جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "case" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

In ancient Iranian languages (Avestan and Old Persian), in addition to inflectional structure, syntactic relations and semantic roles of the core and local cases would be examined. In these languages, the complements of the verb, which can be nouns, adjectives, or pronouns, are represented through case markers that indicate different roles depending on the verb. The representation of verb complements and the function of cases in the accompaniment of different verbs have not been the attention of researchers in this field, except for brief references- it is better to say that the investigation of this issue has been somewhat neglected in ancient Iranian languages. Therefore, in this article, the complements of one of the commonly used and more frequent roots of the Avestan language- but not of the Old Persian- dā, have been investigated. In the Avestan texts, it is mostly found in the meanings of giving, creating, and setting, and in the Old Persian inscriptions, it means giving and creating. According to the analysis of the sentences containing the root dā, the complements of this root, depending on the meaning and context, are shown by the accusative and dative cases in the Old Persian, and accusative, dative, genitive and locative cases in the Avestan. Either of them has several semantic roles, such as theme/patient, recipient, beneficiary, object complement, goal, and location.

In inflected languages, case labels of distinct genders, being different and representing case and number, can never cover the full range of semantic and other properties of case. The labels primarily act as markers showing important synthetic and semantic properties. They do not have a proven capacity to describe the whole dimensions of the case and its functions. In the area of the case, therefore, labels at least are commonly seen at three levels, namely semantic functions, morphological case, and grammatical relations. Avestan language of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian as an inflected language includes eight grammatic cases by various semantic roles. In the paper, semantic roles of the dative case, one of grammatical cases (or main cases), are studied, consisting of ten roles: recipient, beneficiary, purpose, destination, location, manner, extent, accompany, agent, and attitude. It showed that added grammatical cases can exhibit similar semantic roles of dative case.

Every region’s language and dialect have a main influence on the formation of the people’s worldview and identity, but recently these languages and dialects have been left and ignorance endangered for reasons such as the effect of the standard language and inattention of the native speakers. Therefore, the purpose of this essay presentation is to register and reserve one of these endangered local varieties. In the present study, agreement and case categories as two main elements of morphological alignment typology in the Khorramabad Lori language were surveyed. The method included preparing a 340 sentences questionnaire, interviewing 3 native speakers, registering, recording, transcribing, describing, and analyzing dialectal data, and at the end, eliciting grammatical patterns of the case and agreement categories in this language. Findings revealed that it is a nominative-accusative pattern for agreement and case categories in Lori. Finally, it was deduced that the typological system of morphological alignment is nominative-accusative consistently in the Khorramabad Lori language.

This study is intended to gauge and describe the role of the Kurdish linguistic element (-ow) in a coding object in southern Kurdish. This study is descriptive-analytic in which the data are collected from native speakers through interviews and natural conversations. Based on the linguistic distribution and the provided arguments in this paper, this linguistic element is named an object-marker enclitic. Analyzing the employed data indicates that this object-marker enclitic has, apparently, various roles. It is mainly accompanied by transitive verbs, however, it is found to accompany intransitive verbs as well. As for its distribution, it can both follow and precede object pronominal clitics. However, in a few cases, it is even prefixed to the verb. In terms of its meaning, it has a clear content meaning cross-referencing object in terms of person and number, though it has a fixed form (-ow). It can accompany many simple and complex verbs, though its presence is blocked by many other verbs. It can cross-reference to both definite and indefinite objects. Therefore, it is not sensitive to information distribution. In general, it has various roles of which object-marking and object-doubling are emphasized in this study.

The present study seeks to investigate noun phrase structures and the ordering of their constituents in German. In German, noun phrase dependents can be placed on both sides of the head. This feature adds to the complexity of the order of the noun phrase structure. One of the aims of this study, which is descriptive, is to find out whether the ordering of the constituents on both sides of a noun phrase follows any rules or that such ordering is arbitrary. The results indicate that the constituents which are placed on the left side of the head agree with it, while such agreement does not exist in the constituents on the right side of the head.  The paper also gives some examples of noun phrase structures that are in contrast with the existing categories and determines why these contrasts exist. Finally, we will argue that the reason for some inconsistencies in adjective inflection in a noun phrase is the syntactic order of constituents in the noun phrase.

Ergative construction (EC) as a subtle characteristic of Iranian languages and dialects has massively fostered a large body of research in the literature over previous decades. In this regard, the current study focuses on the morphotactics of the verb construction and the manner through which ergative alignment is formed in Targhy accent of Rajy dialect of which description and explanation of language behavior in the area in question have been entirely overlooked from distributed morphology (DM) viewpoint. Generally speaking, EC, according to Karimi’s (2012a) generalization, in all Iranian and dialects can be classified into two categories. In the first group including North Kurdish and Baluchi, there is an agreement relation between the direct object and the T head represented by a verbal agreement (VA) at the end of the verb. In his proposal, in the EC of the second class including Central Kurdish and Larestani, which based on the current article, Traghy is of their pattern as well, however, there is no agreement in that oblique pronominal clitics (PCLs), which enter as a big DP form in the syntactic derivation, function as interveners, blocking any conceivable agreement between T head and a direct object altogether. Plus, there exists a complementary distribution between Vas and oblique PCLs, Karimi (ibid) says. He asserts, without any agreement relation with T, oblique PCLs just double φ-features of the subject, and the PCLs function as a repair strategy in response to the loss of oblique (here ERG) case marker, whereas EC still exists dynamically. Nonetheless, this article, based on both empirical and theoretical evidence, argues that contra to Karimi’s (2012a) generalization it seems fair to suggest at least in EC of Targhy, which in turn bears the pattern of the second category, there is a genuinely fullfledged agreement in place, while agreement exponents, be it VAs or agreement clitics (ACLs) have no complementary distribution with their oblique PCL counterparts whatsoever.

This essay discusses the typology of case system in four varieties of Turkish language: Azeri, Khalaji, Anatolian and Uzbek Turkish. Case-marking is one of the applied methods to show the grammatical connection between elements of the sentence. It also indicates the grammatical connections between the noun and verb clauses. Theoretical approach of this study is based on Comrie's approach (1989),which has introduced the five types of languages. The data of the study are gathered from the literality texts and fictions in varieties of each language . According to these data, there are six types of case-marking in Turkish language and its dialect's that There are nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative and ablative. The case-marking bound morphemes are presented through suffixes. Transitivity topic is also examined in this research. Since the selected dialects belong to different branches of Turkish language, there are some similarities and differences between them which have been studied typologically.

The issue of noun’s I’rāb has been discussed as case in linguistic theories, and its different patterns and markers have been investigated in the languages of the world. The present study aimed at investigating the systematic patterns of case-marking and their grammatical behavior in Classical and Standard Arabic based on linguistic theories within a typological perspective. Relying on structural and formal criteria (considering the final form of the words), two general patterns in Arabic case-marking are distinguished: a) nouns lacking a number suffix (i.e. single nouns and broken-plurals) make a three-way distinction of case (nominative vs. accusative vs. genitive); and b) nouns having a number suffix (i.e. duals, masculine sound-plurals, and feminine plurals) make a two-way distinction (nominative vs. oblique). The present study seeks to show dominant as well as exceptional patterns in a theory-oriented approach, and at some points, criticizes the Arabic traditional grammars for their analyses, presenting some questions for further analysis in future.

The present study aims at providing a proposal within the framework of the Minimalist Program regarding both the category status of the small clause (SC) and the case marking of its internal noun phrases in the Mokryani Variety of Kurdish. In this article, three hypotheses related to SC have been examined, according to which the mentioned structure is a word projection of its predicate, the inflection group, and the tense phrase. The analyses presented in this article showed that the first hypothesis causes problems in the extended projection principle, case marking, and X-bar theory. In the second hypothesis, in order to meet the requirements of the inflection group, we considered the existence of phonemes without a phonetic manifestation. However, the examination of the empty elements in linguistic constructions showed that they are not in line with the main nature of the Minimalist Program regarding the optimization of linguistic constructions and is contrary to the ‘Economy Principle’. In the final analysis, based on Hiraiwa’s (2001) Multiple Agreement and Chomsky’s (2005, 2006) Inheritance Feature, the syntactic category of the small clause must be treated as a tense phrase.

This study is an investigation of multiple–râ constructions as an instance of so-called split DP in Persian in the Minimalist framework. In principle, DP splitting may give rise to another phenomenon, namely, syntactic doubling. This phenomenon, as its name suggests, involves the occurrence of more than one syntactic marker in a syntactic object. In Persian, this marker is the accusative Case marker –râ. To account for the multiple occurrence of –râ, we follow Kahnemuyipour's (2014) treatment of adjectival Ezafe construction as involving a head final NP. We then analyze split DPs in Persian as a byproduct of topicalization and focalization of inner elements of DPs. So given the Topic and Focus interpretation of syntactic objects in the constructions under investigation and their relative order, we posit TopP and FocP projections in a domain between head D and NumP.  It is worth noticing that in linguistics theorizing the Split DP construction corresponds to split CP as proposed by Rizii (1997(. With respect to accusative Case marker then we adopt Darzi’s (2006) treatment of –râ as the morphological realization of dependent Case in the domain of V + I in Persian. Under Baker and Vinokurova's (2010), Preminger's (2014) and Baker's (2015) proposals, the dependent Case marker appears on a DP which is c-commanded by another DP in a certain domain if the latter is not yet valued for Case. In this respect, finally, we employ the mechanism of subextraction from the main DP as a result of which the extracted element altogether carries other Case marker to a higher DP upon extraction. With regard to nominative Case, after adopting Levin and Preminger’s (2014) proposal, namely, unmarked Case, which in turn appears as a result of the interaction between I/T and being in the domain proposed by Bobaljik (2006,2008) and Darzi (2006), we maintain that subextraction is also accounted for constructions with multiple nominative Case.

Sarhaddi Balochi dialect is a sub-branch of western (Rakhshani) Balochi. The western dialects of Balochi Language are spoken in: “[…] eastern Iran, in pockets in Khorasan and Golestan, then further south in Sistan and in the northern parts of Balochistan around Zahedan and Khash, with varieties often referred to as Sistani […] and Sarhaddi […]” (Jahani and Korn, 2009: 637), among other areas and districs out of Iran.
The present research is going to study the inflectional or morpho-syntactic categories of noun including: number, gender, definiteness, case and possession in Sarhaddi Balochi of Granchin. This synchronic investigation has been carried out based on the corpus collected through a fieldwork in Granchin district located about 35 kms southeast of Khash city in Sistan and Baluchestan province in Iran. The data were gathered via free speech recording and interviewing with 10 illiterate local resident speakers (5 males and 5 females) with an age range of 50-80 years with different social backgrounds.
The results showed that as to number category, Sarhaddi Balochi distinguishes between singular and plural number. In this regard, number is marked as zero morpheme (-Ø) in singular nouns (e.g., /zahg/ “child, son”) and /-ɑn/ in plural nouns (e.g., /zahg-ɑn/. “children, sons”) The plural morpheme is used with all types of nouns (animate , inanimate, countable and uncountable). Similarly, to express plurality, this morpheme is used with loan words (e.g., /wasɑel-ɑn/ from Arabic meaning “means” and the adjectives as noun substitutes (e.g.,/gwanɖ-ok-ɑn/ “the small” a substitute for “kids”) as well. In addition, the category of number is not employed with common nouns and the nouns with a unique reference; in case they take the plural number they have a different meaning. For example /hoʃter/ “camel” is used as a common or general noun and /hoʃter-ɑn/ “camels” in spite of taking the plural form does not refer to the number of camels but is used as a common noun as well, as shown in (1a) and (1b) respectively:(1) a. / hoʃter ruǝtʃ-iə se: ɑp-a wɑ/
camel day.INDEF three water-V.EL eat.PRES.3SG
‘Camel drinks water three times a day.’
b. /hoʃter-ɑn ruǝtʃ-iə se: ɑp-a war-an/
camel-PL day-INDEF three water-V.EL eat.PRES-3PL
‘Camels drink water three times a day.’
Similarly, as given in (2a) and (2b), the meaning of the noun /ruǝ (ʧ)/ “sun” with a unique reference changes to“days” if it is pluralized as /ruǝtʃ-ɑn/:(2) a. /ruǝ(ʧ) ʃa kuǝh-ɑ sar-a kan/
sun from mountain-OBL on-V.EL do.RES.3SG
‘ The sun rises from the top of the mountain.’
b. . /ruǝtʃ-ɑn tah kuǝʈi-j-ɑn ʃap-ɑn ham-edɑn-iən/
day-PL inside room-HI –PL night-PL EMPH-here-COP.PRES.1PL
‘ We are in rooms in days, (and) here at nights.’
Although this dialect lacks any inflectional marker for grammatical gender, it actively employs, for instance, lexical gender (though with no morphological marker) to differentiate between nouns referring to males and females. This type of gender can be found in family terms (e.g., /pess/ “father” and /mɑs/ “mother”), address terms (e.g., /wɑdʒa/ “sir” used to address males versus /balli:/ “grandmother” used for addressing grandmothers), the names of people (e.g., /mah bi:bi:/ “a proper for women” and /dʒommɑ/ “ a proper name for men) as well as animals (e.g., /sag/ “dog” as a common noun, but /narɑz/ “male dog” and /menɖ/ “female dog”).
Besides, in regard with definiteness in Sarhaddi Balochi, it is manifested in nouns in three ways: intrinsic definiteness, (proper nouns (e.g., /rostom/ “a proper noun for men”) and generic nouns (e.g. /drahtʃ/ “tree”,), morphological definiteness (using a case marker, e.g. the direct object marker -ɑ in /tʃɑhi-j-ɑ/ “the tea”,), and definiteness in the syntactic context (e.g., possessive adjective noun: /mni: nɑkuǝzaht/ “my cousin”). On the other hand, to show indefiniteness, the suffix /-iə/ is added to the noun, or the number /jakk/ ‘one’ plus the indefinite suffix may be used, too (e.g., / (jak) sɑhat-iə/ “a watch”).
The case system of this dialect is a nominative–accusative system and the case is displayed in the form of nominative (e.g., /zahg/ “child, son”) and oblique cases. In this regard, oblique case is morpho-syntactically manifested as accusative/dative (e.g., /zahg-ɑ(ra)/ “ the child (as direct object) / to the child”), genitive (e.g., /zahg-ej/ “ child’s”) , vocative (e.g., /zahg/ (e.g., oh you child!”), locative (e.g., / be… kabretɑn-ɑ/ “ to ….graveyard”), allative (e.g., /be beheʃt/ “ in heaven”), ablative (e.g., /ʃa riǝk-ɑ/ “from sand” and instrumental (e.g., /guǝ ɖuǝl-ɑ/ “ with bucket”) case forms. However, this dialect of Balochi makes use of split ergative system in its past system of verb as well. In ergative structures, the agent of transitive verbs appears in the form of suffixed pronouns and bears the oblique case. Also, the verb is realized as third person singular with all subject agents and does not agree with the agents in number, as shown in (3):(3) /jak pɑtʃen-eʃ dʒat ham-ɑngu/
one goat-PRON.SUFF.3PL hit.PAST.3SG EMPH-that side
‘They hunted a goat over there.’
Furthermore, in Sarhaddi Balochi, possession is, apart from genitive case marking, expressed via the use of third person singular form of the copula, adpositions, the verb /dɑʃt-en/ ‘to have’ and some borrowed expressions from Persian.

The conditional sentence is the sentence that the conditional device comes first and its occurrence becomes conditional. In this research A critical study of structure of conditional sentence in Arabic grammars, the standpoints of the outstanding contemporaneous grammarians about different features of ‘conditional sentence’ have been comparative together at each of the issues and their differences and commonalities have been pointed. Afterwards, different votes have been criticized with respect to linguistic Criterions, so that their advantages and disadvantages have been determined. The present research has demonstrated some votes are acceptable and some votes are not acceptable.

Languages differ with regard to the object markers. Object may be unmarked in one language¡ marked in another¡ and still it may or may not be marked in the other. Also¡ it is possible for objects in one language to be marked differently. The differences in object marking in different languages are dealt with as Differential Object Marking and properties like animacy of the object referents and referentiality are supposed to be important. Most of the studies done in Persian consider properties of objects as the crucial factor in this phenomenon. This article¡ however¡ regards object affectedness as the underlying reason for differential object marking to which other factors are related.

In Avestan Language, ablative case is sometimes used for encoding functions of instrumental case and instrumental case is used for encoding functions of ablative case. These two cases encode semantic roles. Ablative case is a spatial case whose main function is to encode source, location, and path. Instrumental case is a non-spatial case whose main function is to encode accompaniment, instrument, manner as well as cause and agent in passive voice. Ablative and instrumental cases- in case hierarchy- are located in the last position and are not distinguished hierarchically. In the present study, Avestan data were explored and it was found that these two cases are polysemic and overlap functionally; hence, they are used interchangeably in Avestan language. The ablative case encodes the semantic roles of manner and cause in passive voice in addition to semantic roles of source, location, and path. Along the same vein, the instrumental case indicates source, path and location in addition to semantic roles of accompaniment, instrument, manner and cause and agent in passive voice. Semantic map of these two cases is drawn to demonstrate their semantic range and polysemy.

Analyzing the Case of PRO has always been a challenge to the theory of language since the onset of generative tradition. Based on the PRO Theorem, the GB grammarians considered this empty category to lack Case totally. However, this conception, together with the use of the theory of government made PRO different from all other nominal elements. In order to avoid this, the Null Case Hypothesis at the beginning of the Minimalist Program, considered PRO to have Case to be checked against the T head of the embedded clause in control constructions. Nonetheless, the lack of content to this conception of Case made it the subject of criticism both from theoretical and empirical viewpoints. Finally, it was argued that, if PRO can receive Case, then it has a standard Case similar to other overt nominal elements. This study, therefore, analyses the previous conceptions about PRO in Persian and shows that this empty category has a standard structural Case, checked against the T head within the finite subjunctive clauses.

'Epopee' literally means 'pride', 'boasting', and 'bragging' from an epical perspective, it refers to the dialogue between two heroes humiliating their enemy through offensive language and boasting about themselves expressing their honors. Definitely, to achieve the psychological atmosphere ruling epopees only depending on the literal meaning of words without the involvement of other sciences is impossible. Today, the interdisciplinary approaches have been focused on and welcomed by public in scientific, educational and research policy making. Among these, the effect of psychology to better understand literary texts cant be denied. The psychological review could occupy vast and absolutely unknown area in the literature. This type of review can be used as an accurate and comprehensive tool to read the vocabulary not written or considered by the author. One of the psychological reviews components in literary texts is 'requirements list' of Henry Murray. Analyzing personality is considered as one of the most important concepts presented in this list. In this analysis, we can easily observe the direct effect of the lexical and psychological load in the epopees used by the heroes continuing the battle. This work has been represented depending on aggression, defense and, counteraction. The present research aims to psychologically analyze the Shah-Name's epopees based on the case requirements list, relying on the interdisciplinary activities and illustrate the psychological effects due to the epopee's reading in the pitched battles.

This paper aims to investigate markedness in nominal and pronominal morphology of modern north-western Iranian languages from a diachronic perspective based on Hawkinʼs (2004) minimized forms principle. Based on this principle marked forms ocuupy the lowest and unmarked forms the highest position in performance-based hierarchies. Forms are ranked based on their frecuency in performance-based hierarchies. The reason that there exist these different frecuensies can be attributed to communicative reasons, complixity and different occurances of linguistic units in outside world. In this paper, we have shown that markedness changes in number and gender hierarchies are in line with minimized forms principle and its predictions in the investigated languages, but there are some exceptions in case hierarchy, which is not in line minimized forms predictions.

This paper is an attempt, for the first time, to survey the patterns of alignment in Soi. In doing so, a systematic description of pronominals in Soi is provided and, in that light, an analysis will be offered of the agreement and case-marking patterns. It will specifically be demonstrated that Soi employs nominative-accusative alignment in agreement and case-marking, in present tense clauses. However, in past tense clauses, agreement follows a tripartite alignment, while case-marking displays absolutive-ergative alignment. The results of this study will contribute to the growing body of literature on the typology of Iranian languages, and of Soi for that matter.

The purpose of this brief research is to study the viewpoints and opinions of Sibawayhi، one of the most illustrated Muslim thoughtfuls،about language and linguistics. He was the leader of the Basran school، his one work is known as «sibawayhi''s Book»، Kitaab Sibawayhi. It is، in fact، one of the earliest books in Arabic at all، and was probably dictated informally to Sibawayhi''s principal pupil al-Akhfas، who then issued it as a book after his master''s death. His personal insight into the nature of language and his analytical genius alone enabled him to create an exhaustive Arabic grammatical system which has been the reference point for all subsequent grammatical speculation to this day، and for which it very soon became known as the “Quran of grammar«. In this paper، we''ll try to mention syntax، morphology and lastly phonology، reflecting Sibawayhi''s own notion of appropriate sequence for linguistic analysis.