جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « احمد شوقی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In this article, a comparative study of the female image in Khamsa Nizami and Ahmed Shoghi's poems is done based on Phyllis Chesler's theory. The type of research is analytical-descriptive and its method is library. The results of the research show that there are significant similarities in terms of the classification of women and some of their personality traits in the military style of thought and Ahmed Shoghi's point of view; Of course, this does not mean that the views of Nizami and Shoghi are completely similar, and they have completely different views in some fields. Ahmad Shoghi is a traditional poet who has not been freed from the shackles of traditionalism and has not taken steps that are very different from his predecessors. He pays attention to the external features of women and describes them following the example of ancient poets, but in his plays, when he talks about women and love, he seems like a poet in love. In this type of poetry, the poet is freed from the constraints imposed by the social situation, so it expresses sincere and sensitive feelings. In the introduction of women, Nizami introduces women with chastity and modesty, the profession in love making; Wisdom is a distinctive feature of women in love in Khumsa. A decent quality that Shoghi's desired women are miles away from.

The ancient root of comparative literature or parallel literature in the history of Persian and Arabic literature has not been hidden from any researcher of this bilingual literature, especially in the field of prophetic praises since ancient times. The praise of the Holy Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is a legacy of the common religious sentiment and thinking of Islamic writers, especially between the civilizations of Iran and Arabs. Even the long time of living between the poets of Wadiban has not been able to make these common and remarkable aspects and themes in their poems become forgotten. The poems of these two poets, considering The religious and religious background of both of them, in spite of living in different eras, and with a long time gap, has a common aspect, especially the teachings of the Holy Prophet of Islam. The comparison of the poems of these two poets is based on prophetic praises and common themes such as the birth, morals and creation of the Prophet (PBUH), the position and status of the companions and family of the Prophet (PBUH). , the Kausar pool, miracles and influence from the Qur'an and prophetic hadith and attention to Jesus the prophet can be compared and measured. with the difference that although Khaqani does not have a Sufi profession, he has a special skill in creating meanings and using various words of Sufi literature, and most of his descriptions are short and concise. However, in most cases, Shoghi expresses the matter in a simple, clear and concise way in his prophetic praises. A comparison compares the poems in Shoghi Diwan and Khaqani Batkieh on their prophetic praises, in order to show the commonalities and differences of these two famous poets in the way of speaking.

Since antiquity, a connection has existed between literature and society; consequently, literature and sociology have a solid foundational relationship. Sociology examines literature as a social phenomenon from multiple perspectives, including literary work, author, consumer, point of view, and other social data. It demonstrates the connection between literature and the neighboring social indicators. From a global perspective, literary sociology has significantly impacted literary and critical movements worldwide, and literary sociology can be subdivided into numerous subfields due to the breadth of its activities and topics. Satirical is one of the literary genres in Arabic literature, a distinct branch of literature with social content. The purpose of a satirical protest poem is to express the problems and disorders of society, which the poet attempts to solve and rectify by exaggerating the ugliness, flaws, problems, and heterogeneous phenomena in the social life of humans. Since the impact of poetry on the heart is much greater than that of prose, and among poetic purposes, satirical has a greater effect than other poetic purposes due to the induction of content into the audience's consciousness in the form of comedy and mockery, and poetry has a much more significant effect on the heart than prose. The source of satire is two emotions: rage and revulsion. When the poet's instinct of displeasure surfaces, he is repulsed, and if something disgusts him, it arouses his rage; he is then compelled to ridicule whatever disgusted or offended him. Ahmad Shawqi is a precise and inventive poet who has used humor and satire to express discontent through illustration and literary skills. His humor is sometimes used to complain about the occupier and sometimes to revive ancient honors, correct their poor conditions, and rouse their determination. In his poems, he made fun of the authorities and occupiers, the people's apathy, poverty, duplicity, and corruption. The poet expresses his criticism and desire for change through satire. On the premise of poetry, Ahmad Shawqi endeavored to expose the many flaws and flaws of his society, intending to resolve and rectify them.

committed literature covers avariety of areas. Expressing the social and political issues of society isone of the most important approaches in this type of literature In the last century, similar social and political situations have developed in the society of Iran and Egypt. Issues that exposed the independence and identity of such countries to foreign aggression and, as a result, posed a serious threat; Thus, social poets entered the turmoil of such a turbulent situation, and the most important of them was dealing with social and political issues. Inthis descriptive-analytical study, socio-political themes in the poems of Adib al-Mamalak and Ahmad Shawqi have been extracted and studied based on the American comparative school. Findings of the research indicate that themes such as patriotism, mention of Free people and patriotic heroes, encouragement of unity and solidarity, disgust with foreigners and criticism of social disorders have been widely used in the poetry of these two poets. With the difference that Adib al-Mamalek has included minor social issues in his poetry; Ahmad Showqi, on the other hand, has often raised larger issues. Both patriotic poets initially have a positive view of the constitutional movement; But with the entry of anomalies into the structure of the movement, they change their course and complain about it. Reformism and the need for positive action of various classes of society and politicians are among the most important solutions that these two poets propose to achieve national prose.

Researchers believe that the first steps of the Arabic drama’s art, especially poem dramas, were taken by the Lebanese writer Marun al-Naqqash, the Lebanese writer. Although this art had weaknesses at the beginning, it can be said that its first steps were by and large acceptable. They also believe that its early stages of formation carried out by Ahmed Shawqi, the Egyptian genius poet, whose knowledge of western literature, especially French literature, strengthened his motivation to benefit from this new literary genre. Fascinated in the French literature and especially dramatic literature, Ahmed Shawqi pursued the way of the great playwrights such as Pierre Corneille, Racine and Moliere in his works. He introduced dramatic stories, as a new literary genre into the Arabic language and turned to historical poems, a way that enhanced the status of historical poem dramas. In the present article "The Death of Cleopatra" is chosen among Shawqi's historical plays. This play was written in 1927 to defend a character that Ahmed Shawqi imagined the history distorted her face. In this play, he defends surprisingly Cleopatra, the queen of the pharaonic era, and portrays her as a patriot who is infatuated with her country, Egypt. In his opinion, Cleopatra was wrongly judged by western historians. They portrayed her as a reveler and capricious woman who does not care about the interests of her country. In his historical dramas, Ahmed Shawqi is not satisfied only with plotting the events of history; rather, his goal in representation historical events and characters is to use them symbolically in order to raise moral, social, political and even psychological issues. He presents an art that is structurally complete and possessed the features of the show. Therefore, it can be said that the historical poem dramas were created and flourished by this revivalist poet under the influence of the greats of this field, such as Racine, Pierre Corneille, Moliere, and Shakespeare.

In this article, we have comparatively studied the manifestations of patriotism in the poems of Khairuddin Zarkoli and Ahmad Shoghi. The research method is library and its type is analytical-descriptive. The results of the research show that although these two poets have always paid special attention to the subject of patriotism in their poems, but the frequency of patriotism-related themes in Zarkoli poems is higher than Shoghi poems. In addition, Shoghi has not reacted to the Palestinian issue. Of course, in addition to these differences, there are many commonalities in the field of attention of the two poets to the subject of patriotism. Zarkali has paid attention to the issue of patriotism throughout his life, but Shoghi was not very sensitive to political issues as long as he was in court, and in the later stages of his life, he increasingly paid attention to the issue of patriotism and related topics. Has shown interest. Zarkali loves his homeland more than Shoghi, and this can be cited and inferred due to the remarkable reflection of the issue of grief of homelessness in Zarkoli's poems. Both poets believe that the only way to save nations is national and regional unity. Of course, Zarkali has paid special attention to the issue of Palestine, but Shoghi has not paid much attention to this issue.

The structuralism method, which is considered by Mahmoud Bostani as one of the methods of text analysis, analyzes a literary work based on eight literary elements: message, subject, semantic, formal, verbal, musical, literary and structure and by explaining the relationship between the aesthetic and semantic aspects of a literary work, examines and analyzes its general structure as a single body. Bostani's views on the structural method, which he explains and introduces in the two books "Al-Qawa'd al-Balaghah in the light of the Islamic method" and "Al-Balaghah al-Hadith in the light of the Islamic method", is a combination of traditionalism and modernism in the analysis of a literary work. This means that he tries to apply new literary perspectives in studying and analyzing the work based on its structure and texture, while adhering to traditional rhetoric. What we are looking for in this research is the study of the beauties and literary meanings of Nahj al-Burdeh's ode by Ahmad Shoghi based on Mahmoud Bostani's structuralism method and based on four elements: semantic, formal, musical and structure, in this regard, we found that in Nahj al-Burda's ode, among the mentioned elements, mystery and metaphor as two elements of formal elements, pun and balance as musical elements, in addition to aesthetic aspects, had a semantic function and played an effective role in inducing concepts and themes. In this regard, we found that in Nahj al-Barda's ode, among the mentioned elements, code and metaphor as two elements of formal elements and pun and balance as musical elements, in addition to the aesthetic aspect, also had a semantic function and played a role in inducing concepts and themes. They have been effective and the element of repetition and contrast as semantic elements, by creating an internal rhythm, have also strengthened the aesthetic aspect of the ode and based on the element of structure, we found that the themes and concepts of the ode with each other and with other verbal and musical elements and imagination have a reciprocal relationship. In other words, the elements of aesthetics and semantics in this ode are interrelated, which indicates that this ode has homogeneity and organism of the text and this has made it one of the best prophetic praises, not only in form and structure, but also in content.

New Historicists believe that a literary work should be evaluated in its historical context. It means that a work of art is written under the impacts of social conditions, formed in a particular context, impressed by various discourses, and it impacts on them mutually. On this ground, power as a set of relations (and discourses) is available at all times and has an intimate relationship with the dominant discourse and other narratives. So through written workes belong to a given era, critics will be able to find out power relations in that era and this helps them to achieve its meaning. Ahmad Shawqi in his verse play, under influences of social conditioning, embodied power relations. And his picture of power meets Foucault's terms regarding power. Foucault, as a new historicist, pursues power everywhere. As he says "Where there is power, there is resistance, and yet, or rather consequently, this resistance is never in a position of exteriority in relation to power", he crystallizes a binary operation between power and resistance. Furthermore, by evaluating this work, I show power relations among characters e.g. Cleopatra and Romans, Cleopatra and Caesar, Egypt and Rome. In the following, I illustrate the ways characters resist in the chain of power relations. Attendance of Eastern women in power positions is another matter which will be shown respectively.

The present research is carried out in the comparative literature framework and intends to compare some of the common educational concepts in children's diwan of Ahmad Showghi and Suleiman Al-Issa in comparative literature the framework by relying on their poems; since children's literature is one of the significant sections in the literature of any nation, so it is important to address it. In this research, these questions are answered: What are the common educational concepts in the children's diwan of two poets and also what is the reason for the conceptual differences between the poems of the two poets? Both poets seem to have been influenced by their society, and therefore the common meanings of their poems stem from their concerns. Suleiman al-Issa also deals with the influence of new literary currents on the subject of entertainment, while Showghi pays attention to the details of moral education. The results show that both poets pay attention to educational concepts and in addition to the conceptual differences in their poems, we can point to the common concepts of their poetries such as moral and social values, freedom, patriotism and independence.

Introduction

In semiotics, it is attempted to analyze texts and search for hidden meanings. Structuralist semioticians place great emphasis on the relationship between elements and semiotic studies and focus on the role of the semiotic texture in meaning and content formation. Semiotics was used by Saussure as “a science that deals with the examination of signs within social life”. Semiotics refer to the study of symbolic systems such as languages, symbols, codes, and signals. Language is an independent concept among symbolic systems; “… and contents and meanings are constructed exclusively through an active process of interpretation. In the area of structuralism, connections should inevitably be made between signs and codes where they become meaningful”. The reflection of patriotism is a fundamental aspect manifested in Shawqi’s poetry, having become an influential element at the content and language level of his poems. Given their semantic extensiveness, his poems can be examined through a variety of dimensions. His images and poetic meanings can be achieved using the science of semiotics.

Theoretical Framework:

Semioticians pay attention to the recognition of mechanisms that shape discourse such as metaphors, symbols, and other rhetorical techniques. In addition to their explicit meanings, each word may bear an implicit meaning as well which involves social, cultural, personal, ideological, and emotional associations. Shawqi’s patriotic poems were selected among his other works as the subtlety of his emotions and affections are manifested in these poems to a higher extent than his other works. The poet uses these affections to produce highly influential pieces. As a vital part of poetry, affection brings about certain spiritual beauties to the reader. Examination into poetry through such means offers a different, new perspective towards texts. The entire selected poems in this study were discussed in terms of aesthetic symbols, symbols of time and space, symbols related to syntactic norm deviation, and text analysis through vertical and horizontal views. In his 2005 dissertation, Hamid Valizadeh examined Shawqi’s thoughts, expressions, meanings, and how they are employed to create imageries and literary devices. In another study in 2000, Navazallah Farhadi investigated aspects of poetic relationships and similarities between Malek al-Shoara Bahar and Ahmed Shawqi in subjects including praising national heroes, addressing social situations, fighting against tyranny, calling for solidarity, and remembering former prominent figures. In their 2012 study, Sakinah Malmir and Firouz Harirchi conducted a comparative examination of the views of these two poets and attempted to express points of similarities and differences between the poets’ opinions regarding the love of the East.

Using the descriptive-analytical method, the present study is an attempt to examine manifestations of the poet’s sense of patriotism in four subjects including aesthetic symbols, symbols of time and space, symbols related to syntactic norm deviation, and text analysis through vertical and horizontal views. The study was conducted to provide answers to the following questions: What symbols are employed in the poet’s patriotic poems in order to present new readings? What are the aesthetic aspects of Shawqi’s patriotic poems? What are the concepts within hidden meanings in patriotic poems?

In his poetry, Shawqi has employed numerous symbols such as semiotics of title and text as well as semiotics related to intertextuality and aesthetic symbols, symbols of time and space, symbols related to syntactic norm deviation, and text analysis through vertical and horizontal views. In the area of semiotics, the poet expresses symbols such as metaphors, metonymy, simile, hyperbole, etc. His symbols related to time and space such as al-layl, al-Fajr, al-qad, al-sabah, and khatir are majorly used to reflect his longing for his home country. Certain instances of syntactic norm deviations in Shawqi’s poems involve delays and dedications, redundancies, omissions, and briefness. Syntactic norm deviations or evading the rules governing language is normal in poetry; Shawqi does not disrupt language combinations considerably and attempts to connect to the audience mostly in a friendly, ordinary manner. As for text analysis in terms of vertical and horizontal aspects, the choice of signifier out of a set of alternative element depends on factors such as codes, contracts, denotations, rhetorical intentions, personal limitations, etc. The analysis of replacement relationships demonstrates the value of a particular notion in a literary text; replacement analysis involves conducting comparison between each present signifier in a chain of words or hidden signifier that could have been chosen instead of the existing signifier. Therefore, given the employed signifiers, it can be inferred that Shawqi’s work shines best in the semantic area in which aesthetic elements are used to offer beauty and a special literary level to his poetry.

These four symbols were used not only to the purpose of literary showcasing and poetic imagery creation, but also in line with producing meanings and highlighting the poet’s spiritual, emotional thoughts and experiences. The use of these semantic symbols has resulted in increasing emotions, image creation, manifestation of words and provoking a sense of nostalgia and numerous readings in the minds of the audience. Rhetorical techniques such as metaphor, metonymy, simile, hyperbole, etc. as well as substitution, companionship, and norm deviations are symbols that play an influential role in recording the poet’s emotional experiences. Using these symbols, the poet seeks to present concepts such as sense of patriotism and nostalgia and express his thoughts and emotions. Shawqi employs these symbols-meanings and create literary imagery in order to offer dynamism to the symbols used in poems, setting them free of his explicit implications. Denotations used in these poems are mostly dependent on personal, emotional, and social aspects of a single signified, while each symbol has helped increase the emotional load and beauty of Shawqi’s poetry.

Metaphor in ancient and classic approach is word- base and has artistic and aesthetics functions and its presence is not more than literally language whereas looking at cognitive mataphorology is conceptual – base and not word- base, Jorge Likaf and Mark Jonson account it as an instrument for thinking which runs through human behavior . This article tries to study and analyze image metaphor in Siniya Bohtorei and Ahmad Shoghi by School of Comparative American Literature. The results of the study show that this two poet could conceptualize abstract senses by visual senses in containment schemes (volume, ability, and motive). By thinking at two poets we can conclude that common cultural models are the base of conceptual metaphors, so that two poet by using their daily experiences of the events that take place around them could draw the concepts which are not abstract or intangible concepts. Although using containment schemas in Siniya Bohtorei in contrary to Sine Ahmad Shoghi are more and accurate.

Today, the significance of studying literature comparatively has found a special place among literary fields of study, in such a way that in most important universities of the world, this major, i.e., comparative literature is thought, as researches in this field are important in truly knowing and recognizing the literature and litterateurs of every language. Considering this matter, the study and comparison of social themes in Nima Yushij's and Ahmad Shoghi's poems and the investigation of the influence of western contemporary literature on both poets would help recognize the poets' worldviews and patterns of thought and the position they hold in the literary system of both nations. Such studies could pave the way for research in world literature and would consequently provoke mutual understanding among people in the world. This study aims at recognizing all social themes present in Nima Yushij's and Ahmad Shoghi's poems by using a comparative method.

This study has been conducted based on research project and its goals, using library resources in the field of humanities and studying best documented works. The research process involved a thorough study of Nima Yushij's and Ahmad Shoghi's poems to extract, take notes of, and collect data, then the Arabic poems were translated to start analyzing the data, and finally, the research was ready after typing and editing.

By studying Nima Yushij's and Ahmad Shoghi's poems and comparing social themes in them, it was found that both poets referred to themes such as poverty, defending human rights, criticizing  oppression and injustice, freedom, truth-seeking,  backwardness in society, labor, women's position, children, and homeland, which will be briefly discussed in the following section.

-     Nima states that poverty is a result of the rulers practicing injustice, war, class distinction, etc., and to solve this problem,  he persuades the poor to fight against poverty. But, Shoghi regards poverty as something destined, the causes of which are unknown, and he sees its cure in the rich helping the poor. -     Both poets have referred to human rights in the forms of justice, freedom, and truth-seeking. The both consider injustice as something ephemeral and advice the rulers to practice justice. They refer to the concept of freedom in the form of 'anti-colonialism' and 'anti-despotism', and invites the society to attain freedom. Nima in his poems refers to three examples of inequality of rights, namely, class distinction, feudal system, and the lack of meritocracy. He tries to raise the peoples' awareness and encourage them to fight for their rights. Also, Ahmad Shoghi criticizes the inequality of wealth and rights in his time. He considers rights to be eternal, and states that rights should be attained gently, without fighting, while Nima believed that rights would be better obtained by fighting for them.

-     Using environmental elements, Nima criticizes peoples' ignorance, gullibility, superstition, and consumerism. Also, observing the development of European countries and the backwardness of Egypt in all fields, like peoples' illiteracy, ignorance, and inferiority, Shoghi's heart aches for people and he tries to find a solution. He find the solution to this backwardness in three things, namely, encouraging people to attain knowledge, to create new industries, and to complain about disease and lack of hygiene.

-     Both poets invite people to work and endeavour, and they consider working a value.

-     In Nima's poems, Wherever the women's names are mentioned, we see that they are suffering weakness, poverty, fatigue, illiteracy, and many other problems. Also, what the reflection of women's condition in his time suggests the lack of women's presence in society and their lack of education. Nima complains about women taking off their hijab, while Shoghi regards this as women's natural right. Shoghi has discussed about the two issues of women's education and marriage and other matters relevant to these issues, and he criticizes old men marrying young girls.

-     Both poets, as two intellectuals in their times, are not ignorant of the future generation. They encourage children to have such attributes as beneficence, purity in words, loyalty, and honesty, and to avoid moral vices, such as laziness, nonchalance, cunning,  and animal cruelty.

-      other common themes found in Nima Yushij's  and Ahmad Shoghi's poems include 'homeland' and 'patriotism'. Both poets have great affection for their homeland, despite the all deprivations and lacks existing there.

In Nima Yushij's and Ahmad Shoghi's time, Iran and Egypt were under internal despotism and external colonialism, during which different extensive cultural, economic, political, and social problems existed in these societies. Successive political and social events highly influenced the poets' soul. Both poets used 'poem' as an instrument to express social issues, and there are very similar social themes  in their poems. Reading their poems, we are faced with true emotions reflecting peoples' pains and problems. While Nima has discussed social themes with a deeper look and a bolder language, and he has given much more attention to the details of problems in society, Shoghi has taken a general look at social issues. Some themes, like poverty, have been discussed more extensively by Nima, while some other themes, like women and homeland, have been discussed more extensively by Shoghi. Both committed social poets have shown a tendency towards symbolism in their poetry due to their familiarity with European culture and literature, especially French, which has inevitably influenced their thought and poems.

One of the feathers of poetries in Nahda period in camper with the previous period is to attention to the society and its problems. So during that period, poets attend to the people more and they compose poetries about their problems. The prominent poets of that period such as Hafiz Ibrahime and Ahmed Showqhi, knew the problems that their society suffered from these and also they detect the factors of the backwardness of their society, so they try to solve them by their poetries.
This new subject impact on the poetry affections. This article attend to study this issue by descriptive method based on the poetries of Hafiz Ibrahime and Ahmed Showqhi.
The results show that sometimes the poetry affections get week in the poems for this reason. And also how to address the problems of the community affect the emotion of poetry and the use of the direct way to raise social issues weaken the emotion in poetry and poetry is similar to a daily newspaper that addresses the social problems.

Social and political state of affairs, constitutional era, Due to the emergence of the most important poets of poetic themes, Lyrics homegrown and most important Concern domestic and foreign anti-authoritarian forces that threaten the country's independence and freedom My Afkndnd. One of the poets in the name of freedom, Syed Ashraf al-din Husseini, known as Nasim shomal that poetry is full of ideas home country Fashioned. This study is the analytical method to map and study various literary Effects stability Nasim shomal on their poems. Of the most important findings of this research is that the Court's breeze on themes such as: expressing pain and Rnj Hay oppressed people and draw their real face, Cite the national and religious heroes, patriotism, challenge and stand against tyranny and colonialism, instill hope for the future bright, calls for unity Give praise liberty and freedom that makes up each of these cases Nshan Dhndh literature Jlvh Hay stability in northern of Nasim shomal lyrics are explicit language to them.

The remarkable differences between Ahmed Shawqi and Rahi Moayyeri are as follows: epic and social concepts in shawqi's against Moayyeri sonnet – like poetries. Showqi's poetries are simple and fluent while Moayyeri's own complex lexicon and figures of speech. In Showqi's poetry a logical procedure can be seen whereas analyzing different aspects of Prophet Mohammad's life as well as studying his characteristics. Although realism, deep honor and ignoring beautiful depicting is common in both poetries. The outstanding concept in Showqi's poetry is appealing to Ahl – e Beit while there is no trace of it in Moayyeri's in spite of his growth in Shia's environment.

One of the comparative literature branches is nation's imageologie and a hometown in other nation's literature. Ahmed Shawqi – contemporary poet – has versed a play called "Qambeez" or Cambyses II which is about an Iranian king and has depicted Iranians in a way its analysis is precious from comparative literature point of view and the reader can have a better understanding of our ancient history and culture. Although the main aim of the present paper is to present the Iranians images in the mentioned play, the technical aspect of the characters and Characterization is also studied and analyzed.

Bilingualism is a branch of language sociology meaning that different people and groups use different language codes in their interactions. This term was proposed for the first tome by Ibne-e Khaldoon the Arab linguist and also by German linguist, Karol Kermbakher. With regard to the role of bilingualism in literary creation by an author, this study aimed to investigating this phenomenon in contemporary Arabic poem by concentrating on Ahmad Shoghi poem based on qualitative study and by using analytic-descriptive methods. The finding of the research shows that two or multi-lingual of Ahmad Shoghi caused decreasing of his self-cofidence and also decreases his relationship to noble Arabic identity and culture.His low vocabulary-building knowledge resulted in his not being able to make phrases and also not being able to use homogeneous phrases and synonyms. In his work, this caused many linguistic and prosodic errors. This phenomenon decreases activeness of his literary language and destroys his literary and artistic creativity not letting him to enjoy the full potentials of the Arabic language.