جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مستشرقان" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Several Orientalists examined the history of early Islam and claimed that Islam is an exclusively apocalyptic religion without any concern about the establishment of secular institutions. This research tries to investigate the condition of secular institutions during this period. In order to achieve this goal, a study on the establishment of the educational system has a central role. The findings show that the historical evidence demonstrates that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) established an educational system based on the characteristic of Islam as a religion that commands its followers to benefit from worldly life, respecting monotheism and devotion. The Prophet was seriously concerned about teaching Islam to new converts.

Although the presence and position of women in Islamic societies have been important topics and of interest to Orientalists, for some reasons, in the book "Cambridge History of Iran: Period from the Arab Invasion to the Seljuks", research from the University of Cambridge, the position and role of women in the political and social developments of Iran Ignored.
In fact, by ignoring the role of women in the collection of articles in this book, their presence in various matters, including political, social, and other matters, has been made very less important. The present article has tried to reflect the position and role of Iranian women in a descriptive-analytical and critical way according to the authors of the collection of articles in this book. It seems that despite the knowledge of the authors of the articles in this book about the role and position of women in the developments of this period, the position of Iranian women, especially the ruling women, has not been properly defined and explained. So the main question is: What is the role and position of Iranian women in the Cambridge history book? What image of Iranian women have the Orientalists presented in this book? Although it must be admitted that the reflection of the obvious presence of women in historical books is generally very weak, the critical study of this collection of articles shows that the lack of comprehensive examination of written historical sources has been one of the important factors of ignoring the role played by women in the history of Iran's developments. However, in this category, the prejudices of the Orientalists towards Muslim women have also been the reason for the lack of attention to include their role in the developments.
 

The confrontation of orientalists with the role and position of women in Islamic lands has been one of the topics of their interest. It is very important. including the fame of its authors, the academic atmosphere of writing, and the many audiences of this work, at least in Iran; Finally, the inclusion of topics and the diversity of the authors of the articles in this book have added to its charms. It was compiled, edited, and published by Richard Nelson Frye at Cambridge University translated in Iran by Hassan Anousheh, and published in Tehran by AmirKabir Publishing House in 2005. We want to examine the image of women in this book, although we know that the image of women in historical texts is very faint and often neglected, but many traces of them can be found in historical developments.
 
 Material & Methods 
The present article has tried to reflect the position and role of Iranian women in a descriptive-analytical and critical way according to the authors of the collection of articles in this book. It seems that despite the knowledge of the authors of the articles in this book about the role and position of women in the developments of this period, the position of Iranian women, especially the ruling women, has not been properly defined and explained. So the main question is: What is the role and position of Iranian women in the Cambridge history book? What image of Iranian women have the Orientalists presented in this book? Although it must be admitted that the reflection of the obvious presence of women in historical books is generally very weak, the critical study of this collection of articles shows that the lack of comprehensive examination of written historical sources has been one of the important factors of ignoring the role played by women in the history of Iran's developments. However, in this category, the prejudices of the Orientalists towards Muslim women have also been the reason for the lack of attention to include their role in the developments.
 

Reviews and critical evaluation showed that although this book has provided good information about the history and civilization of Iran after Islam until the arrival of the Seljuks, for reasons such as lack of access to sources and lack of attention to the role of women in the history of Iran after In Islam, the presence of women in politics, society, culture, etc. has been ignored and sometimes this issue has been ignored as if it denies the presence of women in the society in question. And because most of the historical books were written by men, the neglect of women is a frequent thing in history, and this is not exclusive to Iranian women. However, it seems that orientalists have discriminated more against Muslim women, and it is as if historians have refused to look at women realistically and have written history by default based on the superiority of men over Muslim women. In this book, the ability of Iran's ruling women and achieve the highest political power in the territory of their government has been ignored, and this has caused the role of women to be greatly reduced by wording and writing less about their position. In this book, the dangerous and behind-the-scenes roles of women, which are sometimes difficult to prove, are detailed, but the role of women in religious sciences, jurisprudence, mysticism, poetry, astronomy, medicine, and dozens of other civilizational matters, of which there were many examples in this period It has been neglected. Although studies and investigations have shown that the neglect of this issue is not a unique issue. Of course, studies and investigations have shown that the neglect of this issue is not a problem that is unique to the history of Iran, but in other existing studies, traces of concealment and neglect of the role of women can also be seen.

The issue of collecting Holy Quran and the determinative role of Zeid Ibn e- Sabet (45 After Hijrah) is considered as a controversial issue in Holy Quran. The materials present in the sources related to qur’anic sciences is the reflection of an optimistic view toward Zeid. Through the analytical- descriptive method of research, this study investigates the reports and narrations according to this viewpoint as well as that of orientalists such as Shovali, John Berton, and Belasher about Zeid Ibn e-  Haretheh, assuming the collection of Holy Quran after the Holy Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and questioning the reason of assigning this responsibility to Zeid. This research reveals the controversial virtues and too much exaggerations about Zeid and strengthening the hypothesis of performing debt and obligation on behalf of caliphs is due to the role of Zeid in Saqifeh.

Attempting to prove that there are important and valuable information, along with the incorrect accounts and analysis in the works orientalists in the period of colonial rule, this article makes a case study of the performance of John Lewis Burckhardt, a Swiss orientalist, in his book "Travels in Arabia". The main concern of this study is to examine the characteristics of the work of Burckhardt as a nineteenth-century orientalist. To answer this question, the mentioned book uses an analytical method based on library sources in its historical study of the subject. After giving a brief account of Burckhardt, the article points to the strengths of his argument in this work regarding the comprehensiveness and diversity of content, the attention given to the social history of the two shrines, making a field of study and not just resting on the transmitted accounts, his perseverance and tireless efforts, and accurate citation, measurement and location of sites; and then investigates the weaknesses of this book, which fall in two categories: unauthentic narration and unsound analysis. Among the shortcomings of this work are those related to Hajj rituals; the incorrect analysis of historical errors concerning the historical places related to Hajj and Umrah rules, incorrect analysis of slavery in Islam, the rite of Ihram, the Quranic view about the People of the Book, the dowry of the Meccan, the picture he gives about the schools of thought in Islam and fanaticism towards Islam. The positive points alongside the shortcomings contained in his work corroborate the view of "the possibility of scientifically benefiting from orientalists’ scholarly works" provided that the reader should be well aware of the shortcomings they make and of their orientation towards certain religious and political thoughts.