جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رمان نوجوان » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In the present study, identity has been examined in two Arabic and Persian young adult novels based on Erik Erikson''s theory of psychosocial development. According to this theory, adolescence is the fifth stage of development, and the primary challenge of this stage is the identity crisis, although not in its critical sense. The two novels studied are "Faten" by Lebanese writer Fatima Sharafeddin and "Hasti" by Iranian writer Farhad Hassanzadeh. "Faten" is set during the Lebanese civil war, while "Hasti" takes place at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war, with young girls as the main characters in both stories. Sharafeddin''s young adult novels primarily focus on analyzing and critiquing the social situation in Lebanon, while Hassanzadeh''s approach in young adult novels is to empower and inform girls. This study highlights the significance of the adolescent stage and stresses the importance of establishing a successful identity during this period, pointing out literary researchers'' neglect of this stage. Therefore, this study aims to explore these two literary works using Erikson''s theory, a descriptive-analytical method, and a comparative literature approach.The research findings indicate that characteristics of adolescence in both novels can be categorized into three groups based on Erikson''s theory: Identity crisis; Identity-seeking, which includes identification, societal support, adolescents'' resistance to adult value systems, and love during adolescence; and Fidelity. By examining the role of identity and challenges faced by adolescents in these novels, it can be concluded that their main objective is to encourage young readers to develop a successful identity through education, learning, and interacting with knowledgeable individuals.

Fantasy is a type of story that has been noticed in the literature of children and teenagers in recent years. The Possessed of Badyan Island is a teenage novel and a fantasy story written by Badri Mashhadhi. In the present research, this story has been analyzed in terms of the elements and structure of fantasy and climate literature by analytical-descriptive and library method. In this research, a new definition of the genre of fantasy has been presented under the title of climatic fantasy, and by examining the mentioned novel, it has been shown that the story of The Possessed of Badyan Island is a climatic fantasy. Also, by using the climatic fantasy genre, in addition to creating a gothic and scary story with a local atmosphere, the author not only satisfied the need for excitement of teenagers, but also directed the attention of teenagers from similar foreign to local and Iranian examples. It has also used the climate fantasy genre to familiarize the audience with the culture, history, customs, superstitions, etc. of a specific region. Therefore, this story can be considered an example of an Iranian climatic fantasy story.

Besides providing literary jouissance and entertainment, successful young adult fiction also pays attention to the educational aspect. In doing so, it paves the path for adolescents’ development as well as their entrance into social life. Fallibility and tolerance towards different viewpoints are significant instructive issues for adolescents while they move into their social lives. A Pizza Box for the Grilled Trapezoid by Jamshid Khanian is a notable novel dealing with epistemology and individual differences in the process of consciousness.  The novel narrates a small family’s short residence in an apartment full of weird events. Reading the novel, the readers formulate their hypotheses about the cause of these strange events and frequently reject them. As a result, the readers conclude that one cannot explain the whyness of events only by relying on the mind and experience. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the current study seeks to examine the fallibility of human beings as one of the fundamental principles of social life in the modern world in the novel under discussion. Accordingly, the idea of epistemic anxiety, seen as one of the intellectual foundations of the modern way of thinking, becomes the theoretical basis of the current study. The findings of the study indicate that the novelist brings to the fore the concept of epistemic anxiety by raising human beings’ fallibility in their perceptions along with its consequences, that is, readiness to constantly revise and reconstruct their beliefs and perspectives.

The domination of science in the modern era and the effort to have a realistic attitude to all aspects of life have made people today unable to adopt the solutions of the ancients (such as eschatologicalimmortality) to face death. By examining different types of pre-modern immortality, including ancestral, cultural, mystical, mythological, and eschatological, the present article has shown that their common components, i.e., communalness, certainty, and imagination, are almost opposite to the components of modern immortality. The components of modern immortality, which include individuality, uncertainty, memory (as opposed to the imagination), and the concept of eternal nature, are prominent in teenage novels of the 1390s. This research first reviewed the stages and tasks of mourning. While checking and determining the components of pre-modern and modern immortality, it has been showed the correspondence of each stage of mourning with different types of immortality. Then, relying on the novels of "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar", the issue of death and the role of pre-modern and modern immortality are investigated in advancing the storyline, accepting another's death, and completing the tasks of mourning by the characters. It should be noted that the analysis of samples is based on qualitative content analysis with a descriptive-interpretive approach. The research results show that in both novels, resorting to pre-modern immortality components traps the characters in the initial stages of mourning, i.e. denial, searching, and bargaining. In contrast, the maturity of the characters with the completion of mourning tasks and reaching the stage of improvement and organization through the components of Modern immortality (centered on memory in the novel "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and eternal nature in the novel "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar" is realized.

Eco-criticism is a new approach in literary studies that seeks to bridge the gap between literature and the environment, given the increasing environmental concerns in recent decades. Ecofeminism is also a branch of eco-criticism that seeks to prove the claim that male culture has historically inflicted irreparable damage on women and nature. According to this theory, men are related more to culture and women more to nature. Although this idea is itself strongly opposed by feminists themselves, a historical study of the subject shows that women have always, willingly or unwillingly, more than men, connected with nature which is the main source of human food production because women have played a key role in providing food for the family. On the other hand, in all eras, especially in recent decades when the issue of ecological vulnerability to industrial advances has been addressed, women have taken far more serious steps than men to protect the environment.Farhad Hassanzadeh's novel "Hasti" is the story of a teenage girl who is forced to leave her hometown with her family in the early days of the war against Iraq. This novel, in addition to being focused on the effects of war on girls and women, shows that the author's attention is drawn to environmental concerns.

Novel is an important branch of children's and adolescents’ literature. The events resulting from the stages of growth, physical and mental maturity, crisis of individuality, love and various conflicts of this age are some of the topics raised in adolescents’ novels. In this particular literary genre, the conflict of the adolescent character in the story is depicted with the outside world or the world inside him, which is usually associated with the process of intellectual development. Eventually, the hero of the story must find a way to cope or overcome her/his crises. The fantasy novel is one of the most suitable ways to acquaint the adolescent audience with these external and internal conflicts. The importance of fantasy for adolescents is to communicate with their subconscious. Fantasy stories, without direct expression, in a symbolic context, makes the reader delve into her/his unconscious and confront her/his fears, anxieties and failures. Many characters, places and events in the fantasy world can arise from her/his conflicted psyche or repressed desires.From this point of view, fantasy can be measured with dreams and the rules governing the interpretation and the decoding of dreams can be applied to it, something similar to the work of psychotherapists. With this method, the author can introduce the injuries and tensions deposited in the subconscious of the character of the story. Fantasy can be called the dream of the waking world.

Recreation is the most innovative possibility in the field of adaptation: the way and the material of confrontation, digestion, transformation and appropriation of the great and previous text(s) by the author or creator allows a divergent and different creation. In this respect, the recreated text is secondary, but not second-rate. It embodies repetition and otherness at the same time. By presenting definitions, capabilities, and possibilities of new creation, this study analyzes the reasons for stagnation, inertia, and the limitation of new creation in children's and young adult literature in Iran. It shows that the perception of tradition as something outdated, the didactic-moral orientation in the creation of texts, the ignoring of various philosophical, mythological, religious, and historical texts, etc., the ignorance of the importance of the story/novel in transforming experiences, enjoyment and improving creative thinking of children and young people, and the consideration of the audience as an object of the generation, i.e. the consideration of the audience as passive and inactive, which has reduced recreation in Iran to changing the point of view, characters, place and time, tone, ending, etc. After analyzing the reasons for this stagnation and time marking, this study shows the expansion, capacity, multi-layered (nested) and eclectically intertwined aspects of western youth novels by comparing Iranian and non-Iranian youth novels. These novels have benefited from various intellectual, epistemological, and artistic texts and sources as well as from one statement, allegory, idea, or main theme.

Mysticism, as a universal concept, has different definitions and manifestations in the east and the west. But they all consider the presence of a pious and exemplary Pir necessary to guide the person in a spiritual journey. The present paper examines the concept of Pir from a mystical perspective in two Iranian and non-Iranian adolescent novels (Arman Arian’s Ashvazdangahe and J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings). Many researchers have considered mysticism in literary works written for adults, but few work have exclusively investigated this topic in adolescent literature, especially in a comparative manner. To do so, the present paper, first provides a definition for Pir and its characteristics, and then, studies its representations in the above mentioned adolescent novels using a descriptive and analytical lens. The paper compares the character of Pir in terms of his abilities and knowledge, the issue of submission and authority, the method of guidance and education, and the purpose of this spiritual journey. Based on the findings, we recognized that cultural and linguistic differences cause a significant difference in representations of this central concept in mysticism. Such differences arise from the differences between two God-centered and human-centered worldviews in mysticism. These two novels, then, can be seen as representations of Islamic mysticism whose ultimate goal, after self-knowledge, is self-devotion and reaching God, and postmodern mysticism (new esotericism) whose purpose is to cultivate the inner forces of the wayfarer to overcome the dark forces within.

Considering human as an embodied perceiver and body as a socio-cultural phenomenon; cultural body, physical shape and behavior, holy and impure body, object-body, subject-body, etc. were proposed and valuated in different discourses. Julia Kristeva’s abjection theory deals with language, subject, and the impure/ abject relationship. Abjection is the process of ejecting something considered unclean by the subject and with this scheme she tries to defend her subjectivity’s sanctum, a subjectivity created by lingual ejections and dejections. Since the impure/ abject always exists in some way, there always exists the tension between subject and impurity. In-process subject makes connections with her body, others, or other objects in language and through language. The present article considering body experience in sociology discourse deals with Kristeva’s abjection theory and object-body of subject/ girls in Farhad Hassanzadeh’s “Hasti”, Fariba Dindar’s “Dear Squirrelfish”, and Shadi Khoashkar’s “Diaries of the Back of the Class Tree” novels. It shows how symbolic order/ thing portrays subjects/ girls’ bodies during puberty and especially when faced with menstrual blood as unholy, impure, and unclean. The belief to the objectiveness of body is appeared in/to forms and attitudes such as subjects’ nausea, secrecy, rejection, escape, denial, panic, and shame. The new body situation is ejected and pushed to the side as the impure. This abjection both denies the teenager the possibility of body’s common and reasonable living during teen hood and keeps her in the fear and anxiety of the manner of escaping from this impurity.

Intertextuality as one of the methods in art criticism has been considered in recent years. For this critical approach, which seeks to examine the effects of texts on each other, various methods have been identified, the most important of which can be seen in the views of Bakhtin, Kristeva, Barthes, Genette and Rifatter. Gerard Genette, meanwhile, has carefully described the various types of intertextuality, namely "Arch textuality", "Paratextuality", "metatextuality" and "hyper textuality". Jamshid Khanian is one of the well-known writers of children and adolescent literature who pays special attention to the choice of subject and narrative methods. For this reason, his works are always considered by critics and audiences. He has researched the relationship between cinema and literature, and in choosing the subject, theme and characters of some of his novels, he has been influenced by selected works of Iranian and world cinema. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to examine the intertextual relationship between the two novels "The Dwarf Emperor of Lilliput Land" and "Edson Arants Donasimento and His Himalayan Rabbit" and two world-famous works entitled " The fabulous destiny of Amelie Poulain " and " Inglorious Basterds ". The results show that there is a relationship between Khanian's novels and the mentioned films in terms of selecting the main and sub-characters and their actions, narrative methods, elements and objects. A relationship that can be evaluated under the two types of "Arch textuality" and "hyper textuality".

Awareness of the nature of language construction, human focus on the nature of human sciences and knowledge and their critique and analysis in the form of Meta Post, Anti, the collapse of metanarratives and the transcendence of established patterns and rules paved the way for the formation of metanarratives as ontological narrative of postmodern man.considering the similarity and homogeneity of the nature of metanarrative, Deconstruction, play, suspension, uncertainty, stability, etc., the present article explores and analyzes three teenager novels of "The Emperor of Words" by Ahmad Akbarpour, "When Moji Was Lost" by Hamid Reza Shahabadi, and " Edson Arantes do Nascimento and His Himalayan Rabbit" by Jamshid Khanian with the life of a teenager who is himself in a threshold position and experiences and lives the mentioned characteristics more and more accurately than any age period. Three teenager novels were reread and analyzed on two levels, meta-narrative frame-breaking at the level of the author and the world of fiction. Relying on revealing the techniques of story writing, author-narrator-character-audience participation, the narrative pattern of narration, three-way dialogue, historiographical and intertextuality meta narrative shows that how these components advance the story in a context of constant uncertainty, suspense, and transformation that leads to endings such as a complete rewriting of the story, the author retreating from his or her intellectual position and author acknowledging his/her disability and helplessness.

The title as a contextual factor plays an important role in attracting the audience and reading the text. This component is doubly important and valuable in adolescent fiction. The title of the work must be chosen artistically in order to display the quality of the text. The importance of choosing a title for children's and adolescents' fiction is doubly important according to their needs and age conditions. Given the growth and development of cyberspace and computer games that are available to children and adolescents today, child writers must be creative in choosing the title, theme and theme of the story in order to compete with the virtual world. Encourage children to read and read stories. One of the creative tricks in attracting the audience is choosing the right title for the work. A title that encourages the child to read the story. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the descriptive function of the titles of the novels of Hasti, call me Ziba and the romances of Younes in the belly of a fish based on Gerard Genet's extra-textual and intra-textual theory. The titles of these novels have been studied and analyzed based on Gerard Genet. Theory and descriptive functions (thematic, ironic, metaphorical, etc.).

Research method and research history

The research method is qualitative analysis of the content of the works and the method of collecting information is in the form of library documents. No independent research has been done on the Analysis of the titles of adolescent novels based on the descriptive functions of Gerard Genet; but there have been studies on the subject of fiction and novels that point to some of the most important issues. Absolutely Maadikhah and Namvar (2013) in his master's thesis entitled "The context of the title and the title as the threshold of the text in cinema with emphasis on the works of Abbas Kiarostami" based on Gerard Genet's views on the vision of the text, "Title And "title" of the film are introduced as types of context that play an important role in how the audience reads the text of the work. Namvar Motlagh (2009) in the article on the title of Iranian works of art and literature, a semiotic study of the title of art from the fourth to the twelfth century, with a semiotic approach, the titles of literary and architectural works of Iranian culture from the fourth century AH. He studied until the end of the Safavi period and then points to the economic role of modern titles. Salehi, Sara et al. (1398) in the article "Study of the titles of war stories in the field of children and adolescents, addressed the category of titles in terms of structure and content. The results of this study showed that the structure of titles in the 60's is simpler than combined; as we distance ourselves from the war, the titles become more artistic, and the themes of the titles pay more attention to the time of the war than to the front or nostalgia for the war.

Hasti and call me Ziba novels by Farhad Hassanzadeh and Younes's love novels in the belly of a fish by Jamshid Khanian have been selected for review. The titles of these novels have been studied and analyzed based on Gerard Genet theory. First, a summary of the novels is presented, and then the titles of the novels are analyzed based on Genet's theory and descriptive approach. According to Genet, the title of the novel has a function of identity. The title of the story includes the life of a teenage girl named Hasti. The character of the universe is present and plays a role in all scenes. From the point of view of Genet, the title of Younes's romance novel in the belly of a fish is an extra-textual title. This refers to mythical elements and characters. The subject of the novel also has a mystical and spiritual aspect. Younes' love for Sarah is a guiding and transcendental love. In terms of Gerard's descriptive functions, the title of the novel Call Me Ziba is a thematic title. "Thematic titles that represent the theme and are presented in different ways" (Zhou, 1394: 4). The title of the novel indicates the situation of people who have been neglected due to mental illness and now frustrated and helpless; they seek a way out of this situation.

The study and analysis of the titles of adolescent novels based on Gerard Genet. perimeter theory and different functions of the title (descriptive, identity, absorption, etc.) showed that the artistic choice of the title has a great effect on encouraging the audience to read the text and story. Among the works reviewed, Younes's romance novel in Fish Belly, based on Genet's theory, has an extra-textual title and a thematic function. An extra-textual title is a title that also refers to the world outside the text and leaves the understanding of part of the message of the story to the background of the audience's mind. The words of Younes and the belly of the fish are reminiscent of the story of Younes for the audience. While the story of the novel is a narrative of spiritual and transcendental love, the symbolism of Younes' character, his symbolic death and his departure from the belly of the fish, which symbolizes the dark and material world, have revealed the extra-textual aspects of the work. The title of this novel, unlike the other two novels, has other functions such as absorption and metaphorical function. The title of the novel is a title of identity. Identity card shows the work and identity of the fictional character.

The purpose of the current study was to identify features of national identity in translational and non-translational children’s literature and analyze the contribution of these texts to identity formation of Iranian children. For the purpose of this study, 16 translational and non-translational realistic young adult novels, 8 translational and 8 non-translational, that were published in Iran were scrutinized thoroughly to extract instances of national identity. The instances were extracted based on ethnic-civic categorization of national identity features which is a combination of two taxonomies of the civic and ethnic features of national identity provided by Smith (1991). The extracted instances were carefully analyzed and compared to reach a conclusion. The results of the study revealed that Iranian children’s exposure to features of non-Iranian national identity is twice the number of their exposure to features of Iranian national identity. Furthermore, only some of the aspects of national identity are introduced to children through novels. In fact, the low frequency of some elements of national identity, including economic, ideological, political and legal features, shows that the more complicated aspects of national identity are marginalized in these texts. The study showed that young adult novels have modest contribution to Iranian children’s national consciousness.

Immigration is one of the most familiar notions in the contemporary world, which has changed the lives and narratives of many people. The quality of this experience is quite different for young adults in comparison with the adults. This study examines the representations of immigration and diaspora, and issues related to them, in Iranian young adult novels. As the findings show, forced immigration due to war and insecurity, refuge, exile and transnational immigration are present in Iranian young adult novels. Metaphorically, moving to a world of fantasies can also be seen as a form of immigration. The presence of immigration is sometimes shown through the absence of immigrants; moreover, the effects of immigration on their relatives should be noticed. The Iranian young adult novel has only recently begun to pay attention to diaspora and the multicultural literature. In most of these narratives, the experience of diaspora is tied to war. Immigration inside Iran is more reflected rather than emigration to other countries and turning to multicultural challenges. In these novels, the host society mostly accepts immigrants as an inferior other if they accept the host culture. Young adult diasporic narratives attach particular importance to creating and redefining identity, and show the efforts of immigrants in finding the borders of the self in a new condition. Violence, abandonment, displacement and the challenges of young adult immigrants are represented as well. Extended Abstract1.IntroductionThis study examines the representations of diaspora and issues related to it in Iranian young adult novels. Different kinds of diaspora have been investigated in these novels as well. Diaspora is not a single word or just an event. It includes diverse basic notions. Immigrants not only travel from one place to another, but also travel across cultures, and all material and mental relations of their lives are redefined due to this departure. They need to tie their identity to new things, find a rational relation between homeland and the host country and fix their place in a new land. Clarifying the borders of the self and the other and making an effort to deal with a new culture in the absence of the former identical elements lead to many challenges for immigrants. 2.Theoretical FrameworkYouth is a strong metaphor for moving through cultures and places. In contrast to adults, young adults react in a different way when facing diaspora as they might have different feelings and experiences. On the one hand, their challenges and difficulties seem greater, and on the other, their flexibility, acceptance of the other, being on a border line and having less experience and nostalgia, enable them contact more efficiently with other cultures. The process of adaptation to a new place is associated with constructing a new life and identity. Confusion and the concern with an unconstructed new identity put the immigrant in a threshold situation. In a world in which migration, asylum and displacement due to geographical, political and economic urgencies, as well as the search of a better life, are on the rise, teens need a literature that can oscillate between different cultures, similar to the fluctuation of immigrants between homeland and the host country and the ambivalence of young adults in relation to multiple identities. Young adult literature is of use to diaspora in different aspects. By reflecting the situation, difficulties and possibilities of immigration, diaspora literature, which can be included in the category of multicultural literature, helps young adult immigrants to know their new situation better, to deal with it more appropriately and to know that they are not alone in this experience. In addition, it portrays the feelings, thoughts and difficult condition of immigrants and can arouse the empathy of the host-society’s members and change their views about immigration. This type of literature familiarizes young readers with a new range of experiences and teaches them intercultural dialogue, or at least being tolerant in their encounter with the other. 3.MethodologyUsing a descriptive analytical approach, this article has categorized the types of diaspora in Iranian young adult novels by analyzing all available young adult diasporic narratives. Through classifying the types, the paper discusses the distinction between the approaches of young adult and adult narratives to diaspora. 4.Discussion and AnalysisMost Iranian diasporic narratives are tied to the Iran-Iraq war and can be put in the category of internal migrations. Displacement, loss of home, belongingness and being isolated in the host country due to ethnicity and race are the most dominant themes of these novels. The analysis and interpretations of the novels have been arranged through subtitles like forced immigration due to war and insecurity, refuge, exile, transnational immigration, presence of immigration in the absence of immigrants, gypsies’ diaspora and emigration to a world of fantasies. Migration is a threshold situation and many people may experience it by force or choice. Adolescence is also a threshold situation and trying to stabilize one’s identity and status happens for both teenagers and immigrants similarly. The immigration of adolescents doubles the threshold situation, even though the fluidity of identity facilitates living in a new place for adolescents. Young adult novels reflect identity challenges in the confrontation with the other, and introduce the experiences of immigrants, and the difficulties and possibilities of immigration to young readers. One of the most prominent challenges is how to deal with love. Adolescent relationships usually involve romantic love and sexual attraction. Emotional relationship with someone in a similar condition seems like a haven for teenagers to survive mental health crises and traumas caused by diaspora. 5.ConclusionAlthough multicultural narratives and different types of diaspora, including displacement, transnational diaspora, and refuge have become a common theme in European and American young adult literature in the twenty first century, Iranian young adult novels have only recently begun to pay attention to diaspora and multicultural literature. Immigration inside Iran is more reflected rather than migration to other countries which represent multicultural challenges and the gap between homeland and the host country more deeply and clearly. Translated literature in Persian compensates for the deficiency of diaspora narratives to some extent, but the most common type of diaspora in Iranian young adult literature is internal forced migration due to the Iran-Iraq war. The more recent migrations to Iran from Afghanistan and Pakistan and the increasing emigration of Iranians to other countries have been missed as a trend. In some of the few novels which reflect migration out of Iran, a negative image of leaving the homeland has been presented, and the narratives of several million Iranian emigrants have been ignored in a discursive silence. Representing internal migration during the war has also ideological justification. In this type of migration, displacement, ethnic and racial inequalities, and estrangement make the migrants suffer, so their main concern is to return to the home they have been forced to leave. Iranian young adult literature has reluctantly accepted immigrants to Iran, including Afghans and members of other nationalities. Gypsy travelers, migrants forever, have been marginalized totally and their different life-style has not drawn the attention of writers for young readers. Diaspora studies are new in Iranian children and young adult literature and the present can be a point of departure for broader and even comparative studies in this field. As diaspora narratives form in fluctuation and fusion of the self/other cultures, studies on migration inevitably fluctuate between cultures. Select BibliogrphyAkbarkermaninejad, Ali. 1397 [2018]. Jadou-ye Hezar Parandeh. Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi Publishing Company.Akrami, Jamalodin. 1395 [2016]. Shab be Kheir Torna. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults.Baxter, Kent. 2011. “Immigration Narratives in Young Adult Literature; Crossing Borders.” Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 36/4: 482-484.Clifford, Elizabeth and Maya Kalyanpur. 2011. “Immigration Narratives: Power, Difference, and Representation in Young-Adult Novels with Immigrant Protagonists.” International Journal of Multicultural Education 13/1: 1-20.Hasanzadeh, Farhad. 1389 [2010]. Hasti. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults.Jahangirian, Abbas. 1391 [2012]. Jang keh Tamam Shod Bidaram Kon. Tehran: Ofogh. Kalra, Virinder S., Raminder Kaur and Johan Hutnyk. 2005. Diaspora and Hybridity. London: Sage Publications.Kartiningsih, Rindrah. 2017. “Am I a Christian yet?: A Diasporic Persian Liminality Portrayed in Pary Mansouri’s ‘No, I Was Not Dreaming’.” Proceedings of Literary Studies Conference (LSC5). Universitas Sanata Dharma. 88-90.Khanian, Jamshid. 1389 [2010]. Asheghaneh-ha-ye Yunes dar Shekam-e Mahi. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults.Nel, Philip. 2018. “Migration, Refugees, and Diaspora in Children’s Literature.” Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 43/4: 357-362.

Adolescence is an important period of life because of the dramatic changes that occur in a person's sexual, emotional, and cognitive issues. Hormonal changes, complementation of the sexual organs, and facial changes bring about special conditions that increase adolescent susceptibility and vulnerability. If parents and education authorities give teens the necessary training, the potential risks of this course will be reduced Love is one of the emotions that appear during this period and become the main teenage thought The kind of representation of love in novels written for a teen audience, Helps the teenager understand and manage this problem. Farhad Hassanzadeh is one of the authors who has addressed this issue in his works. In this descriptive-analytic study, the representation of love based on Robert Sternberg's model is studied. The results show that except for a complete relationship, one-sided love, which is manifested in the absence of love on one side and stupid love on the other, romantic love and affection are seen more in Farhad Hassanzadeh's stories than in other types of loveAdolescent Novel, Sexual Maturity, Emotional Maturity, Robert Sternberg Model, Farhad Hassanzadeh

Ever since Brian McHale emphasized the modern epistemological and ontological element in the separation of the modern novel from the postmodern novel, the subject of the dominant element has been considered in most postmodern research. McHale believed that in modern novels the dominant element is epistemological issues. Postmodern novels, on the other hand, pay more attention to ontological issues. Epistemology is a part of philosophical knowledge that has gained special importance during the last three centuries and its subject is the study of the issue of cognition and its characteristics. McHale believed that modern novels address questions in both content and structure that revolve around the issue of cognition. Questions such as how is cognition achieved? Where is the scope of awareness? What is the structure of knowledge? The novel "The Great Magician's Conversation with the Queen of the Colorful Islands" tells the story of a day in the life of a teenager named Rahi who becomes a guest of a family that has lost its child. In this work, the author has made the subject of cognition the subject of narration both in content and structure. The present study has used a descriptive-analytical method to study the dominant epistemological element in this novel. The results show that in this work, Khanian has examined the characteristics, conditions and scope of cognition by using approaches such as the function of linguistic signs in the matter of consciousness, the issue of intentionality and the subject of dynamics in consciousness.

The study of relationships between texts is one of the approaches to the study of literary works through which important information can be obtained from the text. Among the various literary theories that have dealt with the relationship between texts, transtextuality analyzes the text in this respect. This theory was first proposed by Gerard Genette, a French theorist and structuralist. Transtextuality has five forms: Paratextuality, intertextuality, architextuality, metatextuality, and hypertextuality, and includes an extensive study of relationships of a text with its para-elements, previous or contemporary texts, texts that have criticized and interpreted and have taken a step towards confirming or denying it; moreover, it includes the relationship of a text to the genre or genres in which the text is formed, and finally to the texts from which the text is taken. Farhad Hassanzadeh is a prolific writer with a specific style in children and young adult literature who has over 80 works on various subjects. He has received numerous national and international awards. Among his important and famous works, we can mention This Weblog Is Being Turned Over, Namaki And the Spectacled Snake, The Moonlight Guest, Call me Ziba, etc. This study intends to read Farhad Hassanzadeh's The Bambak Ship’s Scorpions through intertextuality which is one of the five forms of transtextuality and to identify the pretexts of interest to the author. In the following, it will be clear that the author has chosen the pretexts of the work purposefully and these pretexts have been effective in selecting some elements of the story. The author has also taken special care in using pretexts of popular culture such as proverbs and allusions, popular songs of the time, and slogans of the revolution. For this reason, the presence of this pretext in the work has a high frequency.

Stories that are told to teenagers are one of the referable resources for them to better understand the accepted frames of society .These works can also increase their decision-making ability to solve the challenges of entering youth and adulthood. This research is a descriptive-analytical research using David Howarth`s social discourse analysis and Erving Goffman`s theory, analyzes and examines the novel by the Eperatoore Kalamat by Ahmad Akbarpour. Selecting theories about social and sociological discourse analysis is why it is possible to properly analyze the position a writer holds for adolescents. In the opinion of the author of the novel, because adults have more awareness and experience than adolescents are allowed to set paths for teenagers. But in order to follow this path, it is necessary to gain the trust of the teenager by giving him partial decisions and asking him for opinion. These novel describe teenage problems with older adults and adult mistakes in treating teenagers, but they know the key to the communication between these two age groups in the hands of adults and the behavior of teenagers completely dependent on the behavior of older people around them.

Motifs are regarded as elements, concepts, names, symbols, and ideas that are present in literary and artistic forms as important themes of the text and are preferably centered on a single work or works by a single author. By examining several works by an author, we may find a motif that is present in many ways in all of his works, and is a kind of mental concern of the author that for whatever reason he paid particular attention to that motif. This article is an in-depth look at how the presence and function of the "heroic" motifs in five teenage novels by Mohammad Reza Yousefi. Theoretical Topics This paper is primarily concerned with defining a motif and a brief history of the studies related to this literary element and examines, in the applied field, the essential role and function of this motif in this author's works. According to the results, Yousefi has deliberately utilized this motif in all of these works and his attention to these elements is a kind of mental concern. The way he has often used to illustrate the importance of flavoursome elements is by first setting a goal for the characters in the story, then using that flawed element to accomplish that goal in order to emphasize the important role of these elements. By analyzing five novels, this study reveals the positive function and essential role of the clerical elements in advancing the goals of the story and opening their story nodes.