جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گونه شناسی سفال" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Archaeological surveys have pinpointed the Bagh-Bamid area to the northwest of Sirjan. The considerable dimensions and variety of cultural artifacts found there imply its importance in the Sirjan Plain throughout the Islamic era. Therefore, this study seeks to explore and analyze the pottery findings from Bagh-Bamid to better understand its role during the middle Islamic centuries, particularly given the limited documentation available in historical texts regarding the area. The field investigation yielded a diverse array of pottery artifacts that serve as valuable indicators for assessing the status of Bagh-Bamid during the middle centuries of the Islamic period. This research seeks to address several critical inquiries: What role did Bagh-Bamid play between the 6th and 10th AH centuries? What pottery-making technologies were prevalent during this time? Furthermore, an analysis of the evidence will help determine whether the pottery discovered in this area was locally produced or imported. The objective of this study is to investigate the cultural artifacts discovered at the Bagh-Bamid site during the medieval Islamic period, with the intention of assessing the importance of this area during that era. Employing a descriptive-analytical research framework, the study utilized both documentary and field data collection methods to gather relevant information. Findings from the Bagh-Bamid site demonstrate that the pottery can be categorized into two principal groups of glazed and unglazed varieties. The unglazed pottery types feature a range of decorative techniques, including carving, pressing, molding, stamping, and the use of combined designs. The glazed pottery, on the other hand, is available in both monochromatic and polychromatic varieties. Furthermore, the collection features several pieces of imported Chinese pottery, which were brought to Sirjan through trans-regional connections. Archaeological research suggests that Bagh-Bamid was established alongside Qale’h Sang site during the 6th to 10th centuries AH, acting as a crucial link in important commercial and economic pathways to the city of Sirjan.

One of the main aspects in understanding past cultures is the study and analysis of pottery works in ancient sites. The passage of communication routes such as the Khorasan highway during the historical period, especially in the Islamic period, has caused the emergence of many pottery cultures in this part of the country. Considering the influence of Hamedan pottery cultures and consequently the Qoroq site from large pottery areas of the Islamic period, in this research, an attempt is made to answer these questions. In terms of construction style and decoration, the effects of which areas can be seen in the pottery of Qoroq site? What are the most important types of pottery in this area from the 5th to 8th century AH? And which type of pottery has native characteristics? The main purpose of this writing is to identify the types of pottery indicators of the study site, which is done through the study of archaeological data obtained from modern surveys. In the present research, the descriptive-analytical research method and information gathering has been done in the form of library studies and field comparison of the findings of this area with other areas. The results show that the pottery art of this area can be seen in terms of construction and decoration techniques influenced by the art of neighboring areas such as Zolfabad, Aveh, Soltanieh, Takht-e Soleiman, Kangavar and Boroujerd. Also more than 10 types of pottery from the fifth to the eighth century AH have been identified, which include different types of unglazed and glazed pottery, each of which is divided into simple, patterned and multi-colored subsets under the glaze. In the meantime, specimens such as Dishes with multicolored decoration on white glaze probably have local characteristics.

The Bisotun plain is one of the most important areas in western Iran where archaeologists have discovered many sites and monuments from prehistoric to Islamic time. During the Sassanid period, many During the Sassanid period, many works were established in Kermanshah were established in Bisotun region. The German and Iranian archaeologists have dated Sasanian buildings and monuments to the reign of Kosrow II (590-628 A.D). Bisotun plain is located along an important military and trade route connected the western and eastern parts of Sasanin empire. Obviously it is necessary to build huge bridge on two permanent rivers of the area (Gamasiāb, Zardāb and Dinavarāb) for military and trade proposes. Bisotun’s bridge or Pol-e Bisotun, Pol-e Khosrw and Pol-e Ghozivand are Sasanian bridges in Bisotun that left unfinished without clear reason at that time. Bisotun’s bridge is located on the north east of the city of bisotun, on the Dinavarāb River. This briadge is 144 m in length and 7/60 m in width, including bases, openings, backups, passage and floor. Three bases have rectangular profile while the others bases have triangular cutwater, inside part of the bases have made of rubble and mortar, the façade has made of stone blocks, put on each other precisely. Based on the typology of the pottery, the potteries found at Bisotun’s bridge can be subdivided in four primary groups: plain without glaze, decorated without glaze, monochrome glazed and polychrome glazed, then they were divided into diverse kinds. The pottery pieces belong to the restorers groups of this bridge and nomad groups in the Ilkhanid period. The potteries of Bisotun᾽s bridge compare with pottery of other Islamic sites for example Ilkhanid Caravansary in Bisotun, Mongol building on the bank of the Gamašāb (Bisotun), Sultaniyya plain, Samen, Ojan, Zolfaabad Site , Hasanlu, Takht e Suliman, Zino Abad, Arzanfud, Hegmataneh, Tahyagh (Markazi province), Asavehe, welab e Famenin, Ban Zardeh, Neyriz Plain, Kul tape, Siraf, Nishabur and Anda-jin .

Silakhor plain in the north of Lorestan is one of the important areas of Central Zagros, which has many settlements related to the chalcolithic age. Investigations and studies conducted in this plain have so far shown 80 ancient sites related to the chalcolithic age. The data of this research was taken from the survey and identification that took place in 2005 in the Silakhor plain, as well as re-examination and supplementary survey of the authors from this. In this research, 51 representative pottery samples from the chalcolithic age pottery in the area of this site have been studied typologically. In this research an attempt has been made to answer the question that how the typological comparison of chalcolithic age pottery of Silakhor plain can be effective in regulating the chronology of the region. The typology and comparisons made in relation to the pottery of this period in the Silakhor plain show that the common pottery cultures of the chalcolithic age in this area are affected by the developments in the northern regions of Garin-Kouh and Sefid-Kouh (Kangavar Vally). Therefore, the chronology of Kangavar Vally in the chalcolithic can be extended to the Silakhor plain as well as on other hand, the typology of pottery types in this research can be effective in understanding the cultures late chalcolithic period and in the Bronze Age. The typological similarities of the chalcolithic pottery of the Silakhor plain with the pottery of the Godin III period show the chalcolithic and, consequently, the Bronze Age. After studies conducted on the collected pottery, 51 pottery samples, which were more representative, were separated and studied further. In this regard, we have tried to present at least one example of each pottery sample in this article. The collected samples represent that early, middle and late periods of the chalcolithic age in the Silakhor plain.

The ancient site of Natel is located in the village of Natel Kenar-e Olia, a district of the city of Nour, which is 6 kilometers southwest of this city in the west of Mazandaran province. According to historical written sources, this city was considered as one of the important cities in Tabaristan during the Abbasid period and had a military garrison. Due to the importance of this historical site, in addition to archaeological surveys, three excavations have been carried out in this site so far in 2008, 2010, and 2016 under the supervision of Abdolreza Mohajerinejad. The present study focuses on some pottery findings of the first and second seasons of these excavations, during which 2166 pieces of glazed and non-glazed pottery were obtained among other findings. Chronology of the aforementioned samples and consequently more detailed and precise knowledge of the settlement periods, better and greater recognition of the pottery of this site, in particular, and pottery of the Islamic period in the southern margin of the Mazandaran Sea, in general, awareness of the similarity and differences of the pottery obtained from this site with the major pottery centers of the Islamic era required a thorough and in-depth study of these samples in the form of classification, typology, and a typological comparison that was carried out in this research. The results of this study show that most of the studied samples belong to the early (3 and 4 AH) and mid-Islamic (5 and 9 AH) centuries, while the samples of the Ilkhanid and Timurid period in this collection are much lower in number than those of the previous centuries. Also, the results of statistical studies on pottery of the historical town of Natel indicate that these pottery wares have relatively good production quality and strength, but they have a lower level in terms of manufacturing technique and diversity of motifs.

Sirjan was one of five districts in Kerman province during the Islamic periods. According to archaeological research and historical sources, the city of Sirjan was located at Qal´eh Sang at the time from the 12th to 15th century AD. During the first season of archaeological excavation besides the identification of architectural remains, a big variety of Islamic ceramics was found which suits for further specialized studies. Questions are concerning the variation of ceramic decorations, the dating of the objects as well as the characteristics of local production at Qal´eh Sang. To answer these questions a descriptive-analytical approach is applied. The goal of these analyses is to give answers about the relative chronology, the role of Qal´eh Sang on cultural interactions with other regions, the zenith and descent of Qal´eh Sang on base of documented pottery finds in comparison with historical sources as well as on the local pottery production during early Islamic times. At Qal´eh Sang many ceramic shards dating from Middle Elamite to Qajar period were documented, but the majority belongs to the time from the 12th to 15th century AD. These ones show similarity to pottery finds from Jiroft, Ghubayra, Kashan, Rey, Farahan, Gorgan, Neyshabour, Belgheys, several sites on the Northern coast of the Persian Gulf as well as Al-Mataf, and Al-Huleylah in U.A.E. Some pieces seems also to be imported from Azerbaijan and Afghanistan or f.e. from China during the Yuan and Ming dynasty as evidenced by fragments of blue and white ware and Celadon. In general, the investigation of the ceramic finds from Qal´eh Sang can be used as a good indicator for the developments of trade contacts with centres along the coasts of the Persian Gulf. Trading contacts between the Persian Gulf and Sirjan have been an important economical branch for the exchange of goods with Central Iran and is also an indicator for the imminent influence on the development of the Southern cities.

Harsin city is located in the southeast of Kermanshah province, because of its special geographical location and suitable environmental conditions, it has always been one of the most suitable places for human settlements. The city, with two sections, Harsin and Bistoon, covers an area of ​​about 1010 km2 and is 45 km from the provincial capital. In addition to Meskuh Valley, Chamchamal Plain and Harsin Plain are located in relatively high mountains with fertile soil, suitable climate and abundant water resources, which is quite suitable for agricultural activities. In a survey conducted by Translator and Chrysler in 2002 and 2009, 221 archaeological sites were identified in this area, and a total of 43 post-colonial settlements were identified based on surface findings, indicating the high importance of the area in the area. According to surface findings, there are a total of 43 settlements belonging to the Era. Archeological studies of abundance and diversity of clay pots in Harsin city's rocky areas show that Harsin city's plains and valleys can be considered as one of the routes of the north-west of south of Lorestan. Therefore, in this article, we try to examine the following questions and hypotheses based on the clay findings. Common Zagros sites during the Copper Age (Old, Middle, New) have been developed in the study area; cultural data from field surveys indicate regional cultural relevance to the Kangavar (Godin and Shegabi) and Mahidasht (J) areas; It is trans-regional with Azerbaijan (Dalma) and the land of Mesopotamia (Obaid). As in other areas of central Zagros in the area under study in ancient Stone Age, Goodin XI culture, in Middle Stone Age, Goodin X, IX cultures and in Late Stone Age, Goodin VIII, VII and VI cultures were prevalent. However, the presence of Mahidasht stone copper pottery in this region also indicates the presence of pottery cultures in the western regions. This article deals with the typology and analysis of pottery of the Harsin region which in addition to its native and local features have some similarities with those of the Kangavar, Mahidasht, Azerbaijan and Mesopotamia. Indicative pottery can be found in the type of pottery, dalma, triple, pottery with a black effect on chickpea and pottery with red cover. The role of the dominant liquids is on geometric imprinted pottery.

Rumshagan plain located west of Lorestan province, is one of the almost unknown regions in Iran's archeology. Despite the fact that in this area there are several works and settlements of the Parthian period, no targeted research has been carried out so far. Certainly, the study of these settlements can provide a clearer perspective on the material-cultural status of the region as well as how its cultural interactions with neighboring areas are. For this purpose, in this article, the findings of the Parthian potteries obtained from the survey of the enclosures of the Rumshagan settlements were studied, typology, comparison and analysis. As a result, four types of ordinary pottery, glossy, painted, and glazed were identified. The comparative study and comparison of pottery shows that the material culture of this region during the Parthian period, despite the influence of some indigenous local features, is ultimately part of the western cultural landscape of the country. Other research findings highlight the link between the culture’s pottery culture and neighborhoods, such as Southwest, Northwest, and Mesopotamia.

The parthian period in Iran is less known than other historical periods. The information that presents historical and historical geography can be the source of the Parthians in Northeast Iran, especially Khorasan and parts of the Gorgan plain. With the passage of time and changing the governmental centers of this series from the northeastern part of Iran to the Western lands, their arts and cultures have also been transformed, which can only be seen in the remnants of its western state centers. On the other hand, based on limited studies and heterogeneity in Khorasan, this cultural period can be considered completely unknown in this area. Based on archaeological investigations of the Mashhad plain, the Ismail-Abad Tappeh has been identified with surface materials belonging to the Parthian period. In the present research, it is attempted to reconstruct the Kashafrud River basin's parchment traditions, based on the typological studies and comparative studies, which can somehow clarify the cultures of the Khorasan region, as well as the basis of the relative syntax of this period in the region. The results of the research indicate that there are several forms and types of pottery that, due to the origin and initial formation of the dynasty in this area, are borrowed to some extent from the ancient traditions of the previous period (Iron period, the culture of the so-called Yaz) and have classes Local is also known as other well-known traditions in the central and western parts of Iran.

The south Makran area is located in south of Sistan & Baluchistan province and includes the cities of Nikshahr & Chabahar. Research done in the Makran region, all are cross-linked to a specific location, and generally are summarized in preliminary report to the Heritage Foundation. However, through the systematic archaeological surveys of the Nikshahr city, the researchers have been identified the pre-historic sites, and also attempted to collect the pottery index, but no specialized study is done yet. On the other hand, we can obtain valuable data in connection with the formation process of human settlements in different periods, with more intensive research in this area. These data, on the one hand, can investigate and determine the relevance and role of this land on the cultural interaction in whole Plateau of Iran, and on the other hand, reconstruct the cultural ties with other Eastern lands, especially with Indus Valley in third millennium BC. Shirazi has been studied this area of Sistan and Baluchistan in an Archaeological survey framework. 44 ancients’ enclosure were found in NIKSHAHR, during this study that indicates the richness of Third millennium BC establishments in this area. The area of southern Makran is located in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. This area has been archeologically studied at two steps by Rouhollah Shirazi in accordance with archeological study of Sistan and Balouchestan province. One short study done in 1381 solar year by which some archeological areas were identified, and did once more in 1387-88, 1389 that was comprehensive and regular study by which many archeological areas have been discovered. By sampling taken from bronze age lots in NIKSHAHR, 227 pieces of potteries were found. Due to the variety and number of the samples, and in order to better and more identify potteries of prehistoric period of Makran it was determined that the samples must be studied more carefully. Thus, during this study, the typological comparison of potteries was made, based on a theoretical-comparative study. One of the most fundamental ways to understand the interactions at the prehistory is to study potteries. Hence, the authors firstly are tried to identify the relative chronology of Bronze Age areas in southern Makran and secondly to study the regional and transregional interactions in southern Makran with places like areas across the bank of Halil Rood river, Bampur, Shahr-i Sokhta and settlements of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Then, we studied these samples carefully, and now, we have presented the result of studies in this paper under the title of “Comparative Study of Potteries of Bronze Age in Southern Makran”. According to these studies and analyzing reports and comparing important samples in southern Baluchestan with neighboring areas, we conclude that the southern Makran had expanded regional and transregional relations with areas in south-east of iran like, Bampur, Shahr-i sokhta, Damin, Yahya, Khurab and Rood-i Biaban and areas in Afghanistan like, Mundigak, Gardan Reg, and areas in plain of Kech in Pakistan. Also from the chronological aspect, cultural periods of Bronze Age in southern Makran has the largest overlap with I And IV periods of Bampur. The results of the statistic reports from pottery’s samples of south Makran in the third millennium B.C. shows a vast relation between this area and the banks of HALIL ROOD, Bampur, Shahr-i-Soukhta, and the lots such as Mundigak and Gardan Reg in Afganistan and also some lots in Baluchistan of Pakistan.

Bronze Age is one of the important prehistoric periods of Iran, especially central zagros with its inter-mountain plains which requires more study and investigation aiming to understand the cultural data of every region and also the chronology. One of the important and key regions in Central Zagros is “Alaeshtar” plain, located in north of Luristan, has 26 archaeological sites attributed to Bronze Age which its largest sits is “Tappeh Gariran”. But, comprehensive and accurate study Carrie out on the region Here, we address the study and investigation of potteries related to the Bronze Age of Tappeh Gariran and then new approach is done aiming to chronology the site and Alaeshtar plain by the presence of early and Late Bronze Age pottery. Gariran is located in the north of Alaeshtar with 13 ha, in diameter having cultural sequence from the 4th millennium B.C to Islamic period respecting to have a sequence of three different periods of early and late bronze; it can be resolver of Bronze Age studies and chorology in the region. This query, 102 shreds from Gariran Bronze Age been studied. Based on known index samples of central Zagros Bronze Age, potteries have clustered into four groups of buff, red, brick and brown; then each of them have analyzed and compared with the same samples from the neighboring regions. Regarding that, Godin Teppe is used as a comparison and chronology reference, but in order to reinforce the potteries typology, other neighboring index sites have also been referred. Comparison the potteries with the similar samples from identified sites in the neighboring regions of Alaeshtar indicates typological relationships in between potteries from Alaeshtar and Tappeh Gariran But, majority of potteries, respecting to the chronological tradition which was common by the Bronze Age, is concentrated in middle and late periods. Early Bronze chronology in central Zagros regions is uncleared regarding to the influence of different phenomena and respective, Yaniqcultural data. Yaniq culture has permeated in the west and plains around central Zagros to Kangavar plain, Nahavand and finally Malayer plain moving toward southern boarders. according to carried out studies on the chronology of pottery, Yaniq pottery have adapted to the east areas of central Zagros this approach is offer able from Kangavar to Malayer plain due to the presence of this type of cultural material in the central Zagros. Whereas, less sample is obtained from Kangavar valley southward. Base and criterion of placing Yaniq pottery as a basic approach for understanding early bronze of central Zagros, especially north regions of Luristan, is cussed turbulence of chronology status of the large areas from north of Luristan to south of Kermanshah. Only two from 102 shreds of the research in Tappe Gariran are comparable with early bronze pottery, polychrome pottery, Majority of samples indicate pottery types of Godin III. On the other hand, polychrome pottery similar to Posht-Kuh (Luristan) regions and Khozestan plain is also less than one cannot find certain chronology relationship between Alaeshtar plain and southern regions in Posht-Kuh and Khuzestan plain by the early Bronze Age, but it cannot be denied that the cultural tradition and it can be known homogenous with same works. But, these low numbers of pottery sample related to early period of Bronze Age are showed and confirmed the presence of early bronze in Tappe Gariran. It seems that common pottery of early bronze in Tappe Gariran has other specification (maybe local) respecting to the given materials; chronology method used in Godin Teppe which is done and used in majority of central Zagros is not adaptable and applicable in Tappe Gariran.

Arsacid Empire is one of the least known periods in the history of Iran which، until recently، was called the “dark middle age of ancient Iran civilization”. In Iranian culture and tradition، this period is usually ignored and left unexplored. For years، identification and investigation of Arsacid culture and art were done just based on the excavations carried out in Mesopotamia and Syria، especially in Palmira and Dura Europos. In Iran، the important sites excavated only include Susa (50 km south Andimeshk and 114 km north of Ahwaz)، Khajeh Mountain (in Sistan)، Khorheh (in Markazi province)، Qale’ Yazdgird (in western Iran، close to Qasre Shirin)، Tepe NushiJan (60 km south Hamedan)، Qale’ Zahak (16 km southeast Sareskan city)، Taq-i Bustan cemetery (in Kermanshah)، Parthian domain of Bisotun (in Harsin city) and Laodicea Temple (in Nahavand). One of the most valuable Arsacid cultural materials is pottery، a difficult، unknown yet important issue studying which is a must. An essential، prominent aspect of Arsacid pottery is that the works of pottery were not identical throughout Arsacid territory. In this period، in every region of Iran، there were works of pottery which were unique to that region and differed from the potteries of neighboring regions. Sang-e Shir area، now known as Sang-e Shir square، is placed at the east of Hamedan city. Today، a very small part of this site has turned into the square and the rest is buried under residential houses. To the northeast of this area، there is a vast cemetery on a natural hill; stone lion statue is located on the highest point to the southwest. This cemetery was visited by Ali Akbar Sarfaraz in 1966، and later، in 1974-75 by Masoud Azarnoush as a result of which Achaemenid، Seleucid?، Parthian and Islamic graves were excavated. As a result of the excavations، four different types of burial were identified including burial in clay coffins، burial in clay pithos، burial without coffin (corpse in a flexed position)، and burial without coffin (corpse in a extended position). In his 1975 report، Azarnoush divided these burials into three categories: burials flexed is considered as belonging to 4th century BC because of a coin from Caria found; he claims that this coin can possibly be dated back to Hecatomnus، the king who was appointed by Artaxerxes II as the head of Iranian Army that were to fight Evagoras، the rebelling king of Salamis. Burials with or without coffins along northeast-southwest axis in which the head is in the southwest are considered، doubtfully، to belong to Seleucid? period based on comparative studies on excavations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Burials with or without coffin along northeast-southwest axis in a which the head is in the northeast، are regarded as belonging to the late first half and early second half of 2td century BC based on the coins found in these burials that belong to Mithradates I، Phraates II and Gutarzes II. In this article، the Parthian potteries found in this cemetery were the subject of study، typological analysis، comparison and contrast، which led to the identification of Common، Clinky and Glazed pottery categories. Comparative study investigation indicated that these potteries are similar to the Parthian potteries of central Mesopotamia (Seleucia)، west (Kangavar، Bisotun، Tepe Nush-IJan، Khorheh، Ti-Haleh site in Khorramabad Valley)، southwest (Tepe Darougeh، level III of Chaour palace-Susa، eastern Apadana-Susa، level VI of Ville Royale in Susa، Masjid Soleiman)، and northwest (the site of Germi in Moghan plain) of Iran. Based on the analysis، the pottery set found in Sang-e Shir Cemetery of Hamedan can be dated to the early and middle Parthian period.

Nowadays, constructive activities such as dam construction, villages and cities development and etc. are some of the main human factors in destroying many of archaeological sites. By the same token, during road construction in Buin Zahra- Sagz Abad, transit axis widening project in Qazvin province, southern parts of Maya tepe which have been located in road boundary would be destroyed. Therefore, urgent excavation of mentioned site was implanted in fall 1389 by an archaeological expert of cultural heritage organization of Qazvin city. Maya tepe is located in 5/5 km of the west of Buin Zahra City and in northern side of Buin Zahra- Sagz Abad axis and is an important site due to its particular location which is near to prehistoric sites of Qazvin plain such as Charbone, Zagheh, Ghabrestan and Sagz Abad. During the excavation in 10 trenches 2×2 meters and with preliminary researches about obtained results specially ceramic typology, within a semi-permanent settlement pattern, this site has a culture from late Neolithic I and early late Neolithic II (end of the first half of the sixth millennium BC), whose similar cultures in Qazvin plain have been identified in Charbone and Ebrahim Abad sites. In this paper, findings and results of an urgent excavation are presented and ultimately a comparative chronology of Maya Tepe is presented.