جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "إیران" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Proverbs are of special importance since they are one of the most important linguistic categories of any nation and a complete view of the culture, customs and beliefs of a nation, and important category in the study of linguistics and literature. Proverbs have a special place in the literature of different nations to the extent that they cover an important part of the literature of any society and their study leads to the discovery of their cultural commonalities and differences and is is a sign of the intellectual concern of the past and has advice. Persian and Arabic languages have always had many influences throughout history, and these influences and cultural exchanges have sometimes led to many similarities between the two languages. This article tries to examine the proverb with a common meaning between these two languages in terms of the place of natural elements in them in a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this article indicate that Persian and Lebanese proverbs have many commonalities in the use of natural terrestrial elements. The reason for this is due to the geographical location, cultural and historical context and the common vision of the two nations. But at the same time, Lebanese proverbs have a greater tendency towards the elements of nature, especially animals and stones, compared to Persian proverbs. Another common point is that both languages, in expressing their proverbs in the use of animals, have paid attention to their endurance, instinct, and body, but in other elements, such as mountains,

Committed and popular poets consider it their mission to reflect various social problems and issues in the mirror of their poems. These singers have often experienced the suffering and pain caused by war, colonialism, tyranny, suffocation, repression, and a closed political atmosphere, and have written in order to awaken and encourage people. The present research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, sought to examine the manifestations of socio-political criticism in the poems of Mahdi AkhawanSales (from Iran) and Mohammad Al-Maghout (from Syria) and from this point of view, the similarities and differences expose each of them to the reader's view. What was obtained from the search in brief is that: the poets of this research criticize the political obstruction and the lack of freedom, criticize the imprudence and incompetence of the rulers, criticize the neglect and callousness of the people, criticize the laziness of the fighters, criticize the They have put belligerence etc. on their agenda and reflected on it. The AkhavanSales and Maghout have been trying to free the people from neglect and everyday life by rousing national and ancient feelings, and to make them aware of their past honors, to recover their lost identity and to realize that - in the direction of achieving an ideal society - Give life again.

Documents play an important role in recognizing historical events and developments, and without examining them, many facts of the past remain hidden from the view of researchers. The purpose of this article is to read and recognize the detailed and very valuable report of Mr. Koleh, Inspector General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran, on the Iranian consulates in the Ottoman Empire. This report provides valuable information about the times and conditions of Muslim and Armenian Iranians in the Ottoman Empire, the misconduct of Iranian and Ottoman agents towards Iranian citizens in that land, fraud and corruption among the officials of these two countries, the impact of constitutionalism and subsequent developments on the Ottoman Iranians, and the Ottoman officials’ abuses of  the agitated and disturbed condition of Iran by violating the rights of the Iranians in the Ottoman territory and the way of organizing the passport laws and the chancellor's income in the Iranian consulates.

 A funeral is one of the ceremonies that falls into the cultural sphere of a society and is one of the customs that all societies with different religions and cultures pay attention to. Mourning etiquette, as part of the ritual culture that is within the belly of everyday social relations, can be a speaking criterion for understanding the extent and level of religious and cultural developments in society. In this article, it is intended to examine the issue of mourning among the manuyan. As one of the religious minorities in Iran, the manuyan had a special religious and cultural fabric, including the attention to mourning among this minority. Something that has been perhaps underestimated so far. This is done in an analytical-descriptive way to show what beliefs and thoughts were influenced by the issue of mourning among them. It seems that due to the political and social atmosphere of the lives of the manuans and their connection with other religions, their funeral was a combination of rituals and ideas.

Since the 1930s, narratives of the fundamental story of the Arash myth have been narrated by contemporary Iranian writers. These narratives have read this myth with impressions that are influenced and appropriate to the intellectual, cultural and political currents of the society of their era. The common denominator of all these narratives are the dual confrontations that constantly repeat themselves in the narration process. The confrontation between Arash and the people, between Iran and Turan, and even between Arash and his own self. For a clear analysis of the structure in mythology, Strauss calls it in his own way as Asturaj. This method, which originated from linguistics, is a suitable method for analyzing this myth. In this research, an attempt is made to study five contemporary texts that focus on the myth of Arash and by using the method of separating the constituent parts of the myth according to Strauss, to address the differences between the retellings of the myth of Arash in the mentioned texts. The idea of knowing myth as a form of language has always been of interest among mythologists. Myth, in its roots, before stories and legends, was alive in the discourse of humans, and it was considered a form of language for communication between humans, and it was also the way of thinking of previous humans. Claude Lévi-Strauss, by studying the origin of mythology, had noticed the existence of dual oppositions of their ancient foundations. In the book Raw and Cooked, Strauss sees the dual opposition as two parallel lines that flow into each other.

The new findings of corpus linguistics clearly attest to the uniqueness of some elements of the spoken grammar of English and their distinction from those of the written variety. This investigation has adopted a content analytic procedure and applied the models proposed by Cullen and Kuo’s (2007) to the dialogs and Timmis’s (2005) to the tasks of the English school textbooks in Iran, namely the Prospect and Vision series to reveal to what extent, if any, the series have availed themselves of the properties of the spoken grammar in their student books ,workbooks and teacher guides. The findings revealed that the majority of the characteristics of the spoken grammar, as used in the textbooks, belong to the fixed lexico-grammatical elements of Category II of Cullen and Kuo's framework, and that the instances of Category I, that is, those forms which undergo change as a function of the context in which they occur, are relatively uncommon. Additionally, the realizations of Category III, that is, those structures which are deemed ungrammatical via adoption of a prescriptive outlook but are still commonly found in the spoken English, were non-existent in the series. The analysis of the tasks based on Timmis’ (2005) also revealed that only some “global understanding” and very few instances of “language discussion task” were present and focused on in the materials investigated, leaving the two other principles unattended.

This study investigates Iranian graduating French Language Teaching .Master's of Arts students’ self-perceived Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (T P A C K) to gain an insight into their preparation for their professional teaching career based on T P A C K’s seven sub-components, and understand the way in which their perceived T P A C K is related to the type of teaching training received, as well as prior teaching experiences. The data were collected through an electronic questionnaire (Baser et al, 2016), composed of 39 questions regarding T P A C K’s seven sub-components. Forty-eight Iranian pre-service French Language instructors responded to the questionnaire. Results indicated that in general, participants have a positive assessment of their T P A C K, although improvements could be made in certain areas, such as the use of technology in interactive and collaborative language teaching and learning. In addition, while there was no significant relationship between type of teacher-training received and pre-service instructors’ perceived T P A C K, participants with prior teaching experience demonstrated higher Pedagogical Knowledge (P K) and Content Knowledge, (C K), which seems to suggest that these two knowledge areas are best developed through on-the-field teaching experiences, alongside theoretical coursework.

The ‎novel was and still is a literary genre that talks about the issues of man and ‎his ‎society in various forms and patterns, so the novel became a mirror of what is ‎‎happening in society. The writer investigated it, and the Persian and Arab ‎literatures ‎were influenced by each other until they became very close literature, ‎due to the ‎unity of the religion that united these two literatures, so cultural friction ‎has ‎continued since antiquity between the Arab nation and the Persian nation ‎until our ‎time, where we see more than one Arab writer who has been fascinated ‎by Persian ‎culture and civilization. Their tracks are full of the Persian spirit by ‎coming up with ‎names of characters and mentioning events and places And even ‎they translated the largest Persian literary monuments, and the Iraqi ‎novelist was ‎not excluded from this scope. He narrated his novel called The Tobacco ‎Guard ‎from the Iranian knowledge, culture and civilization, and most of the events ‎of his ‎novel and its characters took place in Iran and even spent most of the life of ‎the ‎protagonist in Iran, so he roamed its streets and recorded with his pen the facts ‎‎more accurately. Its details so that we follow in this research an analytical and ‎‎descriptive approach on the civilized face of Iran in the novel The Tobacco ‎Guardian. ‎And the characters who brought about these facts after he used ‎Persian expressions ‎to complete the course of his novel. ‎

Over the centuries, Iranians' clothing, which consists of different parts, has attracted the attention of the world. Indian clothing also has an irrefutable variety and beauty. Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, various groups including scholars, artists, Sufis, and merchants from Iran came to India and brought about positive developments in various fields including the spread of science, culture, and art. Among Iranians who joined India in a group, Gilani immigrants were appointed to key posts. The research has tried to address only one region in each country that has long-standing garments and features of proximity to ancient women's apparel. Also, by studying clothing and then identifying common elements between Gilani and Rajasthani garments during the fifteenth and eighteenth common garments of centuries, these two regions has been analyzed. The present study is a descriptive-analytic study of the women of Gilan and women in Rajasthan. The Information obtained shows that there are many similarities in their garments including clothing and clothing accessories. One of the main reasons is the presence of Iranians, especially Gilani people in the Indian court, and the spread of Iranian culture in those centuries.

The entrance of the Marxism’s’ left-wing idealism in the early 14th SH in Iran, has been the source of extensive changes in all cultural aspects and particularly in literature. The fruit of such thinking stream was a newfound literary school which was based on Marxism-Leninism perspective that due to some factors, evolved and developed swiftly. To such a degree that the majority of authors, poets and translators got interested in such school of thought and a great number of significant literary works that shape the body of the Iranian contemporary literature, were created under the influence of Marxism ideas. In order to answer the question that what factors caused the development and growth of the left-wing literature in Iran this writing suggests two general factors of social backgrounds and intellectual infrastructure and with regards to historical documents tries to outline components such as The social backgrounds arising from the constitutional revolution, the victory of October 1917’s revolution, the alteration of Iran’s relationship with the mighty neighboring country and the extended activity of left-wing parties, provided the opportunity for the emergence and the development of the Marxism-Leninism ideology as the infrastructure of the left wing literature in Iran. Additionally, based on literary works we would try to prove this claim that the elements of left-wing literature like realism, protestation, modernism etc. were in alignment and with correspondence to the needs of the Iranian society which required a new and a pioneer literature for the process of its’ structural change and provided the backgrounds for growth and expansion of the left-wing literature in Iran.

The Muckbang discourse, as digital commensality, depicts the preparation of food (Cookbang) or eating food (Muckbang) by an influencer in the presence of other users. This trend is considered as a tool for spreading Korean food tradition as an essential part of the Hallyu or "Korean wave." Through indirect means as well as the interaction of influencers with social network users, the Korean wave of Hallyu has been recontextualized in Iran in its own particular way. In this connection, as it concerns Iranian brand values, discovering the implicit levels of meaning-making in Muckbang or the Korean wave of Hallyu in Iran requires adopting and applying an interpretive multidisciplinary approach. The research corpus consists of all Muckbang-cookbangs that were purposefully selected by considering the meaning-making mechanisms of food culture system. Employing an integrated model for data analyses, the results indicated that the cultural codes of food in Iranian Muckbang-cookbang discourse represents the value of food brands through and in terms of the type of food, the style of eating and preparing. The results suggest that concerning food type, the Muckbang discourse of native Iranians particularly includes the consumption of unpleasant food, flavor-enhanced food, and crunchy and fresh food. Besides, Iranian Muckbang discourse also includes the consumption of some non-native foods such as squid, crabs, and calamari. The examination of written interactions revealed that some users and followers encouraged other users to accept the Hallyu wave by weakening the local cultural structures and enriching the elements of the global Hallyu wave. This is while another group of users avoided accepting this trend by maintaining and preserving the local traditional elements. In Muckbang discourse, the eating style often stimulates the senses of users with amplified sounds, challenging them to overeat, binging, and eating alone or in pairs. Depending on the type of eating, Iranian Muckbangs include eating with amplified sound, overeating, and fast eating challenges, often performed in person or in pairs. Finally, Cookbang discourse in Iran includes selecting and preparing food from foreign countries, especially East Asia, depending on their origins, communicating current and modern fast food in line with McDonald's global trends, and finally recontextualizing the recipes of traditional Iranian foods based on historical narratives.

This article proposes a solution to the text"s hidden ideology in a novel within the layered stylistics framework.Two famous novels of the revolution"s first decade, The Winter 62, written by Esmail Fassih, and the Crystal Garden, written by Mohsen Makhmalbaf, have been studied as case studies. This solution is based on a hypothesis that by extracting repeated words belonging to major ideologies, the word with the highest frequency and is probably the ideological center of the work can be reached. By discovering this word and examining its usage in the text, it is possible to get to the ideological orientation of the work.

In this research, by focusing on The Winter of 62 and the Crystal Garden books, using the library method and within the layered stylistics framework, each of the words that belonged to or were close to the proposed ideologies or their frequency was significant, were extracted and categorized. Subsequently, the usage of the highest frequency word was examined in terms of ascribing adjectives, the halo of words, confronting opposite words, and checking the verb form in the sentences with that word in the books mentioned.

The central word in the novel The Winter 62 is the word "Iran," and in the novel, the Crystal Garden is the word "woman," and how they are used is meaningful.

Considering how the central word of the two books under review is used, it is clear from different perspectives that the authors of both books have been biased toward the central word of their work. In this manner, it is practicable to evaluate the author"s orientation of The Winter 62 apropos to the word "Iran" in the nationalism ideology framework and the author"s orientation of The Crystal Garden apropos to the word "woman" in the feminism ideology framework.