جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « freedom » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

For the Iranians, the Qajar period coincided with the familiarization and confrontation with modern Western concepts such as freedom. Iranian newspapers published outside Iran in the pre-constitutional period were one of the ways of familiarizing Iranians with this concept. Soraya newspaper, which was published in Cairo, Egypt, is one of these newspapers, which was published by Mirza Ali Mohammad Khan Kashani. Considering the significance of the concept of freedom, particularly in the years preceding the constitutional revolution in Iran, it is important to understand the history of theoretical discussions about the concept of freedom  in the Iranian press and how it is reflected in Soraya. Accordingly, this article examines how the newspaper understands of the concept of freedom and its relevance to Western freedom. The article also attempts to answer the question with a descriptive-explanatory method in order to show to what extent freedom considered by Soraya corresponds to the freedom in the West during this historical period. The research findings reflect that although the freedom used in the West was approved by the newspaper, in some cases we have seen the reduction of this concept in Soraya.

Political identity is one of the most important issues in the phenomenon of "state-nation building". Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran plays a fundamental role in the reconstruction of Iranian-Islamic identity; Therefore, the type of look and its effect in the political dimension of identity is of special importance. In fact, adhering to the goals and ideals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, which was formed on the basis of Iranian-Islamic identity, strengthens and consolidates the internal structure of the national power of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and as a result, the impact of the revolution on the international level expands in line with its political identity. Considering this issue, the author of the article has tried to search for the internal and external components and the elements of the formation and consolidation of the political identity of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the intellectual system of Imam Khomeini (RA). Elements such as "independence", "freedom", "neither east nor west", "anti-arrogance", "Islamic Republic", "hostility", "setting a model for other Muslim nations or issuing a revolution" and "supporting Islamic movements and liberation movements" " have been introduced as the most important indicators of the formation and consolidation of the political identity of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and have been analyzed in different parts of the article. In the end, the result was obtained that the existence of the above components caused that, while paying attention to the concept of "inside and other" and relying on self-belief, in the eyes of world thinkers, the Islamic revolution in Iran was different and distinct from other movements and revolutions and caused a fundamental turn in history, especially the way of looking at superpowers.

Abol hassan Foroughi, the son of Mirza Mohammad Hossein Khan Foroughi, the founder of " House of Teachers" " Dar-o Al-Moallemin-e Markazi", who is considered as one of the most prominent character of the contemporary history of Iran. Although there is a academic research on his director at "House of Teachers",  there is not any information about his thoughts and opinions. it's no exaggeration to say that his thoughts are unknown yet. It is said that his thoughts had effect on some of the members of national movement of Iran such as " Mehdi Bazargan" and "Yadollah Sahabi. But, before posing this question, it is better to analyze his thoughts and their evolution during his life in order to clarify the mentioned inquiry. This article responds not only to this inquiry what were his thoughts, but also will consider his thoughts as much as possible. The method of this research is based on description and reliance on historical sources and texts. The writer endeavors to demonstrate that Abol Hassan Foroughi in youth  and when wrote his Book which is called "Science and Freedom" , thought that "Science and Freedom" are two gemstone. To reach happiness we must resort them . His mind changed after World War 1 and its consequences and some years later and in pursuit of World War 2 and its consequences which spread especially in Iran. He made a real effort to research on religious studies and religion. He came to the result that "Science" as Ideal by European couldn't resolve their Problems, but "Modern Science" caused weopenry with which the European fought with each other. This event caused that his thoughts changed intensively and during his lately days had completely different standpoint and he considered "Religion" more important than Science and Freedom for our happiness.

With the withdrawal of the British forces from the Persian Gulf and the creation of a new military and political arrangement at the regional and international level, the relations between Iran and Oman entered a new chapter in the political and military dimensions. The issue of the Dhofar movement in Oman showed an example of these relationships; According to the Nixon doctrine, it was decided that Iran should be recognized as a military gendarmerie in the Persian Gulf region, whose duty was to suppress any communist movement. With the formation of the Zafar movement, Iranian military forces were sent to Oman and played an important role in suppressing this communist rebellion. The analysis of the Dhofar movement in Oman and the role of Iran in it have been examined in several studies so far; However, the innovative aspect of our research is the analysis of different dimensions of this movement and Iran's military role in it, based on the collection of confidential documents of the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The question of the upcoming research is, what was the attitude of the Persian Gulf countries towards Iran's military intervention in Oman to suppress the Dhofar movement? To answer this question, the upcoming research is organized by collecting data through confidential documents of the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings of this research show that the countries of the Persian Gulf considered Iran's military presence in Oman as Iran's attempt to influence the southern regions of the Persian Gulf and had a pessimistic view of this intervention.

Before the Islamic Revolution of Iran (1357 AH), religious democracy had no place in the literature of world governance and there was not much belief based on this category. But since Shahid Beheshti's intellectual foundations had divine roots and were based on his religious beliefs; And this belief and gem of the heart made him a firm and determined person, and he had such a belief that the possibility of establishing such a government was not and is not very difficult, but it requires the will, motivation and enthusiasm of all people, the properties and support of the people, and this is the symbol of this importance in the eye-catching presence of the people in the scenes of the revolution. And he considered religious democracy to be the guarantor of advancing the ideals of the Islamic Revolution, and he was firmly convinced that without the people on this path, he would not be able to move forward, and he believed that obedience to the orders of the Imam of the Revolution, and obedience to the strategic orders of Imam Khomeini (PBUH) is the only way to stabilize and survive the Islamic system. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method, aims to answer the question that what are the components of religious democracy from the perspective of the theorist of the Islamic Revolution Constitution, that is, Shahid Beheshti? And this article, in response to the research question; He considers words such as: civil freedom and expression, justice (no class gap), social development (social progress), partisanship (healthy competition) and political ethics (Islamic behavior and leadership) as components of religious democracy.

After the Iranian society became acquainted with Western modernity, various currents and groups tried to change the status and rights of women through various methods, including the publication of newspapers and magazines. In this article, we tried to examine the discourse of Iranshahr magazine towards women. Thus, the main question of the present official is what was the approach of Iranshahr magazine's discourse to the category of women and what effect did it have on the discourse of the first Pahlavi government towards women? The findings of this study show that the governors of Iranshahr in the context of the transition of Iranian society from the Qajar government to the first Pahlavi government considered the transformation of women and their progress as one of the manifestations of the modern nation government and in Reza Shah's modern plans and reforms They focused on the important issues and provided solutions such as inclusive education and training of women, enacting laws to change the rights and status of women, combating the status and traditional views about women and also following the example of Western nations in some cases to improve the status. As one of the pioneering magazines in addressing the issue of women, they had a significant impact on the thoughts and views of Iranians on the rights and status of women and led to effective steps in the evolution of society and government towards women in the first Pahlavi period.Keywords: Discourse, Iranshahr, Women, Progress, Freedom.

The backwardness and decline of Islamic societies is one of the important issues that many Muslim thinkers have addressed and offered solutions to overcome it. Khair al-Din al-Tunisi is one of the political thinkers who, considering the progress of Muslims and the decline of Europeans in the past on the one hand, observing the decline of Islamic societies and the progress of Europeans in his time on the other hand, has presented relatively different views on this issue. Aqum al-Masalak fi Maarefa Ahwal al-Mamalak »has been reflected, but so far these views have not been properly examined. The question is what is the way out of Islamic societies from the state of civilizational decline in the thought of Khair al-Din Tunisia? The present paper has been organized based on the above book to obtain the Tunisian solution by descriptive method. Findings show that he considers the way out of backwardness of Islamic societies to return to the legacy of Islamic civilization, practice the rule of interaction and adaptation of civilization, the establishment of a political system based on justice, freedom and salinity.

Dehkhoda is one of Iran's most influential literary political elites in the constitutional era. He has dealt with the most important political issues of Iran's constitution in the course of many years, with a powerful pen and a penetrating view. Among the literate and the cultural, at least, there was at least one person who was as knowledgeable as the Dehkhoda who knew the status quo in both thought and action. Understanding his important political ideas, beyond his literary and cultural personality, plays an important role in the proper understanding of constitutionalism. He was a full-fledged "progressive" who had a national and Iranian view of the important feature of his valuable vocabulary. On the basis of this rise, he regarded constitutionalism as a positive, legal, libertarian political system, and in the negative sense defined it as an antithesis of "despotism". Dehkhoda must be regarded as a continuation of the early intellectuals of the Qajar era, who go beyond them and move towards a different understanding and understanding. This article seeks to explain Dehkhoda's understanding of constitutionalism, given her place in modern Iranian intellectual history.

Most studies have focused on the issue of how civilization was shaped from the evolutionary process of human communication, privileges, and inventions aspects; while Allameh Jafari has mostly focused on examining the mental states that lead human beings to make a civilization; however, he does not provide a single system in this regard. This research examines Allameh Jafari's thought in a descriptive-analytical way to systematically introduce the interaction that takes place among the spiritual states of essence protection, freedom, authority and power in the process of making a civilization. It also studies the extent to which the carnal components are effective in the making of a civilization. The results show that man, in the path of growth and development, removes it from the state of self-centeredness by positively modifying the preservation of nature. In this case, by modifying freedom and making it voluntary, it aims at the excellent relations between human beings, and by using power in this direction, civilizational manifestations are gradually formed and the process of civilization is initiated.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the concept of freedom from the perspective of philosophical schools and the religion of Islam. What is and is important about freedom is very popular nowadays because defining the concept of freedom determines very important concepts such as political freedom, scientific freedom, and education and so on. On the other hand, defining this concept does not misuse the term by different people. Among the abuses of freedom is one's acquaintance with anarchism or chaos. Another of the most widespread abuses of freedom is the politics of each country in order to obtain their illegitimate interests under the name of freedom. Hence, according to the purpose of the study, the method of qualitative research is comparative and to this end, the views of some philosophers of philosophical schools of idealism, realism, naturalism, pragmatism, existentialism, Marxism, humanism, and liberalism are considered as philosophical schools of thought and the following is an overview of some recent thinkers of Islam and Shiite religion and finally, with the help of these comments, an acceptable definition of the concept can be established.

In a situation where the weaknesses of the Qajar dynasty were more indicative of a theoretical vacuum in the political sphere, the introduction of technology and technical products of the western civilization into Iran, without the entry of intellectual spheres and cultural products, seemed impossible. For this reason, new ideas came to Iran. Concepts such as law, liberty, parliament, and at the top of all liberalism entered into Iranian political literature in such a context. In dealing with Western civilization and seeing the remarkable differences of this alien creature, Iranians came to a different understanding of themselves and their society that was very different from the past. This distinction and a change in attitudes towards culture, politics and society are well seen in travelers' travels, travels and travels themselves. The point to be considered in these writings is their position on their culture and Western civilization. The result of the first acquaintances are the prescriptions they are giving to the treatment of their own pain, one of the most important of which was the transfer and promotion of liberalism and the attempt to rule it in Iran. This research is grateful for answering this question. How much was the liberal thought as one of the most important thoughts in Iran in the Qajar era and how did it affect the formation of the constitutional revolution? Google Translate for Business:Translator ToolkitWebsite Translator

Over the past two centuries, with the advent of modern issues of the West to Iran,political thought has undergone many changes in many other aspects of the Iraniansciences, and in many respects it has diverged from its earlier foundations and hasturned to some controversy over the past. Has introduced.One of the first debates discussed at the beginning of the introduction of moderndiscussions in Iran is the question of natural law. It should be noted that this discussionwas never considered by the intellectuals of Iran due to conflict with Shi'ijurisprudential compounds before the Qajar period. But in the early period, the Qajargovernment was considered as the starting point for the introduction of moderndiscussions into Iran by the Iranian intellectual movement, and they were discussing itin the light of their Western patterns in this regard.In this research, which has been written by historical method and review of previousdocuments, the author examines the issue of the emergence of modern understanding ofthe question of right in Iran and investigates the works of the first practitioners of thisdiscussion and its effects on the first thought Iranian intellectuals have been analyzed.

Hajj Hossein Tabatabai Boroujerdi (1212/1254 A.H - 1340 Solar C.) was one of the greatest Iranian Shiite scholars (Ulama) as well as World’s, notably in the last fifteen years of his life. Regarding the period of constitutional revolution in Iran, this research would focus on Ayatollah Broujerdi’s attitude on civil law and some relevant concepts such as freedom, rules and civil rights in the idea of constitution advocates. Taking descriptive-analytical method based on library resources, documents and field studies this research is to answer these questions: Did Ayatullah believe in the right of people to contribute to the politics? And did he acknowledge the fundamental components of the civil law at Constitutional revolution era?

The highly circulated newspapers went on the longest strike ever in the last year of the regime of Pahlavi.The two-month strike began on Nov. 6, 1978 and ended on Jan. 6, 1979, concurrent with the premiership of Gholamreza Azhari. The invasion of the buildings of Ettela’at, Kayhan and Ayandegan newspapers, arresting journalists and issuing arrest warrants for a number of other press activists sparked the strike. This paper intends to study the consequences of the two-month strike in 1978-1979 based on the first-hand documents specially a large volume of the newspapers of the time. The paper has finally come to the conclusion that formation of the two-month press strike fuelled disputes and war of pens between the proponent and opponent journalists on one hand, and brought about development of other ways and means of information dissemination on the other hand. Large groups of people joined the strike who considered the press a new force in their fight against the regime. The result of this support was extreme public welcome and a sharp rise in the circulation of the newspapers. After resumption of publication, with respect to the new political atmosphere, the newspapers performed better information dissemination on the fateful events of that critical period of time.

The victory of Constitutional Movement marks a new age in the history of political thought in Iran. This historic event was not merely the breakout of developments in political and social scene, rather, it contained innovated conceptual elements from the beginning that upon necessity instigated reactions by two groups of ulema and religious jurists in agreement or disagreement with it. Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri was one of the religious jurists who supported the movement in the beginning but later changed his mind and rose in opposition of the Constitutional Movement.This paper intends to answer the key question of: What was behind Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri’s opposition to the Constitutional Movement, and on what basis did he rule on the illegitimacy of the movement? This paper hypothesizes that his opposition to the Constitutional Movement was not in defense of tyranny, but in defense of the authority of Sharia or religious law, that he thought had been neglected. On this basis, he had insisted on enforcement of religious law from the beginning due to his strong belief in Sharia and the fundamentals of Islamic jurisprudence as well as hissystem of religious traditions. He thought the Islamic law was to be enforced after the victory of Constitutional Movement. However, with the advancement of the movement and with the surfacing of the differences in the legislative duties and responsibilities of the Consultative Assembly, and the degree of the interference in or supervision of the jurists on legislation and in such issues as representation of constituencies, equality and freedom, led the Sheikh come to the conclusion that the new foundation had nothing in common with his theoretical and religious fundamentals. In the meantime, the canonical interpretation of the religious constitutionalists could not overcome his fundamental opposition to the movement.

Constitutional Revolution is considered a huge movement in the contemporary history of Iran; however it’s necessary to conduct new and accurate researches on the relationship between the constitutional revolution and religious clerics. This subject was always written about in journalist texts so the reasons of Sheik Fazlollah opposition, one of the early supporters of the revolution need to be explained. Therefore, the question of the present paper is: Why Sheikh Fazlollah, the early supporter of the revolution, became the enemy of the constitutional revolution. Considering the ijtihad (diligence) of Sheikh Fazlollah, his early support and his late opposition to the constitutional revolution were the results of Sharia (religious law). He was charged with supporting Muhammad Ali Shah and disregarding Iranian Marja’s of Najaf. The purpose of the paper is to resolve the ambiguities regarding Sheikh Fazlollah and The constitutional revolution. Also a descriptive – analytical method was applied in examining the primary resources regarding the constitutional revolution. The findings of the paper are: Initiating the constitutional revolution which helped the formation of tendencies toward west and Islam and the ultimate success of Islamic thoughts in Islamic revolution (of Iran), despite an early defeat were the influences of Sheikh Fazlollah.

After the heavy consequences of the battles between Iran and Russia، revisions and reforms of the body of Qajar government were started. Along with that، open-minded ideas formed among them after Iranian became familiar with new western civilizations and compared Iran with developed European countries. First، a group of Iranian scholars dwelling in India informed people of the civilizations in their works after getting to know British sources. The objective in this article is the critical and open-minded ideas of Mirza Ismail Dordi Isfahani، one of the Iranian scholars living in India. The article aims at analyzing the discourse of Mirza Ismail to clarify what his understanding of the concepts “law”، “rights”، “limitations”، and “freedoms” is and what kind of relation the concepts have to him. The findings of this article reveal that Mirza Ismail considered the political and official condition of Iran after he had become familiar with the new western civilizations and concluded that Iran could develop under the reign of law. According to his hyposesis، the powers of the ruler are limited and people`s rights are determined on the basis of law. He believes that freedoms based on law and cultural and national regulations are not harmful but beneficial since they lead to unity and development of governments and societies.

Constitutionalism is one of the most important events in Hong history of Iran. Desire for freedom, justice and peoples mastery over their destiny and enjoying the law and parliament and living according to it, are among the reasons which Iranian welcomed this determining movement. This change took place under a great endeavor and had effects on all aspects of society including poetry and literature. The Poets too accompanied people through newspapers and public and political association and encouraged and stimulated the awakened people. malekal shoar bahar as distinguished politician, researcher, and poet is considered as on of the fruits of Iranian constitutionalism that used his word and pen as an effective weapon in the direction of freedom. He showed his Sensitivity to the social events and enjoyed his genius for awakening the people and the; has been effected by social and political events and as a poet, political activist, and intellectual, has emphasized the leading of the society in direction of freedom and progress. In this paper with a look to the life and works of this poet by using library method we study his effective position in constitutionalism movement of Iranians.

With the advent of Zoroastrianism, the evolution of ideas and Community-based instruction and data occurred on this wise Where the equality of man, his freedom and the role of speech and opinion Krdar Iranians living Nick as a basic income and that was the reason rather Iranian society. Self-esteem and respect for the individual and social progress and development of society and to spread within the political, economic, social and emotional provided. Iranians history on this test, which was founded on the basic questions and answers to create a happy life and love for all people and especially their efforts in their geographic area and education of their children based on the dynamics of self-respect, to add community Home and family and ethnic groups are respected and world affairs based on social justice and fight against ignorance and ignorance among all human beings based on their nd were convinced that this is converging and the divergence of human civilizations were around and justice and security and freedom to all people and all they asked for. and committed to human freedom in thought and thought and came to respect his wishes.

Talking about Shah-nameh and its creator puts one to the peak of Iranian culture and literature. The verses of Shah-nameh, epical composition, makes one feel proud. There may be a lot of studies carried on this great work; however, no one has ever studied how and under what condition it was created. What were the aims and purposes of the composition of the work? Can this great epical work be limited to nationalist and religious frames? Accepting the fact that Shahnameh has endured the test of time, as predicted by Ferdowsi himself, and that it gives a heavenly impression of Iranian's spirit, one question has remained unanswered: To what extent did the period in which Shah-nameh was created affected its creation? Realizing the need for new research, we have tried to study the effects of the Samanids era, especially the effects of the Samanids statesmen' scholarship, on Ferdowsi. Doing so will enable us to say that the Samanids era can be called the era of knowledge and knowledge production movement.