. In order to ensure the validity of the research tool from the researcher's point of view, valuable opinions of professors familiar with this field and relevant experts who were knowledgeable in this field were used. To calculate the reliability, the reliability method between two coders was used, and the reliability obtained from the two coders according to the calculations was 87%, which indicated the appropriate reliability of the questionnaire. In this research, thematic analysis method was used in MAXQDA software platform to analyze qualitative data. The findings showed that the number of 4 comprehensive themes and 8 organizing themes in the form of 37 basic themes can be used to attract the participation of clans and tribes in fighting drug trafficking in the border strip of East Azerbaijan province. Emphasizing trends and values, creating social-cultural solidarity, focusing the authorities on improving job conditions, improving livelihoods and social welfare, promoting specialized knowledge, promoting border knowledge, attracting individual and collective desire, and creating grounds for the participation of ethnic groups. And clans were identified as effective components in attracting participation to deal with drug trafficking.

During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, tried to establish a modern and centralized government in a new style.. Due to its strategic significance, Lorestan, received special attention from his government. Lorestan was in a very chaotic state, during the rise of the first Pahlavi, it was almost completely traditional and Illyrian, and orders from the central government had no bearing there. From the time military forces first arived in 1302 until Reza Shah’s reign came to an end, The central government’s initiatives to establish government departments This research seeks to answer the question of how new government departments were established in Lorestan during the Reza Shah period . A descriptive and analytical approach was used to prepared this research, which was based on  library sources, newspapers, and documents. The results of this study show that in the first step, the central government gradually relocated tribes and nomads through the use of military force, and through reforms such as land division and road construction, laying the foundation for the establishment of various government departments. In the second step, departments such as the municipality, judiciary, roads and streets, and document registration were established based on wisdom of civilian rulers.

With no doubt, each society adopts its own programs for teaching depending on the lifestyle and communicative and technological skills. In traditional nomadic and immigrant societies, people acquire the survival skills through experience and participation in affairs. However, education and knowledge acquisition for this group of people entail specialized institutes and schools, which has appeared into obsolete kuttabs or maktabs in Iran's tribal communities. After the modern schooling, teaching in nomadic areas was first based on the teaching rules governing the other public schools until the World War II. Following the Point Four Program, assisted by the USA, nomadic teaching was incessantly followed under the title of nomadic education and proceeded until the establishment of the Department of Education for Tribes (DET) in 1969, serving as the first official organization of nomadic education. Taking these into account, the present qualitative study aims to spotlight the Qashqai tribe using the historical method and a library-based document analysis technique. The purpose is to visualize the trend of evolution of the teaching policy before the official nomadic education in Iran. In doing so, the study assumes that teaching has been continuously regarded in different periods by mobile kuttabs or maktabs, and school

Fars was one of the Major landowner areas in the country, and a large part of this area was the territory of tribes and nomads of the southern regions of the country whose rulers were the owners of many properties in Fars and allowed many atrocities against their subjects. The agricultural lands in the country's southern regions had a completely different situation from the northern and western territories of the country in terms of quality and fertility due to the weather conditions and soil type. The question raised in this research was: what was the situation of significant owners and small owners and types of ownership interest in Fars on the eve of land reforms? According to the findings of the research, many of the owners of Fars were among the majority of the country's owners in only the area of land, vast but low-yielding lands that did not have much income due to water scarcity and successive droughts. Therefore, most of the owners of these areas, even though they were among the big owners of the country, were not very rich, and many had to hand over some of their lands to rich people or merchants every year due to their debts. And since these owners were not engaged in any other profession, they were very dependent on the income of their properties and ownership interests. The research method was analytical-descriptive and based on library and documentary sources.

Following the coup d'état of March 1920 and Reza Khan's efforts to form a unified and modern army, the power of the central government increased in an unprecedented manner. This development took place at a time when chaos and insecurity spread all over Iran and establishing security was the most important expectation of the society from the government. With the formation of a uniform army, the suppression of tribes and nomads was put on the agenda and many confrontations took place with the tribes of Kurdistan, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Azerbaijan, Baluchistan and other regions. The aim of the current research is to investigate the phenomenon of army violence in confrontation with nomads and tribes and the nature of these clashes. Relying on reliable sources and researches, the article seeks to answer the question of what was the nature of the army's violence against the nomads and opponents in a descriptive, analytical and historical research method? The article comes to the conclusion that the violence committed by the first Pahlavi army against the tribes and nomads under the pretext of establishing security was largely unnecessary and tasteful; For example, commanders such as Amir Ahmadi, Shahbakhti, and Dolo mostly committed violence with the intention of looting and plundering the properties of the opposition, and those such as Alborz and Khazaei committed violence out of ambition.

The present study aims to study the musical tastes of two generations of the Khezel. The research in based on qualitative paradigm and thematic analysis method. To this end, for information collection semi - structured interview technique, and for the data analysis the Clark and Brown model has been used. The target community consists of the parents and children of the 80's that were chosen using purposive strategy sampling, upon which saturation was accomplished by comparing the interview using 90 person (including 30 household). During the process analysis stages, 34 sub - themes and 17 main themes were extracted. The results of this study showed that, in the wake of the increasing changes and influence of superficiality in the different dimensions of art, music has also been affected by the spread and plurality of its expanded art. So that future generations' tastes are established from the beginning through the selection of populism and popular music. On the other hand, the previous generation who are more committed to their traditions and art, they were not immune to these changes and were is step with the times, accepting a wide range of musical styles, creating a severe threat to the existence of noble and excellent music. This shows that the preservation of excellent and noble music is under marginalization. Furthermore, the findings revealed that family attachment did not always imply a cultural devotion to the past. To put it another way, family attachment is commonly acknowledged,.

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settlement. And the lack of necessary infrastructure, with the fall of the first Pahlavi government failed; But it had a great impact on different aspects of tribal and nomadic life. The issue of the present study is the question of what cultural consequences have the anti-nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi in ​​the form of forced settlement had on the lives of the tribes and nomads?The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this study indicate that the anti-nomadic policies of Reza Shah's government, including the policy of settlement, in addition to destroying and forgetting many cultural components of tribes and nomads, including handicrafts, created a culture of resistance among the people of the tribe. , Can be seen and followed in the folklore culture of nomadic people, especially local poems. Also, the government's efforts to improve the human characteristics of nomadic life, including literacy and the establishment of nomadic schools, although done, have been insufficient and have not been successful in encouraging nomads to settle.

Bushehr had a high status and was of high importance among the southern entry routes and ports in Iran on the coast of the Persian Gulf during the Qajar period (1210-1344 AH/1788-1925 AD). This port city was considered the center of economic exchanges, political and cultural relations, and even military affairs. Connection of this important center with the inner cities and the capital, as well as the ongoing issues related to this connection through Bushehr-Shiraz road network, added to the need for paying more attention to this subject matter. The passage of this transportation route through the areas controlled by Mamasani tribes and their strong impacts on the security and prosperity of activities along this road or insecurity, sluggishness, and the many problems created in this regard indicated the active and reactive effects of this road network triggered by the tribal structure of inhabitants surrounding it. Considering the importance of this issue, this study aimed to investigate the effects of tribal elements on the functions of the roads through Mamasani District along Bushehr-Shiraz road network during the Qajar period. In fact, we sought to answer this question: "What effects did the Lor tribes of Mamasani District have on the functioning of the roads in this region along the important Bushehr-Shiraz road network during the Qajar period?" This research dealt with this issue through library, documentary, and field study methods.

From the very beginning, the Pahlavi government, with the idea of centralism and control of tribes and nomads, implemented anti-nomadic policies, including the nomadic stepping stone. This policy failed for various reasons. The problem of the present research is the question of what were the anti-nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi towards the Qashqai tribe of Persia and what were the consequences?The research method in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information is documents and libraries that will be used to describe and analyze the material. The findings of this study indicate that the first Pahlavi government in a series of military, political, economic and cultural anti-nomadic measures along with nomadic settlement tried to control and exercise direct control over tribes and nomads, but for reasons such as lack of cultural and social infrastructure It is necessary to resort to force, the climatic differences of the regions as well as the cultural differences due to differences in religion, customs and traditions, as well as the problem of language and communication between tribes and nomads and indigenous peoples of the regions Also, the difference between earning a living by nomadic lifestyle and smallholder agriculture failed in its policies; If after the events of September 1931, the tribes sold their property, forgave their cattle, even destroyed the facilities that had been built for their welfare, and returned to their areas and nomadic life.

Tribal behavior and actions throughout history have been subject to a number of structural factors. for more than seven hundred years, the Ardalan dynasty ruled over much of western Iran. in the summer, Kurdish tribes and nomads moved towards the block, which was east of Ardalan. sometimes the roads that nomads crossed to reach this area were five hundred kilometers long.

The purpose of writing this article is to study academically, observe and explain historically the actions of the tribes and how they are present in Lei lakh, Which, in addition to intrinsic value; It can explain the multiple cultures of this region.

The researcher answers the ambiguities of the research with a descriptive-analytical method in history and relying on archival and library documents.

Due to its geopolitical position and favorable climate, lei lakh Block has played a preparatory role in Ardalan region under the influence of human relations. In the last monolithic seasons, the area became a colorful cultural collection of Kurdish tribes and nomads. as lei lakh block (compared to the population) paid more tax to Ardalan court than other blocks of Ardalan.

The dismissal of Reza Shah from political power changed the country’s political structure dramatically and began in the political and social spheres a new phase of parliamentary activities, parties, movements, and social classes. These changes affected the National Consultative Assembly election and people’s participation in electing their representatives in Tehran and elsewhere in the country, so that each of these newly-formed parties and movements interfered in it without any legal prohibition, and the election went out of government’s control for some time. The participation of people in the relatively free elections of the fourteenth parliament was the first experience of the Iranian nation after the fall of the first Pahlavi’s dictatorship, and it was widely welcomed. This paper surveys different parties, groups, and personalities that, freed from the difficult political conditions of the first Pahlavi, participated in the elections in Kermanshah as an important and strategic region located in western Iran. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and relying on documentary and library manuscripts, with analyzing the voting process, tries to find out what the influential factors in the 14th National Consultative Assembly election in Kermanshah were. The results show that unlike Reza Shah’s era, the 14th election was not monopolized by any of the political and social forces, and the candidates were affiliated with various and opposing influential groups. In the first election of the second Pahlavi era, in order to weaken the Pahlavi court, participation increased and the centers of power especially tribes and nomads and foreign political agents conducted activities during the parliamentary elections to achieve their political goals. Therefore, this period of the election was influenced by domestic and foreign agents. So new candidates entered the parliament.