جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urban poverty » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The rapid urbanization and urbanization trend, especially in developing countries, have become pervasive social phenomena in the present era, resulting in social inequalities, poverty, increased corruption and crime, environmental crises, class differences, lack of social welfare, premature death, inadequate housing and homelessness, informal settlements. . The existence of such inequalities in cities causes conflict in societies and ultimately violent behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the current status of urban poverty and its impact on behavioral patterns, focusing on the Shirabad neighborhood in Zahedan.The research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on a survey strategy. Initially, the literature and foundations of the subject were reviewed to establish the criteria. Then, by consulting with a panel of experts (100 individuals), these criteria were finalized in the form of six components. In the next step, the current status of these criteria was assessed through field observations and interviews. Based on the assessment of the current status and the analysis of the t-test results, the average score of each of the six components was significantly higher than the average value of 3, Therefore, the research hypotheses were confirmed. This means that the identification of 6 components and 40 criteria that cause urban poverty in the formation of the final model was accepted and approved by experts and specialists. The results of the research show that the proposed model of this research can be very efficient in investigating the role of urban poverty on the behavioral patterns of citizens , which includes 6 components and 40 criteria in the form of social, economic, cultural, physical, infrastructure and basic and environmental services.

Importance of the issue: 

Urban damage in Iran is a vital and complex issue. These damages, which can result from climate change, urban traffic, earthquakes, and lack of water resources, strongly affect the quality of urban life and the environment. Dilapidated development, defects in urban structures, and improper waste management are among the main factors aggravating these damages. And

The purpose of the research: 

The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the main factors of urban damage in Iran. And The research seeks to investigate how Iran's geographic location, climate change, and other factors affect urban conditions and the environment.

This research was done using analytical and quantitative methods. And The use of statistical data, geographic models and urban planning has been used as a tool for a better and deeper understanding of the issues raised in this study. And in fact, how we present research, including design, data collection, analysis, and conclusions, and this method helps other researchers to achieve a deeper and more accurate understanding of their subjects.

The findings of this research show that urban damage in Iran mainly occurs due to defects, problems and challenges in urban planning and management. In addition, the negative effects of climate change and problems related to traffic and urban infrastructure are also known as important factors in increasing these damages. and

Conclusion and suggestions: 

Based on the research findings, a lot of emphasis is placed on the importance of accurate and comprehensive urban planning to reduce urban damage. And It is recommended that by applying appropriate management approaches and adopting new solutions in urban planning, it is possible to help improve the urban situation and reduce environmental damage. These approaches may include strengthening infrastructure, increasing urban green spaces, and improving the quality of urban life.

The problem of urban poverty is one of the main problems in historical contexts, which has emerged in various dimensions such as lack of security in ownership, income poverty of residents, vulnerability of citizens' livelihoods, legal poverty and social deprivation, etc. Meanwhile, the role and effects of empowerment can be very decisive in planning to deal with urban poverty in historical contexts. The purpose of this research is to identify the key drivers effective in reducing urban poverty in the historical context of Yazd city in order to empower this context and develop possible scenarios for the horizon of 1422. This research is applied in terms of purpose, analytical-exploratory in terms of the nature of the research, in terms of descriptive-survey data collection method and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) data analysis. The statistical population of the research is a group of 30 interdisciplinary experts in the fields of historical and dilapidated contexts, urban poverty, and the future research approach, who were selected by purposive sampling. 35 primary factors have been extracted in three different economic, social and managerial fields, and with structural analysis in Mic-Mac software, ten main factors have been identified as key drivers effective in reducing urban poverty with an empowerment approach. Based on the results of the factor influence matrix, out of a total of 2213 direct influence relationships of factors, social sector variables with a score of 938 have had the greatest impact in reducing urban poverty with the empowerment approach in the studied area. In the next stage, according to the consensus index obtained for these drivers, the two drivers of social capital and the existence of various types of flexible financial systems were identified as critical uncertainties, and from the intersection of these two uncertainties, three scenarios for the future of the historical context of Yazd were identified. It was obtained in the horizon of 2043.

To achieve this goal, analysis based on statistical data, economic and geographic models has been used. First, the climate changes in Iran have been investigated and then its effects on urban damages such as the reduction of water resources and the increase of environmental risks have been evaluated.

Research shows that climate changes in Iran lead to increased droughts and reduced water resources, which in turn exacerbates their effects on cities. Cities are facing problems such as decreasing water resources for drinking and agriculture, increasing temperature and warmer weather, and increasing the risk of floods and droughts.

Climate changes are recognized as a serious challenge for Iranian cities. To deal with these challenges, there is a need for proper urban planning and sustainable development policies in the field of water and environmental resources. This article emphasizes that serious measures should be taken to provide water resources, reduce the effects of global warming, and improve the adaptation of cities to climate change so that Iranian cities can prevent urban damage as much as possible.

Tehran is a city of inequalities. Both poverty and wealth have grown dramatically in it. Poverty in Tehran is not completely rooted in the weak economic policies of the government, but part of it is caused by wrong urban policies. Weak population policies, especially in the matter of immigration and unrestrained marginalization, the ever-increasing expansion of informal settlements, and the lack of control and optimal management of socially disadvantaged groups at the city level, have been the most important weaknesses in the planning of urban institutions in this field, which has caused the unbridled spread of poverty in the city. . The current research is to investigate the influencing factors of urban poverty in order to improve social security. The research method is descriptive and analytical, with the ranking of urban poverty criteria and their zoning at the level of Tehran metropolis. Also, it is one of the objectives of this research to investigate the optimal strategy for reproducing social security at the level of the studied areas of Tehran, with an emphasis on urban poverty indicators. Finally, by analyzing and ranking the criteria with the ANP model and the obtained weights, and then the area The classification of factors in the examined criteria leads to the conclusion that areas 1, 3 and 2 have favorable indicators and areas 16, 17, 18 and 19 have unfavorable indicators. Finally, the promotion of social security in the identified areas should increase.

Poverty and social inequality is one of the major problems of cities in developing countries, which has occurred following rapid urbanization. The purpose of this research is to explain the phenomenon of urban poverty in the south and southwest of Tehran (17, 18 and 19 districts) through a data-oriented and qualitative research. For this purpose, the grounded theory research method was used. The research technique includes direct observation, document review, and in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The participants in the research include heads of poor households living in the mentioned areas. in total, 37 people participated in the research. The sampling method is purposeful and snowball, which continued until the theoretical saturation stage. The results of the research based on the paradigm model are located in the five axes of causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. In this topic, strategies and consequences are discussed. Based on the results, exclusion from the labor market was recognized as a central category in the phenomenon of poverty in the studied areas in Tehran. The results show that poor rural migrants have turned to methods for survival in the city due to the weakness of economic and human capital and unfavorable economic and employment conditions, which include informal and temporary employment, shared housing, and alternative treatment methods.

Urban poverty is one of the biggest challenges in both developing and developed countries, which is a major obstacle for most governments to achieve the indicators of sustainable development. Therefore, accurate identification of poor areas as well as contexts and processes affecting the formation and spread of poverty is one of the necessities of urban planning and management to deal with the spread of this phenomenon.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the areas of urban poverty and also to analyze the contexts and processes affecting the spatial organization of poverty in Tabriz metropolis.

The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with analytical-exploratory nature, which in order to collect research data has been used from the information available in the statistical blocks of 1996 and 2016 in Tabriz and to interview the managers and academic elites specializing in urban poverty (15 people based on the Delphi method) and to analyze the data, has been used the Q-factor analysis model and the nearest neighbor index (NNI) in GIS software.

Studied Areas:

The geographical area of the research includes 10 regions of Tabriz metropolis.

Findings show that the contexts and processes of spatial expansion and organization of poverty in Tabriz metropolis include the three main factors of inefficiency of the management structure and macroeconomic system, discriminatory management structure and economic system and the characteristics of immigrants and low-income people, which in total, they explain 83.536% of the total variance.

The results show that in 1996, most of the suburban areas of the city were in an unfavorable situation, while in 2016, the organization and spatial distribution of poor areas in the city and the distribution of clusters of poor areas during this period of 20 years has been reduced.

In order to evaluate the level of urban poverty in different blocks of Rasht city and to cluster poverty in this city (very poor, poor, average, prosperous, very prosperous), 17 indicators of urban poverty using Arc GIS software and hot spot analysis method The space of urban poverty was drawn according to their poverty components. The rate of urban poverty in different blocks of Rasht city was calculated using R statistical software and Prometheus multi-indicator decision-making method, where the weights of the indicators were calculated using the ANP method from the raw data of the statistical blocks of Rasht city obtained in the census of 2015. The findings of the research showed that the hot spots (prosperous and very prosperous) are mostly seen in the central core of the city. On the other hand, cold spots (poor, very, and poor) are mostly observed in the outskirts of the city in the east, west, and southwest of Rasht city. The border between these two regions of moderate spots is a dividing line and the border of urban poverty from poor to wealthy. The comparison of the components shows that educational poverty has followed and expanded from a uniform structure in this city. The noticeable difference in the dimensions of urban poverty is in the social component and the economic component, so that the pattern of distribution of social poverty and economic poverty are inverted, wherever the social poverty is more, the economic poverty is less in them. Also, a significant difference between educational poverty and social poverty can be seen in the northeastern region of Rasht, which is poor and very poor in terms of social poverty, and on the contrary, it is prosperous and very prosperous in terms of education.

In this research, the multidimensional poverty index approach was used to calculate the amount of urban poverty in different blocks based on the components related to economic poverty, social poverty, and educational poverty.

In the city of Rasht, the dimensions of the physical development of the city have more obvious consequences. With its social, economic, industrial, etc. attractions, Rasht city has been known as a population attraction pole in the region, and the demographic changes and the subsequent physical development of the city after land reform in the second Pahlavi period from 1956 until now confirm this. Due to the location of this city in a smooth and fertile plain, this development has generally been associated with the destruction of agricultural lands and the annexation of villages around the city. Considering the rapid changes in population and the physical growth of the city, the need for planned development and urban organization is felt more than before.The effective factors in increasing the number of immigrants to the city of Rasht can be divided into two main natural and human groups from the point of view of geography and urban planning: natural factors such as: special geographical situation and earthquakes that happened in the surrounding cities. Human factors such as: political, economic-social factors, as well as rural repulsive and urban attractive factors. The increase in population has caused the reduction of urban per capita, so that different indicators are completely unbalanced in the city.The spatial expansion of Rasht city has expanded in a spiral and within the void and has integrated many agricultural lands within its service limits. Among other things that have been affected by the population growth are the heavy pollution of the rivers located in the city, as well as the increase in the production of garbage, urban sewage, and the change in the use of agricultural land. The growth of the population and especially the arrival of immigrants in Rasht city has caused a kind of selective economic-social separation in the city. Among other things, we can mention the increase in the level of informal settlements in the outskirts of the city and the increase in the amount of social crimes in these areas.Although the expansion of the city in the form of a star causes the land to remain empty in the distance between its radii, but these lands provide better conditions for the development of green spaces, forestry and parks. In general, at some distances from this design, the big ring roads connect the radii to each other. There is no development around the main roads. The main roads connect to different areas of the city at the intersection with Shuaa. This form is the logical result of the expansion of concentrated cities that begin to expand along the roads outside the city. Star city development allows for a centralized and compact model with a center and pulls public transportation to the city center, so that the entire city and its people have access to the city center, which, among other things, The merits of the plan are counted. Also, the existence of green spaces that have access to rural spaces also provides an environment for walking, cycling, horse racing and sightseeing. The theoretical model of the development of Rasht city, a combination of three models of multi-core construction (with the main cores of the central market, Zarjoub, Motahari Street, Pirsara and Golsar), general construction of the city (establishment of service units based on the geographical conditions of the city) and sectoral construction (Nashi) It is from the creation of radial streets such as Imam Khomeini, Shariati, Lahijan, Saadi, Shahid Ansari, Biston and Lakani Street). Due to the construction of this city, it has a radial-ring construction, which is indicated by the communication lines and accesses.

Based on the research findings and the comparison of social poverty, economic poverty, educational poverty and urban poverty in Rasht, the distribution of poverty in Rasht follows a uniform structure and has expanded. The noticeable difference in the dimensions of urban poverty is in the social component and the economic component, so that the distribution pattern of social poverty and economic poverty are inverted, so that wherever social poverty is more, economic poverty is less in them. A clear example of this is Hafez Abad in the west of the city. It is Rasht. Also, there is a significant difference between educational poverty and social poverty in the northeast region of Rasht, the rural neighborhood of Imam Reza, which is poor and very poor in terms of social poverty, but prosperous and very prosperous in terms of education. In terms of similarity, a significant similarity between the social dimension with the educational dimension and the economic dimension with the multidimensional poverty of Rasht city can be seen in most parts.

Introduction :

Urban regeneration plans aim to transform ruined and abandoned areas into new active and attractive centers. However, these ambitious projects, initiated to improve living standards and physical conditions, generally result in gentrification and spatial inequality intensifying, weakening local identity, and reducing social capital by displacement, homelessness, and segregation. Gentrification, viewed by some policymakers as a measure of success against urban decay and poverty, with the problems it creates concerning housing and its affordability, is always one of the challenging and conflicting issues in contemporary urban planning. Consequently, there is a growing debate focusing on the adverse effects of gentrification, particularly when urban regeneration plans cause it. This attention has been concentrated on broader neighborhood and city-level outcomes and impacts, including the invisible increase in homelessness and displacement driven by market mechanisms, neighborhood unaffordability regarding consumption, services, and housing, and social injustice processes. Hence, this research explores affordable housing in urban regeneration plans, considering the realities of the Hemmatabad neighborhood of Isfahan.

Firstly, the theoretical aspects concerning the right to housing and the provision of affordable housing in urban regeneration are explained, drawing upon various views, theories, and experiences in this field. Then, while explaining the research area and methodology, objective examples derived from the Grounded Theory-based analysis of semi-structured interviews are discussed and concluded. These interviews were conducted with individuals directly involved in planning and implementing the Hemmatabad neighborhood regeneration project, identified through snowball or chain sampling. Hemmatabad is one of the neighborhoods of District 6 in the south of Isfahan, previously located outside the legal limits. With the gradual development of the city in the south of the Zayandehrud River, it became the residence of workers and the low-income class. Over the last two decades, several plans and programs have been prepared for the Hemmatabad neighborhood. However, these interventions, conflicting with the interests of local inhabitants, have encountered public opposition, impeding any regeneration operations. Following the realization of the theoretical saturation, 11 interviews were conducted and analyzed using the Grounded Theory approach. Accordingly, the interviewees’ experiences regarding affordable housing in the regeneration of the Hemmatabad neighborhood were scrutinized through initial coding, memoing, and focused coding.

According to the Grounded Theory-based analysis of the interviews and the corresponding focused codes, it was found that there was no requirement to provide affordable housing during the regeneration of the Hemmatabad neighborhood, at least in the early phases or initial proposals, and housing provision is actually treated as a separate matter from urban regeneration. However, the concept of affordability began to emerge, primarily by emphasizing the permanence, empowerment, and integration of the local community, which only encompasses the owners and excludes tenant groups who relied on rental housing. Based on the facts observed in the Hemmatabad neighborhood, in providing affordable housing in urban regeneration plans, the social aspects, including public participation, trust-building, negotiation with the local inhabitants, and addressing their needs and desires, and technical dimensions, predominantly of an economic nature, such as estimating project costs, allocating service share, land redistribution, economic justification of proposals, registration issues, project management, and establishing implementation schedule, are among the key and influential factors. Overall, the results indicate that there is no specific place for affordable housing within urban regeneration plans, and this relationship is not clear despite targeting the realization of the right to housing. There is no necessity for housing affordability and guaranteeing the permanence of former local inhabitants, particularly tenants, in the policies and guidelines for developing urban regeneration plans and subsequently preventing the occurrence of gentrification and segregation. 

Affordable housing in urban regeneration is a critical issue in Iran that requires attention in both the theory and practice of urban planning. The initiative in regenerating inefficient urban areas is often in the hands of the public sector and limited to information dissemination, establishment of facilitation offices, and provision of housing deposits and renovation loans. However, multilateral stakeholder participation, trust-building, convergence, and a balance between the needs and expectations of all actors are fundamental factors in urban regeneration projects. It is necessary to adopt flexible approaches that can enhance efficiency based on the unique characteristics and cultural, social, and economic conditions of each urban regeneration project beyond its physical dimensions. Changing the attitude and formulating more flexible and collaborative policies are essential, particularly in providing service share from public sector resources and defining various investment mechanisms in urban regeneration plans. Meanwhile, it is inevitable to review the resolution of the challenges related to small ownership, land registration, and land acquisition, as complex issues with possible and probable opportunities and threats, toward advancing urban regeneration projects. Besides, in preparing physical proposals, economic justification is vital alongside considering their physical-spatial effects, including population dynamics and quality of life. Finally, ensuring the sustainability of affordable solutions for the post-implementation period through sensitivity and proper understanding of the local context will be critical to the success of housing-led urban regeneration. Given the broad and challenging nature of urban regeneration, especially with a focus on housing affordability, integrating national housing programs for low-income groups with urban regeneration plans, emphasizing qualitative and non-physical aspects, and conducting comprehensive evaluations before, during, and after the implementation of these plans, are among issues suggested for future research in this field.

Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial urban poverty and also to identify the factors affecting the spatial organization of this phenomenon in Tabriz. In this regard, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and the approach is governing spatial analysis. For this purpose, were used to to analyze the research information the nearest neighbor index (NNI) and Hot Spot Analysis in GIS software, as well as the structural equation analysis model in AMOS software. Findings show that the slums of Tabriz have spread in the center, suburbs and west of the city and the distribution of these zones based on the Z index has been clustered. On the other hand, can be seen the spatial duality of poverty between the east and west of the city and the marginal and central areas. Also, factors affecting the expansion and spatial organization of the poor areas of the city can be seen in the macro level to the variables of discriminatory and impoverished mechanisms based on the unfair distribution of power, wealth and income and increasing class distance between different strata and at the micro level to the variables of increasing population. And the inefficiency of the official land and housing markets of Tabriz pointed out that the value of these variables based on the structural model is 0.83, 0.77, 0.69 and 0.63, respectively.

Dikes are internal igneous structures that have penetrated their host rocks in the form of sheets. These structures are mostly caused by the ascent of magma in fractures caused by regional tensile stresses or volcanic rifts. Dikes are classified based on different criteria such as origin and formation method. Some of them are known as sheeted dikes in ophiolitic complexes. These dikes are formed in ophiolitic complexes and in the place of magma ascent channel forming pillow lavas. Some dikes in volcanic areas play a role as dikes feeding volcanic zones or dacite and rhyolitic domes. This type of dikes is called feeder dikes. Another group of them penetrated in a relatively wide area inside the fractures that were formed under the influence of a specific tectonic regime and massively in one area, which are called swarm dikes, which are the subject of this discussion. It is an article. In swarm dikes, usually their frequency distribution in the region is more than 2 dikes per square kilometer. The formation of swarm dikes is due to the action of the tensile tectonic regime in the earth's crust, before their replacement. In this case, the abundance of dikes is directly related to the maximum amount of tensile stress. Due to the existence of different ophiolitic and volcanic regions in Iran, as well as the occurrence of different orogenic phases and the application of different tectonic regimes in different geological periods in the land of Iran, different volcanic dikes were formed in its structural land areas. Of course, no comparative research has been done to compare these geomorphological complications. Therefore, in this article, the researcher seeks to introduce more swarm dikes, compare and examine their general characteristics and their formation mechanism, with references from the dikes in the north of Saveh, in the Urmia-Dakhtar zone, and the dykes of Delbar and Zarigan regions in Central Iran.

In this research, firstly, information was collected about the nature and mechanism of swarm dikes, and then a relatively large number of searches were conducted in written sources, especially researches and theses, about swarm dikes in Iran. The statistical population of this research is all the swarm dikes of Iran, which were chosen from among the types of these dikes due to the abundance of dikes in two geo-structural zones, Urmia-Dakhtar and Central Iran. And finally, a comparative study related to the general characteristics, time of formation and comparison of the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of these dikes with the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of other typical swarm dikes of the world has been done.

From the geodynamic point of view, the swarm dikes in the north of Saveh follow a relatively regular and parallel linear arrangement, which is generally in the same direction as the general trend of the faults in the region and has a general trend of northwest, west-southeast, east. According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), the swarm dikes in North Saveh, which is a part of the Urmia-Dakhter structural zone dikes, can be considered swarm type IV dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional stress areas. According to Huo's (2012) studies, swarm dikes in Delbar area can be considered similar to parallel dikes, which they call parallel Fuji dykes with a linear pattern in a range They have been formed with a relatively limited extent and under the influence of regional stresses resulting from the primary back-arc caftic tension caused by the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic lithosphere under the continental lithosphere of central Iran. From the geodynamic point of view, swarm Zarigan dikes follow an irregular linear arrangement. shows that there is no significant relationship between the trend of faults in the studied area and the direction of their establishment (northwest, west-southeast, east). According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), these swarm dikes, which are part of the swarm dikes of the structural zone of Central Iran, are similar to V-type swarm dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional tension areas.

There are many geomorphological phenomena known as mass dikes in different geological zones of Iran. which are different from each other in terms of age of formation, formation mechanism and type of constituent rocks. Comparative studies of Swarm dikes in two structural zones of Urmia--Dokhtar and Central Iran show that their age ranges from Cambrian to Oligomiocene and their lithological composition varies from basic to acidic rocks. And in the three studied areas, it mainly includes andesite, basaltic, gabbro, gabbro diorite and alkali gabbro rocks. Geological stresses affecting their formation have been different in different regions. According to Ernst's classification, Swarm dikes in North Saveh are classified as type IV dikes and Swarm dikes in Delbar and Zarigan area are classified as type V dikes. And according to Hou's classification, the dikes of all three regions follow a linear pattern. The mechanism of formation of dikes in all three regions is related to subduction and ascent of magma in fractures caused by subduction.

Poverty has become a pervasive phenomenon around metropolitan areas. Meanwhile, Baqershahr is one of the urban areas around Tehran that has grown rapidly and unsystematically. Its population has more than increased 34 times in the last fifty years. Accordingly, the purpose of present research is determination of urban poverty zones in this city is for planning managers and policy makers to organize and empower them. This research is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical. Factor analysis was used to data analysis. GIS software has been used to maps preparation. Using GIS software and factor analysis model, have been identified poverty zones in Baqershahr. Finding of research has showed that blocks 146 (%53.5) were very poor, blocks 82 (%30) of average, blocks 44 (%16.1) of very prosperous, and block 1(%4) of very prosperous. Resault has showed that the city is mainly dominated by the poor and very poor. So that poverty has penetrated into all the cells of the city and has found a spatial objectivity. The western part of the city has completely become the residence of the poor and very poor. Also in the northeast of the city, the housing of the poor is clearly seen. In fact, more than 50% of urban blocks are allocated to the very poor. Only a limited part of the central and northern part of the city is dedicated to the middle and affluent class. The highest concentration of poverty is concentrated in the area around Qom Road, Imam Khomeini Square, Ayatollah Kashani Street and lower areas of Shahr Sang.

The green economy is one of the most important manifestations of the integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and without it, sustainable development will not be achieved. The purpose of this article is to identify the components and constructive indicators of the green economy in conjunction with the reduction of urban poverty in Mashhad.

This research, in terms of method, is apart from quantitative-qualitative research, in terms of purpose, it is apart from applied research, and in terms of nature, it is among descriptive and analytical research. In the first step, by using the information of the statistical blocks of the Statistics Center for the city of Mashhad in 2016, it has been done to identify urban poverty areas using spatial analysis in the GIS software environment. Then, in the identified poverty areas, the effect of green economy indicators on reducing urban poverty was investigated and analyzed using Pearson's correlation tests and regression of the indicators.

The findings of this analysis show that the components of the green economy including access to resources, human capital, economic structure, green management, green investment, green jobs, and green transportation significantly explain the urban poverty of Mashhad, which amount It is equal to 87.3 percent.

Considering that the components of the green economy significantly explain the urban poverty of Mashhad, necessary planning should be done in this case.In this research, solutions based on the green economy have been presented in order to reduce poverty in the poor areas of Mashhad city.

The issue of poverty is not only one of the most important issues in the world, but also one of the most important internal issues and problems of all societies, both rich and poor. Urban poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon and urban dwellers suffer due to many deprivations, including lack of access to employment opportunities, lack of adequate housing and infrastructure, lack of social security, and lack of access to health, education, and personal security. In the meantime, it seems necessary to have a comprehensive study on poverty that includes a detailed analysis of its positive factors. For this purpose, the present study has been compiled with the aim of investigating and measuring the factors affecting the emergence of the phenomenon of urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz.

This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In this study, urban poverty in the form of five dimensions of economic, socio-cultural, managerial, physical infrastructure and environmental-geographical in the form of 36 indicators have been studied.

The results of this study indicate this, In the economic dimension, the biggest impact was the lack of jobs and stable income with an average of 4/09, In the socio-cultural dimension, the lack of women''''s participation in decision-making, with an average of 3/08, had the greatest impact, Also, in the managerial-institutional dimension, the most affected urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz from the factor of sanctions, with an average of 3, had a positive and significant effect. The phenomenon of urban poverty from the point of view of physical and infrastructural indicators has been most affected by the lack of infrastructure of cultural activities, marginalization with an average of 3.07 and 3, respectively. The last component of the factors affecting the urban poverty pattern that is addressed in this study is environmental-geographical factors The components of the imposed war situation and the special situation of the region with an average of 4.5, and 3, respectively, had the greatest impact on the existence of urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz.

The results of the analysis of the questionnaire show that the majority of residents of Ahvaz are in poor economic condition. As well as the problem of unemployment and marginalization in this city, it is considered as one of the main causes of poverty and poverty development.

In recent decades, the city of Gonbad-e Kavus in Golestan province has witnessed a significant increase in marginalization and urban poverty as a result of its status as a migrant-friendly city. Marginalized neighborhoods have intensified spatial and social inequalities in the city, posing a serious challenge to city officials. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting urban poverty in marginalized neighborhoods. The spatial scope of the research includes the marginalized neighborhoods of Afghanabad, Seyyedabad, Badlje, and Chay-e Boyin in Gonbad-e Kavus, and the temporal scope is summer 2022. The factors affecting urban poverty were ranked and examined from both economic and social perspectives using a researcher-made questionnaire distributed in the aforementioned neighborhoods. The results showed that in the area of public services, access to healthcare had the lowest score (2.18), in the area of safety, the lack or inadequate lighting of streets had the highest score (2.71), in the area of social participation, the possibility of collaboration with local councils had the lowest score (1.85), in the area of unemployment, hidden unemployment had the highest score (3.02), and in the area of financial poverty, low income had the highest score (2.41). In terms of the prevalence of social harms, the Seyyedabad neighborhood scored the highest (0.27=Q), and in terms of the prevalence of economic harms, the Afghanabad neighborhood scored the highest (0.24=Q).

Disaster risk is increasing sharply in cities around the world that are at hazards. Within cities, especially cities in low and middle-income countries, some urban spaces are constructed to distribute risks unfairly. For example, in Tehran, the existence of threatening hazards such as earthquakes, floods, fires and many environmental challenges along with a large area of unstable fabrics has caused this city to have special conditions in terms of disaster risk management.This study utilizes the approach of integrating disaster management policies and promotion of underutilised fabrics following the zoning of these fabrics in Tehran in terms of vulnerability to various hazards and provides solutions to control and reduce the damage caused by hazards with emphasis on policy-making, planning and prevention.

This research is applied-developmental in terms of type and its general model is descriptive-analytical and based on the evaluation method, during which the modeling, construction of a composite index and integration and superimposition of information layers and data based on the analytic hierarchy process to determine the final weight of spatial units and zoning of vulnerability of underutilised Fabrics in Tehran has been done. Indicator data and layers are also extracted from sources and various secondary data. Scoring of indices and sub-indices is based on experts' questionnaire and calculations were done in ARC GIS software.

In Tehran, there is a large overlap between the range of underutilised urban fabrics and higher levels of urban poverty, population concentration, and the potential for a variety of hazards. In this regard, underutilised fabrics of the southern half of Tehran, especially in regions 15, 18 and 20 in the first degree and regions 16, 17 and 19 in the second degree have the greatest potential for risk.

In some areas of Tehran, the realities of disaster management are much more complex than existing plans and policies. The disaster management system in underutilised fabrics requires a different mechanism compared to other parts of the city. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk in these areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of reducing urban poverty and vulnerability, and in general integrating policies and measures of disaster risk management and urban planning and social and economic development programs.

With increasing urbanization in developing countries, urban poverty has also become an important social issue. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the phenomenon of poverty in Tehran through a qualitative, comprehensive and data-oriented research.

The research method used is grounded theory, which belongs to qualitative methods. Data collection techniques included documentation and library methods, direct observation, written records, data recording, and the use of in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sample selection was initially purposive and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. In order to select a sample representative of the community under study, efforts were made to include a combination of age, gender, occupational and educational status, and residence in urban neighborhoods as much as possible. Participants included poor households living in the 17th, 18th, and 19th districts of Tehran. Several criteria were considered in the selection of participants, namely: 1. Be head of household; 2. Have lived in the city for at least two years; 3. Have been recognized as needy by residents and social activists in the neighborhoods, and their poverty was verified based on the testimonies of official (charity and aid organizations) and unofficial (residents, businesses, and social activists) agencies.

Based on this study, exclusion from the labor market, which includes all types of unemployment, incomplete and temporary, and low-income informal employment, is the main factor explaining the phenomenon of urban poverty in the city of Tehran. The results show that the urban poor have taken a number of measures to address urban poverty and migration has been one of their measures in the past and in the present. In the past, it was groups and ethnic groups; in recent years, it has been individuals. Due to the weakness of their economic and human capital, they have also been unable to enter the formal labor market, and underemployment of women and child labor are common among them. In the area of housing, there is the model of shared living in small spaces and sharing the appliances and facilities of the place of residence. In the field of treatment, alternative and informal treatment methods are used. 

The results of this research show that unemployment, temporary and unstable work, which is one of the components of exclusion from the labor market, has led to the persistence of the poverty situation in the society studied and to a series of strategies of urban slums aimed at surviving and meeting the minimum needs. Social exclusion is not limited to small environments, but is also related to macro constructions and processes. Therefore, by referring to micro-environments through qualitative research, one can also observe the effects of macro-processes. In the macro dimension, the rapid development and growth of rapid urbanization has led to widespread migration of rural and unemployed villagers to cities, putting additional pressure on the urban labor market. The lack of infrastructure and opportunities for work and employment has led to many immigrants living in a state of subsistence poverty in the cities or on the outskirts of the cities and experiencing all kinds of social exclusion in their daily lives.

Urban poverty is a multidimensional problem that Faces people with many limitations including limited access to employment and income, lack of adequate housing and services, unhealthy and violent environments, and lack of access to social services and health support mechanisms, and Educational. Thus, in explaining spatial inequality and urban poverty we cannot simply focus on its economic dimension: because Citizen poverty and social poverty are also other dimensions of poverty that are central to the spread all kinds of social harm and deviation. Today, the weaknesses of poverty studies and poverty-based approaches in cities are evident to almost everyone. It can be said that a realistic understanding and analysis of poverty in urban areas requires more attention to the social dimensions of this problem. Since urban poverty has been the focus of economic attention in most of the cases and few studies have addressed the social aspects affecting urban poverty, Therefore, the present study, with emphasis on the effective social aspects in this field, identifies the extent of social poverty and its pattern of spread in Ardabil during 2006 to 2016 to provide a platform for policymakers, planners, and urban managers to make decisions about reducing poverty and social deprivation problems in urban areas.

Methodoloy:

The purpose of this study is practical and in terms of the nature and method of the research we use descriptive-analytical methods. Source of cited indices and quantities used, data and information of statistical blocks of general population census and housing of Ardabil city during 2006- 2016 and maps (GIS), Deputy Governor of Ardabil Planning.The statistical population of the study is the statistical blocks of Ardabil city during the period of 2006 to 2016. The ARC/GIS software has been used to illustrate the poverty situation in this city using the Hot Spot Analysis technique of spatial autocorrelation. Moran's statistic was used to analyze the distribution patterns of urban poverty.

To study the spatial inequality and determination of urban poverty in Ardebil city, we used the data of 2006 and 2016 statistical blocks and in Arc / GIS software using its capabilities, hot spot analysis are done for all the indices used in Ardabil. This analysis calculates the Gateway-RD statistic for all the effects in the data. Also, with respect to the calculated Z score, it can be shown in which blocks the data are clustered with high or low values. According to this analysis, the higher the Z score, the higher the values clustered and it make hot spots. In the case of the negative and significant Z in terms of Statistical, we can say that the smaller the Z score, the more severe the clustering of the lower values and indicating cold spots. According to the data obtained, in 2006, out of 5142 urban blocks in Ardebil, about 53% were in very deprived and deprived condition, 26% were in moderate condition and about 21% were in good condition. According to 2016 data, these percentages are 46, 23, 33, respectively, among 6439 urban blocks, which also indicates that Ardabil city blocks in terms of social indices in 2016 compared to 2006 is in a better position. At this stage, after identifying the cold and hot spots for each of the indices, the maps are combined and finally the final map for both periods 2006 and 2016, according to the Morris Index is categorized in 5 levels from the most privileged to the most deprived. After classifying Ardebil city blocks in 2006 and 2016, Arc / GIS software and spatial autocorrelation tool have been used to illustrate the pattern of distribution and distribution of this inequality.It is used to analyze patterns of distribution and distribution of effects and phenomena in space and space and is known as the Moran statistic. In this study, the calculated Moran index for 2006 is 0.100517 and for 2016 is 0.137205. These values are smaller than one and on the other hand the value of P-value is zero. It can be concluded that the data in question have spatial autocorrelation and since the value of Moran is positive and close to one, so the spatial pattern of poverty in Ardebil In 2006 and 2016 it has been clustered and concentrated. In Ardebil's poverty and spatial inequality cluster model, the most disadvantaged and most disadvantaged clusters are located in the northern, western and western parts, and the focus of these clusters is largely influenced by urban creep and rural core integration to the body of the city. These embedded textures in the city due to the prevailing conditions of their formation, both physically and economically and socially had vulnerable and unstable textures and formed double poles at the city level.

A deeper scrutiny of and awareness of each community is the first step in planning for a greater and more decisive fight with poverty. Studying more deeply leads to a deeper understanding of the process, and over the course of time. It provides a compelling picture of poverty. Among these measures, the conflict between the object and the mind, or more modernly, the quantitative and qualitative attitudes toward achieving poverty eradication efforts. In recent years this struggle has shifted in favor of a qualitative attitude and emphasis on socio-cultural indicators. The spread of the phenomenon of poverty, especially in the suburbs of Ardebil, is the major problem of the city, which has increased in recent years with rural migration and the incorporation of rural textures into the city limits and the expansion of suburbanization. Given that the nature and dimensions of the power created in the Ardebil blocs are not only a necessity for an inequality, but also are a necessity based on human values, Therefore, in this study, 21 social indices were extracted from the statistical blocks of 2006 and 2016, and by applying these indices to Arc GIS environment, the poverty and inequality situation in Ardabil city was investigated.

Typically, in developing countries, urban growth exceeds the capacity of governments and municipalities to provide services and infrastructure suitable for the population. This category will exacerbate urban poverty in cities, especially large cities in these countries.

 The purpose of this study is to empower poverty in the neighborhood of Ismail Abad, District 19 of Tehran Municipality. This research is applied in terms of purpose and part of descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study is the Ismailabad neighborhood, District 19 of Tehran Municipality. First, using economic, socio-cultural, and physical indicators, the areas of urban poverty in the Ismail neighborhood, District 19 of Tehran Abad Municipality were identified.

The weighting of the research indices was taken using the Shannon entropy method, then the Vikor quantitative leveling model was used to rank the indices. ARC GIS software has been used to display and analyze the poor urban space in the neighborhood of Ismail Abad, District 19. Also, using the QSPM model, internal and external strategies were identified in which non-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations were considered as the most important motivating factor in empowering poverty at the neighborhood level and after identifying the target neighborhood. The use of the SWOT technique has been done to improve this place due to planning problems and limitations.

The results indicate that urban poverty has been discovered in neighborhoods located on the outskirts of the city. To solve the problems of the residents of the target neighborhood, local spontaneous reinforcers in creating solidarity and maintaining the neighborhood identity, recognizing development potentials, educating residents and raising people's awareness, implementing empowerment plans to control the neighborhood.