جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « معنی شناسی شناختی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The present study aims to analyze the verb “bastan” (to close) using cognitive semantics. The meanings of “bastan” have been collected using library method, extracted from dictionaries including Sokhan, Dehkhoda, Sadri Afshar's Persian Dictionary, Persian Spoken Variety, and the Etymological Dictionary of the Persian Language. This data was used for comparative analysis. In this research, a qualitative research method has been used to describe the meanings and to determine if there is a relationship among them using the image schema theory in cognitive semantics, specifically the models proposed by Evans and Greene, Evans and Evans. The analysis of the schematic meanings of the verb “bastan” showed that out of 26 meanings, 11 are force schemas, indicating an obstacle of a physical or abstract nature, and 18 are link(age) schemas, either physical or abstract. In one case, in addition to the mentioned schema, a splitting schema was considered. Etymological considerations show that the verb “bastan” originates from a single root in its current form: -band in ancient Persian, bandh (badhnāti) in Sanskrit, and -band in Avesta. This matter does not allow the existence of two different unrelated schema, because the connection between meanings will be lost. This research argues that associative schemas show the relationship between the various meanings of the polysemic verb “bastan”.

The present study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their method of conceptualization among Persian compound verbs based on cognitive semantics approach in metaphor analysis. The research method is descriptive-analytical and corpus-driven. Data collection was done through Sokhan's 8-volume dictionary as well as Persian language database. The research data consists of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, for each of which 50 current Persian language combinations were examined and analyzed. In fact, the objective of the authors is to analyze the types of conceptual metaphors and their frequency as well as to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs .The main objective of the current research is to answer the following questions: 1. How is metaphorical conceptualization formed in Persian compound verbs? 2. Which of the common conceptual metaphors has a higher frequency of occurrence? The results showed that in this corpus there are five domains of  source, object, container, human being and material, which all belong to ontological metaphors are with a big difference (especially  in comparison with the first two domains) the  most frequent source domains  in this corpus of Persian.

Metaphor has a long history and a high position in Persian literature. Literature is a social phenomenon and the connection between literature and society is undeniable. The present research has tried to investigate the difference in the use of upper and lower spatial metaphors in four different works by male and female authors in four decades. In order to show how spatial metaphors are used in these works and whether the influence of society's conditions in the emergence and the application of spatial metaphors is concrete. For this purpose, novels from the 60s Nakhlhaye Bisar, 70s Roye Mahe Khodavand ra Bebos, 80s Cheraghha ra Man Khamosh Mikonam and 90s Paeiz Fasle Akhare sal Ast were selected and were analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way according to Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and in the framework of cognitive semantics. The body of the research is the sentences from all four novels, which were analyzed. The findings showed that the amount of high metaphors is used more in the works of female authors, lived experiences play a role in the use of metaphors and high metaphors do not always have a happy meaning and low metaphors do not always have a sad meaning.

The interaction between body and culture is one of the significant topics in cognitive semantics. The present interdisciplinary research, focusing on the embodiment factor, tries to examine the existing conceptualizations in both Persian and English through a cognitive approach and based on the physiological characteristics of the respiratory system and skin in holistic medicine. Therefore, referring to the special position of the lungs in Greek/Iranian holistic medicine as the receiver of respiratory pneuma, in traditional Chinese medicine as the place of the corporal soul, and in Indian medicine (Ayurveda) as an organ adjacent to the heart chakra, the authors try to investigate the biological motivation of the metonymy-based metaphors related to the respiratory system. Despite the slight differences in the metaphorical expressions, the findings of this research show an extraordinary convergence in the conceptualizations and the metaphorical narration of the function of the lung and the organ related to it, i.e. the skin, in which speech is a precious soul/object, inspiration is a blowing soul, and love is breathing in the air of a lover. Also, the skin is a protective armor, and a vessel for the soul. In short, the data analysis shows that knowing the various biological characteristics of organs and their functions based on holistic philosophy and medicine is a suitable platform for identifying the biological origin of biological metonymies, which can be a justification for making relatively identical metaphors.

One of the topics raised in cognitive linguistics is the topic of radial network. The purpose of this study aimed to comparison of the learning process of prepositions (from, in, to and with) from the perspective of the radial network in children of age group A and B by the theory of stages of child development and language learning. In should be mentioned that the radial network has not been sufficiently focused on by cognitive linguistics. The results of this research can have a great impact on children's fiction literature and fiction writers in the field of children can use the results of this research. The present study was descriptive _analytical in the theoretical framework of cognitive semantics. The statistical population includes 40 children from 2 and 9 years. To collect the data, children's natural speech was used the field method (Instagram videos). The research results show that the preposition "to" with the meaning of addressing someone has the highest frequency in age groups A and B. From the point of view of Bruner's cognitive theory, children in age group A are in the stage of movement and image representation and in age group B are in the stage of symbolic representation. A radial network is a term used to describe a collection of words that are interconnected through their meanings, concepts, and expressions. These words possess multiple definitions and are categorically related radially. Within this framework, a single meaning is designated as the primary or archetypal meaning, while alternative meanings are situated around it, akin to rays radiating out from a central, exemplary core.

Polysemy is a phenomenon in which a lexical item is usually associated with two or more meanings that seem to be related in some way. The current research aims to conduct semantic research on a limited body of language in order to obtain a generalizable result. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method and using the cognitive lexical semantics approach of Tyler and Evans (2003), the authors have extracted and analyzed the different meanings of 7 prepositions of time (wӕrӡӕ,Ɂӕre, nǝzik, dӕ, dǝma, dǝj, ta) in Ilami Kurdish language which were extracted from the daily speech of the people and Ilami Kurdish dictionary. Finally, it was found that the cognitive semantics approach is a very suitable method to investigate the prepositions of time in the Ilami Kurdish language, and the results showed that in these prepositions, several concepts are organized in relation to a central concept and we showed that all these concepts are systematically derived from the first concept according to the criteria of Tyler and Evans. In such a way that proposition(wӕrӡӕ) just has one central meaning, but propositions (Ɂӕre, nǝzik, dӕ) beside the central meaning have another meaning and propositions (dǝma, dǝj, ta) beside the central meaning have two other related meanings.

The present article deals with the study of polysemy of the verb /bǝrin/ 'Cutting', /sǝzyân/ 'Burning', as action verbs in kalhori Kurdish dialect based on cognitive semantic approach. Data collection was done in a library-field manner. The linguistic corpus used in this research includes common sentences, proverbs and works of Kalhori Kurdish poets. By examining the data based on the concepts of cognitive semantics, 35 meanings were identified for the verb /bǝrin/, 11 meanings for the verb / sǝzyân / were identified. Semantic relationships between these verbs were examined, the collocation of action verbs with organs was seen in two Kalhori kurdish verbs. The collocation of these verb with the essential components, including the organs of the body, with special words in the Kurdish dialect of kalhori, has a great effect on conveying the meaning of the verbs. The action verbs in question did not have a common meaning with the "head" member, have had an impact. Among these two verbs /bǝrin/ has the highest number of meanings and the most idiomatic usage.

Johnson and Lakoff consider conceptual metaphors as mappings between two domains called source and target domain. The function of these mappings is to objectify the abstract concepts of the target domain through the schemas of the source domain. The purpose of this research is to classify death-awareness stories based on "rebirth" in children's literature. In this regard, paying attention to the metaphor "death is a journey," this article seeks to answer how the schema-images of "journey" work in the conceptualization of "rebirth" and "resurrection." The method of this research is analytical-descriptive, and its statistical population is children's stories with the theme of rebirth and resurrection for the demographic group of early childhood. The result of this research shows that, according to the up/down orientational metaphor and the "path" scheme, the mentioned stories are divided into four categories: resurrection without transcendence, resurrection with transcendence, transfiguration with transcendence, and the chain of renewal. The above categories are also classified into subcategories. For the first time in Iran, this research examines reversible deaths with a cognitive semantics approach.

Conceptual blending is a creative application to explain concepts that go beyond simply combining structures and raw data. The present article tries to examine its effectiveness in news headlines of newspapers in different genres by referring to the theory of conceptual blending. For this purpose, 1000 news headlines from the Donyaye Eghtesad newspaper in the economic genre, 1000 news headlines from the Ebtekar newspaper in the political genre, as well as 1000 headlines from the Hadaf Varzeshi newspaper have been examined. The headlines with conceptual blending were identified in them and also their type and number were explained and drawn by drawing a grid. Out of 1000 news headlines examined in each genre, 240 in the economic genre, 160 in the political headline and 80 in the sports headline are in line with the theory of blending. According to the results, it seems that due to the intertwining of people's daily lives with the economy, the use of blending in the economic genre is more than the other two genres, and among the blending types, the single-scope type has a higher frequency than the other types in all three genres. Double-scope type blending has been observed due to its more complex structure than the lower frequency single-scope blending. It was also found that simple type blending has very low frequencies in all three genres. In the study of news headlines, due to the association-orientation mechanism of the type of mirrors, there are very few of them in each genre.

In semantics cognitive of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), metaphor is one of the abstract conceptions of thought and language. Metaphor is an active process in cognitive system and is one of the main ways of human perceptions from surrounding environment. This research is to explaine the available concepts of Turkish speakers in using flowers in daily conversatios and specify their views to these concepts and phenomenons of flowers names, also their sourse and destination domain. The data of this research was collected by interviewing from 30 Turkish speakers which finally 13 useful flowers names were considered and their sourse and destination domains were presented; also, the cultural attitude of the speakers towards the names of the flowers was shown through conceptualization and categorization by drawing diagrams. The research findings indicate that the names of the flowers have entered the Turkish language and speakers use them to describe someone or something metaphorically; so that the use of these words has a relatively higher frequency of occurrence compared to other natural phenomena. This research can be useful for linguists, translators of Turkish to Persian languages and vice versa, poets and writers.

Cognitive semantics reaches how the mind works and human experience in understanding concepts through language by studies the meaning. The summary of this approach is that metaphor is not just a linguistic issue; the main origin of metaphor is the mind, but for its emergence, it needs appropriate linguistic, cultural, and social contexts, and the relationship between metaphor and mind, society, and culture is a two-way relationship. Metaphors help abstract areas to be understood based on objective areas. Image schemas are among the conceptual structures that have been paid attention to in this field and are made with a metaphorical foundation to be considered as a bridge for the relation between our physical experiences and more complex cognitive domains and help to understand concepts that are essentially immeasurable. The present study has aimed to analyze the spatial metaphors and volume, movement and power schemas in the sonnets of "Hossein Monzavi" using the descriptive-analytical method and referring to the theory of cognitive semanticists. The findings of the study show that Monzavi used image schemas to visualize concepts such as: love, doubt, desire, hatred, sadness, endurance, happiness, madness. His conceptual metaphors show that love, madness, drunkenness, shame and kindness have a high place in the poet's mental world and in his lived culture; Love is one of the powerful forces in his thought and dominates everything, and after love, division, fate and sadness are at a high level in terms of power.

The present study examines some Arabic Animal proverbs based on the Conceptual Blending Theory of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) in the framework of cognitive semantics. Anderson's (2013) Cognitive Proverb Model claims that proverb meaning is the result of a number of conceptual blending through which base meaning and then situational and performance meanings are constructed. Anderson's model can justify the presence of linguistic, cultural, social and situational elements in proverbs. In this research, six Arabic Animal proverbs have been selected and analyzed according to Anderson (2013) Model through a descriptive-analytic research method. The results show that the meanings of education, sermon, decree, etc. are the result of three blending processes. In the beginning, ANIMAL-HUMAN spaces are combined and through the metaphorical relationship of HUMAN AS ANIMAL, the first blended space, containing basic meaning is formed. This output is combined with the external situation space and makes the second blend involving situational meaning. Finally, the complete meaning of the proverb is created as an action in the relevant situations.

Considering the importance of conceptualizing the parts of words in the form of corporeality theory in linguistics, the present article discusses the multiple meanings of parts of words (head, hair, ears, lips, throat, neck, stomach, chest, nail, leg, tongue, knee, shoulder, mouth, rib, tooth, nose, eye, blood, liver, chin, forehead, skin, beard, breast, armpit, finger, heart, arm, hand) in idioms and proverbs Persian has been paid.

To carry out this research in 2010, idioms and proverbs were collected from the books of Kuche Shamalu, Farhan Farhang Amianeh Abul Hasan Najafi, Farhang Sokhan, Farhang Moein, Proverbs and Rule of Dehkhoda, and Farhang Kenayat Mansour Servat, and based on this corpus, Different meanings of words were extracted and analyzed.

It was found that the part of the word "heart" with the number of 269 out of 2010 uses in proverbs with the highest frequency and the parts of the word "arm" and "thumb" with the number of 1 and 2 with the lowest frequency of the whole use of the part of the word They have s in proverbs.

The organ of the word "heart" as the seat of various feelings, emotions and desires such as love and affection, dependence and attachment, affection and kindness, compassion, honesty, regret, discomfort, resentment, anxiety and worry, cruelty and callousness, fear of The work is done. In addition, cognitive processes such as metaphor and permission and cultural knowledge are important factors in the generation of meaning.

Comparative literature is a kind of interdisciplinary research that talks about the interaction between the literatures of nations. Cognitive semantics is one of the methods of studying language and includes a set of theories, among which the visual schemes are the most pivotal. Omar Khayyam is well-known for his literary position and quatrains in this respect. Precisely, due to his poetic taste, he has expressed his philosophical insights in the form of quatrains. Elia Abu Madi, who is known as a unique poet in Arabic literature, has been influenced by Khayyam's worldly viewpoint in philosophical matters. The present study, after providing general definitions on the subject of cognitive semantics in the framework of visual schema theory in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach of the American school, is an attempt to study the effect of philosophical and mystical themes on the movement schemas of the Iranian poet "Omar Khayyam" and "Elia Abu Madi". The results of the research show that the thoughts of the two poets on the movement scheme of the concepts like death and the instability of the times are similar in multiple cases. On the other hand, Nothingness and instability are the hallmarks of Khayyam's movement schemes, but Abu Madi believes in the movement scheme of moving from one place to another. The movement schemes condemn the fear of death and the need to use the moments of life and the philosophy of well-being in the poems of both poets.

The present research provides a cross-cultural study about hand and foot metonomy-based metaphors in Persian and English by means of a semantic analysis. The research method is exploratory and its data includes 32 conventional metaphorical expressions containing hand and foot body terms which are taken from the idioms of The Free Dictionary, and their Persian equivalents are extracted based on Farhang Moaser One-Volume Millennium English-Persian Dictionary (Haghshenas et al., 2002). The research objective is to explain the biological motivation of the metaphors on the basis of holistic medicine. The research findings show that a number of the metaphorical expressions related to hands and feet can be investigated based on their biological origin in the holistic medicine, and the others are schematic and symbolic and formed according to externally visible events and bodily functions. The results indicate that, regarding the same biological origin, we can see relatively similar metonymies, while cultural patterns have created different metaphors in both Persian and English.

One of the issues discussed in the framework of cognitive semantics is the issue of polysemy. One of the fundamental concepts in polysemy is radial categories. In cognitive semantics, a polysemous word forms a category, and the different meanings of that word are assigned to the members of that category. From this point of view, prefixes also have multiple meanings that can be added to their bases. In this regard, in the present study, the polysemy of the prefix /hæm-/ was investigated by relying on the cognitive semantics approach. The methodological nature of this qualitative study was descriptive-analytic, and the data have been collected by library research method including Dehkhoda Dictionary (1995), Mo’in Dictionary (2003) and Amid Dictionary (2011). The findings indicated that the non-verbal prefix /hæm-/ is a polysemous prefix with a range of lexical functions. It’s worth mentioning that this prefix in some cases changes the lexical meaning of the verbal root, and thus creates a distinct lexical element. And also, the results showed that the prefix /hæm-/ consists of five distinctive meaning. Based on factors to determine the prototypemeaning, it was found that among the existing meanings, the meaning of "sharing" is the core or prototypemeaning of the prefix /hæm-/, and four other semantic clusters are formed around this core meaning. Accordingly, the prefix /hæm-/ has formed a category that gathers all its meanings around a core meaning, just like lexical categories.    

Cognitive semantics is a branch of cognitive linguistics which suggests that there are a number of cognitive mechanisms in the minds of humans including image schemas, conceptual metaphors, and conceptual metonymies through which meanings are created. Image schemas are the basic concepts like movement, container and force experienced by human beings from the early days of life and formed in their minds. One of the main claims of cognitive semantics is that abstract thinking roots in human experiences. Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), first proposed in Lakoff and Johnson (1980), believes that the abstract concepts like life are better evoked by concrete and tangible concepts like journey. The former is called a target domain, and the latter is a source domain. There are lots of systematic mappings between these domains. The theory believes that the ubiquity of the systematic mappings between sources and target domains is a proof that our thinking is mostly metaphorical. The important dimension of image schemas is that they provide concrete experiential bases for the construction of some conceptual metaphors. Moreover, conceptual metonymies are mechanisms in which a kind of mental access is provided between two relevant and adjacent entities which are in the same idealized cognitive model (ICM).Time is one of the most important as well as complex abstract concepts that has attracted the attention of many thinkers throughout the history. In both formal and cognitive linguistics, this issue has been studied in literary texts, primarily in narrative texts. The novel Yusef Tadres' Stories (Hikayat Yusef Tadres), winning the Najib Mahfouz Prize (2016), is one of the famous works of Adel Esmat, the Egyptian famous novelist. This story is narrated by Yusef Tadres, the main character of the novel. He is an artist, invoked by many idiosyncratic thoughts, cognitively developed through the passage of time by the aid of his paintings. This research attempts to shed light on the cognitive system of time representation in the story and, at the same time, its conceptualization in the mind of the ego-narrator, according to the cognitive semantics theory. To analyze the temporal elements of this narrative, the researchers tried to use the ideas of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Johnson (1987) as the bases for the identification, categorization and explanation of all the temporal elements in the story. So, all the metaphorical expressions denoting the time concept were extracted from the text. Moreover, the image schemas which represent time elements were identified and recorded. There are some time metonymies in the text that construct the concept of time. These elements were identified and explained in the process of argumentation. The extracted data were used for the analysis of the time representation quality in the text and its conceptualization. The results show that the ego-narrator has used the three mechanisms of image schemas, conceptual metaphors and metonymies. Firstly, since there is a general correlation between time and place concepts, that is, TIME is universally conceptualized as PLACE/SPACE, the text provides such a mapping with the preposition "fi" (in) for the temporal elements. This constructs a kind of spatial identity for the non-spatial elements of time, both through a fundamental image schema of CONTAINER and the metaphors of time like time as SPACE or time as a PATH THAT HUMANS PASSED. Another issue is the conceptualization of time as an OBJECT, evoked by special expressions like small (Saghir), heavy (Thaghil) and pronominal elements like that (Zaleka/Telka). The PATH schema is used in the conceptualization of time. In some cases, time is evoked as a volitional movement in the path, as if TIME IS AN ANIMAL/HUMAN. In these cases time is as a moving object, and humans are static observers. In the conceptual metonymy found here, time is a CONTAINER in which all the events of the story are located and there is a metonymic relation of THE PROPERITIES OF EVENTS FOR EVENTS, as well as THE WHOLE FOR PART in which, for example, a whole day is used for a part of it. This study shows that the novelist conceptualized time as SPACE, PATH, OBJECT, as well as, ANIMATE CREATURE to achieve narratological purposes such as description of the setting of the story, characterizations, and thematic descriptions. At the same time, the conceptual metonymies like THE TIME OF THE EVENT FOR THE EVENT and THE WHOLE TIME FOR PART OF IT are observed and aligned with other conceptualizations. The results suggest that the cognitive semantics theory, among other theories, is potentially capable of analyzing the narrative concepts, conceptualizations and the details of semantic constructions in the story, which can shed light on the subjectivity of the narrator.

The stories, lullabies, and proverbs of a region reflect the purest and deepest emotions, the most subtle thoughts and ideas and the realities of a society. One of characteristics of proverbs is the use of common and familiar words, such as animals’ names, plants, fruits, body parts and colors in referential concepts as well as non-referential and metaphorical ones, which are often with aim of highlighting a positive or negative semantic feature in them and attracting audience to the importance of the subject. The purpose of this study is to investigate the semantic molecules of name of high-frequent animals in proverbs of the Sirjani dialect in terms of semantic molecules. For this purpose, after collecting 950 proverbs of Sirjani dialect, 405 proverbs containing the names of different types of animals were extracted and proverbs of highly-frequent animals with cognitive-semantic approach were studied and several proverbs were mentioned from each animal. The results of data analysis showed that three domestic animals, donkey, dog and camel, respectively, are more frequent and more widely used than other domestic and wild animals in the proverbs. In terms of thematic denotation and function, social subjects are more used than another subjects in the proverbs.

One of the typical areas for examining literary works and comprehending their complex concepts is cognitive studies in the field of semantics in new language research. In the meantime, the idea of image schemas is one of the discoveries of cognitive semantics, which investigates the foundation of the perception of abstract concepts in sensory and organized mental experiences. This idea guides the examination of linguistic-literary works beyond their apparent meanings. This method makes it possible to comprehend the metaphysical meanings of the Holy Quran, a linguistic miracle. This article investigates the Quranic story of Moses and El-Khader based on Johnson's image schemas theory in three levels of volume, power, and movement using the descriptive-analytical method with a linguistic approach to determine the cognitive meanings in the verses. This study demonstrates that image schemas have established a balance between human conceptualization and perception. Among these, volumetric systems are the most prevalent and provide the best language for making sense of abstract ideas. In addition, knowing the schemas facilitates tangible and expansive comprehension of abstract concepts. In addition, coordinating schemas with experiences created by them has significance.

The present descriptive-analytical and corpus-driven study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their conceptualization methods among Persian compound verbs based on the theoretical framework of cognitive semantics. Data were collected through Sokhan's 8-volume dictionary and the Persian language database. The research data consist of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, each of which was examined and analyzed using 50 current Persian language combinations. In fact, the authors seek to analyze different types of cognitive schemas and their frequencies and to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs. Among image schemas, path and container schemas were analyzed in this research. The findings showed that the path schema had a higher frequency than the container schema. In both schemas, four light verbs ("Kardan", "ᶋodan", "Raftan", and "Dadan") had the most cooperation in creating the image schema. In general, verbs such as rushing, passing, and sending, which imply movement and are used in short and long periods depending on the subject of the speech, have a decisive role in the construction of path image schemas. In the construction of container schemas, verbs implying topics, such as being the content of something, having something inside (the heart), being enclosed in a place, and the like, play a pivotal role.