جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عصر قاجار » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

 Newspapers played an irreplaceable role in changing the approach of Iranian society during the Qajar era. In the process leading to the formation of the Constitutional Movement within Iran, several newspapers were published. Some of them, regardless of their political stance, pursued a pathological approach to the general issues of society. The Tarbiat newspaper was one of the most important and stable of these newspapers. For nearly nine years, it sought to root out the elements and factors of societal stagnation, offering practical solutions to exit from those unpleasant conditions. The identification of the factors of societal backwardness and the proposed models of the newspaper for structural reform in the society of the Qajars formed the main issue of this article. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer this fundamental question: What are the main factors of the backward of Iranian society in the Qajar period from the perspective of the Tarbiat newspaper? And what models does the newspaper propose to get out of this situation? The results of the study show that the newspaper’s emphasis is more on cultural weaknesses and inability to expand up-to-date knowledge. Accordingly, the newspaper’s proposed system is more focused on increasing the scientific capacity of society and also the radical treatment of this disorder. Of course, from this perspective, the reform of the educational and training system is considered as the main priorities. In addition to this, the reform process will be fruitless without considering the reconstruction of the moral system of society

While the Qajar era was in a recent past, little independent research has been done concerning the architecture and urban engineering of the first half of this era (1795 – 1847). The main reason behind such negligence might be that this period of Iranian architecture occurs between the golden age of architecture in Safavid Iran and the modern period in which Western architectural models infiltrated Iranian architecture and urban construction. In the present research, the aim is to identify the process of constructing architectural works and urban renovation in the first half of the Qajar period by drawing on historical evidence, written sources, and on top of that, archeological evidence. To do so, it is necessary to identify the factors that contributed to strategic policies of Qajar rulers vis-à-vis urban developments and renovations. Given that details of many civil constructions of the Qajar period are not available, this paper rests upon the assumption that archeological studies might be effectively drawn on to know the national strategy of these rulers in the development of cities. The research finds that factors, such as giving legitimacy to the Qajar government, attracting and seeking support of clergy and religious scholars, as well as attempts to achieve economic and civil development of the country for purposes of promoting the political power, played major parts in civil constructions by the Qajar dynasty. Other factors include military and defense policies, the question of succession and rivalries among senior Qajar princes, archaism of Qajar rulers, and their religious beliefs.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States of America had the most advanced economy in the world. This issue did not escape the sharp eyes of the Iranian intellectuals and modernists of the Qajar period, and they followed with exemplary obsession how the economy of this new country flourished. The current research tries to answer these questions by using unpublished archival documents in Iran: How did the intellectuals and progressives introduce the economy and finance of America? What results did these findings have for Iran? And to what extent did the First World War play a role in increasing or decreasing commercial and financial exchanges between Iran and the United States? The findings of this study, which is based on the analytical descriptive method, show that the intellectuals, in order to show the importance of American trade, in the first step compared the exploitation of underground resources in America and Iran with a critical view, and in this way, the importance and necessity of expanding trade relations with this country. warned the officials of the Iranian government. Further, in their reports, they showed the desirable state of American trade during the First World War and the years after the war compared to other countries in the world.

Economic crises and problems in the Qajar era have always threatened the people's lives. The high price of bread was one of the most important and vital economic problems of the people in this period. Historical sources at the end of the Naseri era and during the Mozaffari era report the scarcity and high cost of bread in Tabriz and, as a result, public protests in this city. Riots and public protests about the lack of bread were often accompanied by a serious presence of women. In Tabriz during the Mozaffari era, the presence of women in the bread crisis protests was very evident. Women's victories in the bread riots, which sometimes caused the retreat of the rulers and the change of some government officials in the states, gave women the confidence to participate in other social demands. These collective protests became a model for the subsequent struggles of Tabriz women with the Qajar government in the events of the constitutional period. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and citing library sources, aims to deal with the role and efforts of Tabriz women in the protests against the bread crisis in the Mozaffari era and examine some of the results and effects of their struggles in this field.

Iran, as one of the oldest countries in the world, has long had a kind of national identity and "nation" and this can be seen in the continuation of the name "Iran". The three building blocks of Iranian national identity are "being Iranian", "religion" and in the new era "modernity". The two ancient layers of Iranian national identity have long been more or less compatible with each other, and have and still have many overlapping elements. With the acquaintance of Iranians with the new world, it caused new awareness in this field and this awareness caused a change in this identity. Therefore, the main question of this research is how this change in the components of national identity was formed in the Qajar (pre-constitutional) era? This descriptive-analytical study has concluded that "archeology", "rewriting", "redefining the homeland" and "redefining the nation" and "shaping the idea of nationalism (in its modern sense)" are the most important components of the "new Iranian identity system".

The Bill was the main instrument of government payments in pre-modern (pre-constitutional) Iran.There were different types of this court document and Mostofian, as its producer, issued each of you for a specific payment. The Qajar period is very important in terms of the variety of Bill, because more than 50 different types of barats have been identified in the historical sources of this period. In the two existing files of the National Archives of Iran, there are 22 Bills with the title of bread, which are unique in their kind, because so far in the historical sources, there is no mention of the existence of this type of court Bill. In this article, in addition to documenting and analyzing the content of this unique bill, we will try to answer the question of to whom government bread belonged in the Qajar period and what mechanism the government used to allocate bread.Based on the findings of this study, the document structure of bread bills is quite similar to other court bills, and knowing this structure allows the researcher to easily identify bread bills from other financial documents. Analysis of the content of the checks also showed that government bread belonged to a number Boutat-e Saltanati , including "Amalejat-e Andaroni" and " Amalejat-e Karkhaneh", and the Qajar government used bills entitled "Taslim", "jierh" and “Nan “ between 1254. And 1268 lunar has continuously given bread to these employees.

At the beginning of Qajar era (1210-1344), the religious authorities revealed the role of religion in the development of society more salient than the past and stabilized their authority as well. In Naseri era (1245-1312), the centers of illuminated Iranian out of Iran were developed. They endeavored to provide the ground for the vigilantism of Iranians through the propagation of data related to the development of Europe and Othmani. Akhtar newspaper developed by some of the Iranian reformists in Istanbul, is considered as a sample of these centers within the framework of Islamic unity aiming for the prevention of violation by the Europeans and the Russians to the Islamic lands in order to present the modern thoughts via the religious beliefs. The present research, taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical method as well as the library sources, is going to answer the question on the advantages of Islamic unity considered by this paper as well as the way of illustration of its obstacles

During the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural.

Ghahraman Mirza Ein Al-Saltanah, a descendant of Mohammad Shah, can be considered one of the most important memoirists of the Qajar era. He started writing memoirs at the age of eleven and continued until a month before his death.Accurate description of many details in a long period of 65 years, which covers from 1882 to 1945, makes him the longest memoir of the Qajar era, and his work as a valuable encyclopedia of Iranian history, from It has introduced the Nasserite period until the beginning of the second Pahlavi dynasty. This study has a descriptive-analytical approach to pay attention to the characteristics of the memories of the Qajar era, considering the characteristics of the central narrative of the memories, the narrative structure of this work and while using the theories of narratology and considering the question of what are the characteristics of the narrative structure of Ein Al-Saltanah's memoirs? Scene and staging are examined.Having a first-person perspective, a strong one-line narrative, partiality and having a simple narrative style are the features of the narrative structure of these memoirs that can be mentioned as part of the research data.

The prevailing image of women in the Qajar period, especially in the pre-constitutional period, which has been shown in studies, confirms a passive and completely marginal image. However, critical review of informal and family archival documents, especially documents provided and collected by the online archive of "Women's World in the Qajar Era", that approves social relations in less studied areas, show Women in various roles such as wife, mother and economic activist in the religious and traditional frameworks, had acceptable rights and, accordingly, social activism. On this basis, the authors have tried to obtain a comprehensive picture of the activities and occupations of women belonging to different social strata of the Qajar era by using the method of historical analysis based on archival documents and studies.

The element of religion has been of main role in regard with the intellectual infrastructure of Iranian community and its direct effect is outstanding in most of the economic, cultural, and social changes. In this regard, the governments have paid a particular attention to the religion and ritual ceremonies during the history. In time of Qajar, along with the continuation in the way of holding the ritual ceremonies, a kind of alteration developed in them as well. Khorasan state and particularly Mashhad was one of the main centers of this alteration due to its significant situation.Following the descriptive-analytical approach, the present article is to answer the question on the extent the ritual and lamentation ceremonies in Mashhad regarded as the most important religious city of Iran, changed under the influence of the political approach of Qajar rulers as well as the administrative elements

Familiarity with modern methods of historiography and the transformation of Iranian historiographical methods has been one of the most important achievements in dealing with the manifestations of modernity in Iran's Qajar Era. The most important concerns of this research are the study of the formation and development of memoir writing and determining its place in the process of historiography of the Qajar period. The framework and general spirit of the present study seeks to answer the question that what effect and place did the flow of memoirs have in the process of historiography of the Qajar period? Findings of the study indicate that the sources of memoirs can be considered as a type of historiography related to the Qajar dynasty, which was formed in the middle of the Nasserite era under the influence of modern European ideas and manifestations, but it took different route from its western examples. In the West, memoir-writing, by emphasizing on the originality of human existence, were more at the disposal of the personal feelings and moods of their authors and placed under category of literature. While Iranian memoir-writers, aware of this "I" and "crystallizing" it in "social We", put it not at the service of expressing their own feelings and existential originality, but in describing the political and social events around them. Due to the critical atmosphere that prevailed in many political, cultural, social and economic fields at that time, these memoirists also turned their memoirs into a field for expressing these criticisms. This private sphere, which was created in the personal privacy of these soliloquies, became a means of criticizing various issues from a historical and critical point of view, with their awareness of the disorder of their society. Their works became secret historiography due to their secrecy and informality and the presentation of pristine information from the political, social, cultural and economic situation and works with high credibility in the historiography of this period. Considering the importance of the Constitutional Revolution, we divided the memoirs related to the Qajar period into two periods: Before and after the Constitution from a historical perspective, and according to the class base of the memoir-authors, which fall into two groups of the dominant and middle classes. Existence of 14 memoir-writers, with 15 works in the first period and notably their heeding to recording issues of political history and 27 memoir-writers in the post-constitutional period with 27 works and their attention to recording the events of social history and the life of the masses clearly demonstrates the effects of the Constitutional Revolution on this historical-literary campaign. The existence of 15 memoir-authors of the second period in the middle class and the fact that there are only 2 memoir-writers of this class in the first period, in comparison with the 12 memoir-writers of the dominant class of this period, also well proves the hypothesis that the Constitution Revolution led to a shift in the class base of the memoir-authors from the ruling class in the first period to the middle class in the second period. In valuing memoirs from a historiographical point of view, according to the class base of memoirists, which has directly influenced their thoughts and reasons, as well as the way they write memoirs, and according to characteristics such as having insights and views of historians and critics, and the extent to which these memoirists used documents, correspondence, and orders, as well as the extent to which they provided pristine historical and political data, given that most memoirists were from the ruling class and were involved and aware of many important events, and according to the special class base that has dominated many currents, the value of the memories of this class can be preferred to the second class. However, due to the wide expression of social issues by middle-class memoirists, special value should be given to the group and not diminished their importance. In general, it should be noted that modern memoirism, which itself was formed under the influence of modern European ideas and had a special evolution with the Constitutionalist movement, like other Iranian historiographical methods of this era, while being influenced by the cultural and social conditions of their society also caused a change in the presentation of historiographical materials in terms of style and prose, subject and history technic, as well as the language of reporting events.

The historiography of Ashura has always been considered by scholars throughout history as one of the most effective ways to protect and preserve the high values of Karbala. Since Ashura works are not devoid of weaknesses, it is necessary to study the accuracy of the content of these works. One of the periods that has been considered due to the unprecedented growth of Muqatil writing as well as the abundance of textual harms in Ashura works, is the Qajar government period. The main issue of this research is how we can find existing textual harms in the Muqatil of the Qajar period. Clear and efficient criteria to know how to distinguish these harms has been introduced and explained in this article. Based on the considerations, it can be concluded that criteria such as common sense, the dignity, the element of honour seeking of Imam Hussein (AS) and Ahl al-Bayt (AS), sociology of related cities to the event, and the intellectual and religious beliefs of that era are of the most important criteria for assessing the textual pathology of Ashura news in Muqatil of the Qajar period.

Inheritance payment was one of the major problem in the Qajar era, Because a large portion of the government's budget was spent on lucrative payments, some of which were inherited to the taxpayers and they did not serve the government in return for the benefits. Payment of this type of obligation referred to in the sources of the Qajar era as Mavajeb-e Morousi, Hoghough-e Motevafa, Mostamare or Vazifeh obligations. From the beginning of the Qajar rule to the end of the reign of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, It was based on a simple instruction that would be changed according to the views and policies of the King or Chancellor.After the Constitutional Period, Parliament and Government Required to Reform Mechanisms of Inheritance Payment And in 132, the 10th law was adopted and passed.The main problem of this study is to investigate the necessity of reforming the mechanism of payment of inheritance and the performance of government and parliament in this area after the establishment of the constitutional system.The findings show that failure to comply with the guidelines for payment of inheritance obligations and numerous violations of its traditional mechanism on the one hand and the costs that this lifelong incurs on the other hand led the government to fund substantial reforms after the constitutional victory. Although the reforms were designed to prevent the government from wasting money, the bankruptcy of the bank raised many problems for the government and taxpayers and diminished the positive effects of these reforms.

Diffusion theory is one of the theories that can explain the causes of the spread of most political, social, agricultural and technological revolutions based on their components. In Iran, this theory is further evaluated in the basis of how the Islamic Revolution influences Muslim countries, but is not included in the field of medicine. The purpose of this descriptive-analytic paper, which is based on library resources and valid websites, is to answer this question: Has diffusion theory the power of explaining how the spread of modern medicine is in Iran during Qajar era? And if so, how will it be explained? To answer the question, this hypothesis was presented: since diffusion theory has so far been able to expose the reasons for the spread of most revolutions within the framework of its components, it can justify medical developments in Iran. Further, factors such as: foreign security, sending students abroad, health and medical institutions, the establishment of educational institutions, vaccinations, quarantines and some other factors in the form of three types of diffusion relocation, hierarchical, and contagious, and factors such as: people with disabilities, lack of funds, poverty, uncertainty for foreigners and some other factors were considered as barriers within the framework of the above-mentioned theory. The result of this hypothesis is confirmed.

The study of importance and role of women participation in Iranian economic areas leading to target setting and policy making in women affairs are among the significant issues of the country. Thus, in the present study, the researchers are to, within the framework of a historical research, elaborate on the economic status of the women during Qajar era, as a historical period, in which the women presence in the society was highlighted because of the emergence of "Constitutional Movement". Accordingly, having used the library method and internet research, the researchers have analyzed the information obtained from historical evidences and studies conducted before. In this research, the economic presence of women in the intended era has been analyzed in form of modern day occupations and then classified based on a new method of classification. Under the classification and based different classes of society during the era, different aspects of women activities have taken into consideration in areas of political, social and subsistence economy

An Imaginary dialogue with political and social themes is one of the critical features of Qajarian press which have been utilized by the intellectuals and journalists of this era. The prevailing theme of this approach reflects the special conditions of the Iranian community at this time of passing through a transitional phase. The main question in this research is: when did the selection of this approach come under the focus of journalists of the time and what was the purpose behind it? Although this approach was common during Fath Ali Shah era, during the Naserddin Shah era its critical aspects became more bolded. Finally, during the autocracy of Mohammad Ali Shah, due to the growing despotisms, this approach was used as an effective genre to disseminate awareness and to express political and social criticisms. The results of this study, based on a descriptive-analytic method, which analyzed all the remaining copies of 75 Persian newspapers of this Era, show that the ultimate goal of intellectuals and journalists of this era by applying this approach was to inform the constitutional system, to show its compatibility to the Islamic laws, and to introduce this system as an appropriate framework for creating the desired political and social conditions in Iranian society.

Travel itineraries are the product of the observations and objective evaluations of their writers. They are considered among the important sources of understanding the identity and culture of a society during the different periods of history on the basis of non-Iranian's views and evaluation. The travel itineraries written by Europeans in recent centuries are of great importance in terms of their subject, interpretation, analysis, evaluation and comparison. Although the works of this group have not addressed the Shiite identity independently and thoroughly, they are worth considering and evaluating due to their being part of the oriental studies, careful consideration which this group gives to some Shiite beliefs and customs and the observations they make about some issues and the special attention given to them by some contemporary orientalists and domestic writers. Among the issues which have been the spcial concern of this group are explaining the Shia's beliefs and ideas about religious doctrines and mentioning their leaders, the Iranian Shiite population's religious practices and rites, the special attention they give to the important sacred sites and the clergy, and assessment of their dogmas. This paper deals with the works of two European travelers (Madame Carla Serena and Eugene Obun), who visited Iran during the Qajar period. It concludes that these two travel writers often uses a purely narrative approach based on their incomplete observations of the rituals of Shiite population; they make mistakes in their attributing some practices to Shi’ism on the one hand, and they provide inaccurate description of some of the Shiah's beliefs on the other hand. A critical - historical method is used in this study, which is centered on Islamic sources and the works of these two travel writers.

The emergence of nationalistic historiography in the contemporary history of Iran has been efficient on the scientific historiography of Iranian historiographers as well as the development of their historical viewpoints towards the history of their country and it has led to the advent or strength of some intellectual trends such as the literary nationalism, authentic writing and archaism.
Among the numerous elements effective on the development of this school, it can be named Orientalogy and Iranology as the most important of them.
This trend led to the semi- national pride and exaggerated superiority complexity of Iranian historiographers and illuminati as well as their interpreting Iran and Iranian civilization as unrealistic and exaggerated and assuming it as the main foundation of all of the world’s civilizations in various eras and underestimating their previous neighbors and knowing them as the reason of annihilation of civility and majesty of old era.
In the present article, it has been investigated this issue from Qajar up to end of Pahlavi the first by taking advantage of descriptive-analytical method and relying on the first and the most important works in regard with Orientalogy and Iranology and later on, it has been studied the mode of emergence of the first nationalistic histories by the Iranian historiographers.

As a handicraft, vitreous enamel has a long history in Iranian art. This artistic industry received the greatest attention from its creators and customers in 12th and 13th centuries onwards in Iran. During these centuries, which coincided with the reign of the Qajar dynasty, vitreous enamel was greatly influenced by European industrial arts. At that time, the customers of vitreous enamel objects belonged mainly to the upper class of society. As one of the Iranian multi-thermal industries, this art involves several stages from the process of supply to the process of demand of the enameled objects. Moreover, it is considered to be a laborious but luxurious industrial-artistic activity. The present paper explores the stages involved in the production and supply of the vitreous enamel art as one of the Iranian handicrafts of the Qajar period.