جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سیورغال » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

“Siorghal” was a type of land assignment in the Timurid era, which was given in hereditary by the sultan or the ruler in exchange for military services to relatives, dependents and loyal army commanders, and then to state officials, clerics, etc. Due to having some privileges at the beginning of the Timurid era, the Siorghamishis (owners of Siorghals) quickly became a superior political power compared to their rivals, in such a way that Shahrukh, the second Timurid sultan, made changes in the way of handing over and the privileges of Siorghals.   The main question of the current article is: why Siorghal was given to different classes but in smaller sizes since Shahrukh's era? The results of this research show that the tribal ties dominating the political structure of the Timurid government at the beginning caused Timur to give Siorghal mainly to the military-tribal elite during his world expansion. However, Shahrukh's reign was a period of transition from a tribal structure to an urban structure, so it was necessary to make changes in the political and economic structure. As a result, until the end of Timurid era, on the one hand, the amount of Siorghal lands of military commanders was reduced, and on the other hand, a wide range of religious, administrative, and artist classes were placed in the ranks Siorghamishis by granting lands, albeit with a smaller area.  In this article, the descriptive-analytical research method has been used by arranging the research data in the form of statistical tables.

The vaẓīfe (the stipend ) payment was one of the payment method of the Ṣafavīd period , which was paid to the scholars and clerics. In Mashhad, as a religious city, there were also individuals who received vaẓīfe from the Ṣafavīd government.

This article , through readout and interpreting a decree and payment order Shah Solṭān Ḥoseyn , intended to examine the issue that how has been the system and place of the vaẓīfe payment and what was the role of the officials of the Shrine in the city of Mashhad? 

Research Methodology and Approach:

 This article was written descriptively-analytically by a library research methodology with a documentary approach. 

The results:

Based on the studied document, for the vaẓīfe payment, the decree was first issued by the Shah. Then, the vazīr ( the Minister) and the bī􀇉glarbeygī􀇉/ begler-beygi (the governor- general)of Mashhad were set to be responsible for paying it out from certain sources of revenue, which have been mostly the soyūrġālāt (the land revenues/ feudal tenure?) of the Mashhad era . Afterwards, the the avāreje- nevīs (the writer of cash book department) towjīh-nevīs (the writer of payment department) and sarḵat- nevīs2 of Khorasan had to confirm the place of payment, according that the local authorities, like the ruler of Mashhad, the kalāntar( the chief man of Mashhad), mobāšerān ( the agents) and high officials like the vazīr-e a‘ẓam (the Grand vazī􀇉r) and mostowfī-yo’l-mamālek ( the chief of the accountant state domains) like the Grand Minister and the mostowfī-yo’l-mamālek would confirm that. Therefore, both state administrative and civilian agents were effective in the vaẓīfe payment process.

The influence of Land ownership system on Scientific and Cultural Developments in Timurid Period Scientific and cultural developments in Timurid period cannot be merely explained by some Timurid rulers' ambitiousof science. Our claim in this paper is that the land ownership and tax system in this period, known as soyurghal, though invented and used for the political and economic purpose, had some unpredictable consequences, one of which was to provide a supportive ground for cultural and scientific institutions. Scientific and cultural developments in Timurid period cannot be merely explained by some Timurid rulers' ambitiousof science. Our claim in this paper is that the land ownership and tax system in this period, known as soyurghal, though invented and used for the political and economic purpose, had some unpredictable consequences, one of which was to provide a supportive ground for cultural and scientific institutions. Keywords: Science of Timurid period, Soyurghal, Economy of Timurid period, Critical Rationalism

Siorghal is one of the most advanced and the most complete forms of feudalism in Iran.This economic and social phenomenon was inagurated in Iran in the period of Ale Jalayer.The latter Iranian Ilqans and the Torkmans too used it in varoustimes.InTimuridperiod,specially up to the death of Shahrokh,many small and large Siorghals were bestowed to the princes,commanders,clergies and bureacrats.AfterShahrokh’sdeath,and following the collapse of Timuri empire and the war between Timur’s children and grand children.The growth of siorghal stopped. Garagoyoonlu and AqqoyoonluTorkmans more or less used this method of feudalism.With the emergence of Safavids,manysiorghals were bestowed to military,civil,and religious officialls.In the rule of Shah Abbas I.the powerful and centralized government the siorghal lands were first limited and finally stopped.What was siorghal,and what features it had?This article tries to discuss the process of emergence,and the change in this social and economic.