جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "archeology" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Topraqkala is the site that forms the starting point of Urartu archeology, but the history of previous and destructive excavations has plunged this site into darkness. The presence of items in the antiquities market said to come from the Van region attracted the attention of Austen Henry Layard, which led to brief excavations at the Topraq-Kale site by the British Museum under Hormuzd Rasam in 1877, followed by research A shorter one was made by the British Museum. Unauthorized excavations have also continued. Karl Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt and Waldemar Black excavated here between 1898 and 1899, but research in the archives of the Ottoman Prime Minister's Office shows that their claims to have excavated there were untrue. This paper uses primary sources from the Ottoman archives to examine the history of excavations of one of the most iconic sites for the initiation of Urartian studies, and calls for a re-evaluation of what we think we know about Topraqkala and the provenance of its associated objects.

Ehsan Tabari's critical approach to the archaic ideology of the Pahlavi government is an ideological, hostile and militant confrontation that has meaning in the discourse and political atmosphere of Iran in this period. Tabari tries to challenge the official archaic discourse of the Pahlavi government as a heterogeneous voice. This approach is more militant, ideological, and political in nature than it is concerned with relying on historiographical documents and it is a function of the political-ideological position of the historian as a militant left-wing ideologue attached to the theoretical logic of Marxism in the re-reading of history. This critical approach has several important features: First, it challenges the Pahlavi government's arrogant and glorious official account of the fundamental concept of monarchy in a moralistic-instructive perspective and by including it under the concept of degeneration, Second, it attacks the racial-nationalist character of this archaic ideology by relying on the concept of internationalism And third, by proposing some critical perspectives, he assesses the institutionalizations that emerge from this archaic worldview as emerging from a kind of historical illusion that leads to institutional chauvinism. In this research, with an analytical approach, Ehsan Tabari's critical insight into the archeological ideology of the Pahlavi government will be analyzed and an attempt will be made to question the various layers of this critical approach and the factors influencing its formation as well as its constructive contexts.

Iran, as one of the oldest countries in the world, has long had a kind of national identity and "nation" and this can be seen in the continuation of the name "Iran". The three building blocks of Iranian national identity are "being Iranian", "religion" and in the new era "modernity". The two ancient layers of Iranian national identity have long been more or less compatible with each other, and have and still have many overlapping elements. With the acquaintance of Iranians with the new world, it caused new awareness in this field and this awareness caused a change in this identity. Therefore, the main question of this research is how this change in the components of national identity was formed in the Qajar (pre-constitutional) era? This descriptive-analytical study has concluded that "archeology", "rewriting", "redefining the homeland" and "redefining the nation" and "shaping the idea of nationalism (in its modern sense)" are the most important components of the "new Iranian identity system".

After the decline of the Arsacid Empire, Sasanians were strong antagonists of the Roman and then Byzantine empires. Also, Sasanian history was the apex of the ancient East and the last period before the advent of Islam in Persia. Iranian and non-Iranian scholars have been engaged in the research into the history, economy, culture, religion, and society of the Persia of Sasanian era. Grundzüge der Geschichte des sasanidischen Reiches (1990), authored by Klaus Schippmann, a German archeologist, is a concise study of the Sasanian history, religion, economy, and archeology and art. The information contained in this monograph will not please the experts on the Sasanian history. It will however be of use for the students and those interested in the history of the period. Kaykavus Jahandari, a renowned translator, has translated the book from German into Persian under the title Mabāni-ye Tārīkh-e Sāsāniyān (Outlines of the History of Sasanian Empire). The first edition was published in 2005 by Farzān-e Rūz. This essay is a review of both the content and the form of the book, the viewpoints provided by the author, and an appraisal of the Persian translation.

Identity is the backbone of society and is closely linked to the culture, history and customs of each nation. The meaning of society and government depends on the protection and preservation of the components of collective identity, and if the political system can not maintain its components and characteristics of identity, it will face various social, cultural and political crises and, in other words, the strength of systems will be damaged. Hence, different systems and governments seek to adopt identity policies through various tools to institutionalize collective identity. Of course, non-democratic and authoritarian regimes try to institutionalize their desired identity in society, and their identity policy is generally in opposition to national identity, and they try to pursue identity-building in accordance with their ideology through grammatical measures and policies. In contemporary Iran, Pahlavi pursued such an approach, which led to an identity gap in society between society and the political system. The public was united with the Pahlavi identity policy, which was based on archaic and anti-religious requirements, to protect the religious and national identity of Iranians. Therefore, the present article uses analytical-descriptive method and studies of libraries to answer the question: what policies and tools has the second side used for archaic identification? The findings show that in the government of Shah, a set of cultural institutions was used to create a false identity and in line with the Pahlavi cultural policy,

Gray pottery is one of the most significant and important cultural artifacts discovered from the Bronze Age sites in the southeast of the Iranian plateau. This style of pottery has been obtained in a very large amount from the Chagardak Asr-e-Faraghi site of Chah Hashem Plain in Baluchistan, which has so far been far from the views and studies of archeology, archeology and artistic history of the southeast of the Iranian plateau. The main question of this research is about how to make and decorate these pottery. It seems that pottery making was developed in this area and they had different construction methods. The present research has been done by analytical-experimental method and based on laboratory studies. The studied objects belong to the Museum of Southeastern Iran. Measures such as documenting the condition of objects as well as sampling necessary for laboratory tests have been performed at the restoration workshop of the Museum of Southeastern Regions of Zahedan. Then, using thin section petrographic studies (OM) and instrumental analyzes with SEM-EDX and XRD methods, the data are analyzed in order to achieve the research objectives. In this study, 11 samples of gray pottery related to Chegardak area, which were obtained from emergency excavations in 2018, were performed. All pottery was wheeled and gray in dark to light and with different thicknesses but in the range of thin pottery. Archaeological studies on pottery suggest a similar composition, but show that different production methods were used. The pottery in question was pottery produced in high heat furnaces and advanced methods such that precision in construction, elegance and strength were considered by the potters. The results show that pottery in this area has been a very advanced industry that has used iron and manganese-based minerals to decorate the pottery.

In the second Pahlavi era, as a result of the coup of August 19, 1943, Iranian society suffered from failure and passivity in the field of political, party and social activities, and the Pahlavi regime also experienced a crisis of legitimacy. Therefore, Mohammad Reza Shah, in order to legitimize his government and find a solution to eliminate social gaps and save the crises that pervaded society during the internal and global developments in the process of modernization, sought to use a model based on the approach of archeology. What makes this research necessary is to know the model that Mohammad Reza Shah used to save his society from crises, especially the crisis of legitimacy. This study aims to answer the question of how the symbols of the Mehr religion were effective in the social organization of Pahlavi politics by using the method of historical analysis, which is based on the description and analysis of data, relying on sources. Findings of the research show that Mohammad Reza Shah tried to create a new social organization in Iran and give legitimacy to his rule by following the example of some symbols of Mehr religion such as invincibility, salvation and fair distribution of welfare and wealth, but this effort It was not entirely successful and could only partially resolve the crises of Iranian society and be useful in creating social empathy and dealing with crises and gaining legitimacy.

At first glance, the Daḵma (Crypt) is the reminder of Zoroastrianism and the custom of leaving the dead to nature and “destroying the corpse”. In the Shāhnāma and according to archaeological evidence, we faced with a description of the Daḵma, which is fundamentally different from the Zoroastrian crypts in terms of architecture and ritual, and supports the concept of “burial and archiving of the body”. Therefore, in this article, the term Daḵmasepārī refers to the Shāhnāma and archaeological evidence, and the term Daḵmagoẕārī refers to Zoroastrian crypts. In addition, the findings of this study indicate that although the description of Daḵmasepārī in the Shāhnāma focuses mainly on the narrations of Iranian mythological and historical dynasties such as the Kayanids and Sassanians, but in fact, it is a reflection of archaeological evidence and its sign should find beyond the aforementioned dynasties which mainly belonged to the upper classes and high-ranking people.

Mohammad Ibrahim Bastani Parizi (1304-1393) is one of the few researchers who has a special and unique style in the field of historical studies. In this style, reliance on the auxiliary sciences of history has a prominent aspect. Although he has accepted the independent status of history as a scientific discipline and has been teaching and researching in this field for many years,what is the secret of history's need for auxiliary sciences and neglect of them has caused Which defect counts? The findings of the present research which is based on qualitative method and descriptive-analytic approach show that Bastani Parizi, believing in the consumer nature of history as a field of knowledge, contains that the contribution of these auxiliary fields of knowledge will throw light on the hidden corners of the past and put them on the brightarena of clarification and better understanding.The findings of the present research which is based on qualitative method and descriptive-analytic approach show that Bastani Parizi, believing in the consumer nature of history as a field of knowledge, contains that the contribution of these auxiliary fields of knowledge will throw light on the hidden corners of the past and put them on the brightarena of clarification and better understanding.

Due to the growth and development of research and discoveries of various sciences and the accumulation of information, various scientific disciplines in the world that can be seen, management with various branches is one of the most prominent sciences and is unparalleled. Project management is one of the most important disciplines in the field of management. Based on archaeological findings of lasting material and spiritual heritage, this science has a long and ancient history that can be traced to amazing projects of ancient times such as the pyramids of Egypt, the Great Wall of China, Pasargadae, Persepolis, etc.  In project management, executive, supervisory and control operations have logical relationships with each other that are defined and performed to achieve a specific goal or goals. Ancient projects, while glorious that dazzle the human eye and amaze the intellect, are very complex and mysterious in terms of quality, standard, accuracy, intelligence, adaptation, employing a large number of skilled and unskilled manpower from the point of view of engineering and architectural systems. Among this project, the tomb of Cyrus the Great as a landmark of the Pasargadae complex in the Persian civilization and in the oldest place of the Achaemenid period has a special place. The true value of this historical, archeological and cultural monument, which dates back to nearly two thousand five hundred years, is that, despite the successive destruction of the foreign invaders of this land, the violent erosive factors of nature as the first symbol of the ancient projects of ancient Iran it still stands strong and should be better known. In the morphological autopsy of this 2500-year-old tomb and with the aim of analyzing its archaeological data from the perspective of project management processes, we will use reverse engineering techniques and methods. Utilizing the project life cycle diagram, we would model and monitor the tomb in a comparative analogy. This comparative analogy tangiblely confirms, proves and accentuate the knowledge and thinking ability of engineers, architects and senior managers of ancient Iranian projects, including the designers and executors of Pasargadae projects, including the index structure of the tomb. The project life cycle is the same as the production function input (INPUT) and output (OUTPUT) function cycles after system processes. In the project management life cycle, INPUT was considered as the initial phase of the project and OUTPUT was considered as the final phase, whose systemic processes are subject to planning, executive (partial and total), guidance, monitoring and control processes. The project management life cycle is prepared and adjusted by the experienced and experienced team as the most important and prior managerial-executive work of the project so that the project or projects will be executed and completed on time and with the expected operating costs. Unplanned projects are doomed to failure from a project management perspective. Analysis of the tomb structure in the project management life cycle can be inferred using reverse engineering methods and techniques. In this cycle, tomb project management processes such as construction goal, location and delimitation, site design, architectural design, identification of specialized and non-specialized activities, supply of materials and resources, allocation of resources to activities, decoration design, organization definition and workflow based on the ruling administrative system, phases, preparation of project schedule or schedule, wages and payments, cost control system, etc. are well seen and defined. According to this cycle, the all-stone structure of the tomb was efficiently designed, executed and operated with full stability and coherence for several thousand years. This structure, as detailed, is the safest and most stable structure of the Achaemenid era in the Pasargadae project.The most complete structure that survived almost 2,500 years in the complex of structures in the face of natural and unnatural events in the history of this land is the tomb. Achaemenid kings performed their coronation ceremonies in this place. After the Achaemenid period, the position of Pasargadae faded. In the Islamic period, due to the lack of records and documents of the original identity of the tomb, this building was attributed to the tomb of Solomon's Mother and it was called Solomon's Mother Martyrdom venue. (The ancient people, based on their beliefs, considered the construction of large stone buildings like this tomb to be out of human power, and attributed their construction to jinns, who served Solomon for difficult tasks.) During the Atabakans of Persia, Pasargadae and Persepolis gained importance again and even Persia and Iran were called "King Solomon". In the Atabakan period, using the columns and stones of the palaces, a mosque was built around the tomb and an altar was carved on the south wall of the tomb room. (Sami: pp. 33-37).

At present, it is possible to refer to the views and opinions of Akhundzadeh (1227-1295 AH) and Ibrahim Pourdawood (1264-1347 AH) in ancient Iran, and how to use culture and civilization in this period. Throughout history, the land of Iran has been sufficient, and it has never enjoyed the invasion of the Tazians, the head of the enemy, and its spectacular features. The right of intellectuals to make this invasion a tragedy is the best manifestation of the history of Iran, and you may also choose faith and belief. As a secular intellectual, Akhundzadeh seeks the real root of Iran's regression in the Qajar period. He called the attack of the Tazians and the role of Islam in the backwardness of the Iranian society about caring for their teachers at the cost of explaining the differences between the two in ancient Iran and the Islamic world. Adjust it. And the glory of ancient Iran, there is no scale pricing with the Islamic period. Purdavood Ta'alf Akhundzadeh, with the passage of time and the culture of ancient Iran, you translated Avesta into Persian. At present, it is possible to refer to the views and opinions of Akhundzadeh (1227-1295 AH) and Ibrahim Pourdawood (1264-1347 AH) in ancient Iran, and how to use culture and civilization in this period.

In line with quasi-modernist plans and actions, Reza Shah considered the existence of Islamic culture as an obstacle to his goals and tried to create the conditions for the realization of these goals under the pretext of modernizing Iran. Thus, while pursuing a policy of retrospective nationalism (archaism), modernism (creation of a pseudo-Western society) and secularism (separation of religion from politics), he placed de-religionization at the top of his cultural agenda and a policy of uncovering the hijab. One of these examples was; As a result of the opposition of the clergy and the people to these policies, the Goharshad uprising took place. Accordingly, the present article intends to examine the relationship between Goharshad uprising and Reza Shah's cultural policies and to state her strategies for combating religious culture and to examine the role of Goharshad uprising in this regard. The result of this historical study leads us to the fact that the issue of the discovery of the hijab was in line with Reza Shah's cultural policy and especially his policy of de-religionization.

The 1st Ardeshir(224_240 m) as the progenitor of Sasani revived ancient Persian conventions. Among social classes of Sasanian the warriors formed the second class. They had to protect the empire and subordinates. At first,Iran army was responsible for the guidance and leadership of soldiers,but during the ruling of Ghobad and his son the first Khosro, the establishment of the army changed and it was delivered to four armies in four corners of Sasani sovereignty.  The present research aims to evaluate the extent of consistency between historical data and archeological findings about Sasani army and the question here is that which archeological evidence have been found about Sasani army in Iran?The research method is historical _ archeological based on library studies and archeological evidence. The research results showed that in this period the constructed ddefenive structures are constrained to three groups: castles, defensive walls and trenches. Sasani kings started to construct defense structures such as defense walls of Darband,Gourgan,Temishe, Kalat, Goori…castles like Siraf,Abonasr, Nakhlak, Shirkooh… in sensitive geographical areas to protect paths and to prevent alien attacks to the empire

Because of the existence of different cultures and the lack of related solid archeological studies in the Iranian Plateau, the Bronze Period is one of the less known periods of prehistory there. One of the cultures attributed to this period is the Kura-Araxes culture, which spread in vast areas of the northwest and west of the Iranian Plateau and some parts of its center. However, the details of the nature of this culture and the quality of its spread in this plateau are not yet available. The conducted archeological investigations confirm the existence of this culture in the central and western parts of the plateau of Iran and the central Zagros region. In the course of the archeological studies carried out in 2007-2008 and 2014 in the west of Markazi Province, nine large residential areas in relation to the Kura-Araxes culture were identified on the banks of Qareh Chai River. These areas include Agh Tappeh, Savarabad Tappeh, Ghal’ah Sarsakhti Tappeh, Chezan Tappeh, Far Tappeh, Shur Tappeh, Do Gol Zard Tappeh, Mazra’eh Khatun Tappeh, and Adineh Masjid Tappeh. The great vastness and height of these areas (particularly Agh Tappeh and Sarsakhti Tappeh) could indicate the existence of different layers of human residence and dense architecture of prehistory there. In this paper, the authors have tried to explore the importance of different forms of human residence in Kura-Araxes during prehistory while clarifying the place of Kura-Araxes culture in the west of Markazi Province as one of the junctions linking the cultures of the center of the Iranian Plateau to Central Zagros.

In ancient sources and documents, geographic, historic or whatever, references to Jiroft are rare but remarkable. Although these fail to provide even a vague or fragmented portrait of Jiroft, they do include some really pivotal clues that decisively contribute to an accurate description of region as clearly as possible. Applying the librarian and field methodology, this essay set out to tap into such sources seeking out references to Jiroft. Generally speaking, the findings of this essay boil down to the following. Jiroft goes well back into pre-Muslem invasion era. Its name keeps coming up to the sixth century as a seat of incidents in south-eastern lran. All the same, Jiroft starts to gradually go down in significance as an urban center in the subsequent centuries and although, in the light of old documents, its name (Jiroft) kept comming up, no clear reference has ever been made to Jiroft itself in the very same documents. Infect, in such documents Jiroft is referred to not as a city or urban center, but a vast geographical region to the south of the state of Kerman

The history of new and scientific archaeological researches in Iran mainly dates back to the Qajar period. Although the history of European Oriental studies in Iran has exceeded the Qajar era, however, until the aforementioned period, scientific archeology in Iran did not have much meaning and European officials and Orientalists studies in Iran mainly focused on the identification of Iranian antiquities and few scientific archaeological excavations. The present study has analyzed the main issue of this research namely the circumstances of European Orientalists’ excavations and the development of antiquarian archeology in Iran during Qajar Era through a descriptive-analysis approach based on the most important works and records of travelers and Orientalists about the historical and ancient objects, antiques and archeological excavations in Iran. The findings of this study show that the European Orientalists played the main role in the initiation and expansion of archeological studies based on antiquarian detection, conversion of Iranian historical artifacts into commercial goods and the creation of a market for Iranian antiques and withdrawal of a large part of Iran's cultural and historical heritage to Europe and other countries in the world, during Qajar era.