جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نشانداری » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Qur'anic intervals (Fawāsil) are considered one of the most prominent verbal features of the Qur'an. Given that there are phonetic explanations for many phonological subjects, this study aims to determine and describe the Qur'anic intervals and present a phonetic explanation for the selection and presence of different phonemes in this position in a descriptive-analytical way. To conduct this research, initially, all the intervals (6236 items), which are the final phonemes of the last words of the verses, were extracted, and their frequency was determined. Next, the presence of each phoneme was examined based on the topics discussed in the science of Tajwid, checking them against the topics and theories of modern phonetics. The findings reveal that factors such as the quantity and quality of auditory and perceptual clues, the degree of phonetic difficulty, and the relative degree of markedness of a phoneme play a decisive role in the presence or absence of that phoneme and its frequency in this position. In simpler terms, sounds with a higher level of hearing and perception, which the listener receives more accurately, and with less phonetic difficulty and markedness, such as vowels and sonorant consonants, have a more significant presence in this position. In contrast, sounds that do not have such characteristics, such as consonants or consonants with a second articulation, play a lesser role.

Various kinds of Food not only have physiological and biological functions, but are integrated into our social and cultural systems. As part of our cultural semiotics system, food forms a continuum on which different marked and unmarked food elements are arranged. Like other semiotic systems, food items are influenced by cultural and social factors. In order to investigate the effect of the authors’ gender on the use of food elements, a number of 12 novels from contemporary male and female authors were selected and analyzed. In both gender groups, unmarked items were used more frequently than the marked items. However, the function of items used in each group was different. In the works of male novelists, the frequency of the unmarked food items was higher than the opposite group. However, female novelists used a wider variety and diverse types of unmarked foods. Regarding the marked category, both frequency and diversity of the marked elements were significantly higher in women's texts. The common marked features identified in the texts belonging to both groups were ‘happiness’, ‘belief’ and ‘empathy’, but there was no case for ‘wealth’ in the men's novels. The findings of this research indicate a significant relationship between gender and food function in the corpus of the study. The variety of food and the greater number of these items in the works of female writers are consistent with the preoccupations and concerns of Iranian women compared to men. The findings of the present research show an iconic relationship between the cultural and social tendencies of two gender groups and its representation in their works.

This study investigates the uniformity of Persian and English inflectional affixes based on Natural Morphology Theory to show how the uniformity of inflectional affixes of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs can be explained. The present research has exercised mixed (qual-quan) and descriptive-analytical method. Research data were selected from both Persian and English corpora by the means of a random sampling method; afterward, the data were analyzed according to Dressler and Mayerthaler’s approach considering uniformity. In terms of frequency, the results identified uniformed forms in both languages and indicate that in the Persian corpus, 526 inflectional affixes of verbs, and all affixes of adjectives (185) are uniformed, although inflectional affixes of nouns lack uniformity. While in English corpus, inflectional verb affixes (89) represent uniformity, 172 inflectional noun affixes and 23 adjective affixes lack uniformity. Generally, the more frequency in uniformity of affixes shows they are less marked and more natural. Therefore, tense affix, negation, and subjunctive mood in the inflectional system are more natural than optative mood, past tense affix-ad, and imperative affix. Person and number markers are more natural than imperfect aspect in English. It is worth mentioning that all portmanteau morphs, suppletions and fusion forms reduce the naturalness of both languages due to the fact that there is no one-one relationship between their forms and meanings. The achievements of the current study can be useful in the field of translation studie

The main purpose of this paper is to explore, on the basis of a quite extensive corpus (certain body of data) drawn from Azeri (different variety of Turkish) language, the distribution and the frequency of the syllable structures as well as the frequency of vowels in the syllable structures, in order to achieve the core and unmarked trends in the syllable structure and the more preferable syllable head in the phonological system of Azeri. According to the descriptive analysis, the CVC syllable and the CV.CV.CVC syllable were the most frequent syllable structures. The results of the vowel frequency in all syllable structure’s analysis showed that the highest frequencies were for the low vowels [ӕ, ɑ], the lowest frequencies were for the mid vowels [e, o, ø] and the high vowels [i, u, y, ɯ] are in between the two categories.

Communication equipments is one of the most significant tools for information exchange in the modern era. Traditionally, newspapers and printed matters have had a special place in informing and culture-developing. How to framing, highlighting and censoring information in different newspapers represents their political, social and economic approaches properly. If a newspaper is dependent on the governing system of a country, this can be considerably important, so that a realistic analysis of that governing system alongside of various issues can be represented by analyzing and investigating the information structure of text during a certain time. The present study seeks to examine editors-in-chief's articles (including 44 cases) of Egyptian Newspaper "Alahram" by mixed method published during 2018. In this regard, theoretical concepts such as framing, information structure, marking, topicalization and highlighting were used. The findings show that the editor-in-chief presents a cohesive، targeted and oriented about internal reading , regional and international issues by marking language structures and framing audiences' mind in the direction of Egypt governing system specially "Abdol Fattah Al-Sisi" government.

In this article markedness is studied through the errors of one Persian Motor Transcortical and two Broca aphasias in production of simple and compound nouns comprising of ‘N+N’, ‘Adj+N’ and ‘N+verb stem’ with regard to optimality theory of Prince and Smolensky (1993). The issue that language structures include two marked and unmarked values is called markedness. It is believed that the unmarked phones and structures are acquired before marked ones in language acquisition (Ulatowska, & Baker 1975; Jakobson, 1941). The markedness studies also show contrast between these groups of phonemes: voiceless and voiced consonants; liquids and non-liquids; back and front consonants; affricates versus stops and fricatives and oral versus nasal vowels. Since compounding is one of the most productive and common processes in Persian, it is necessary to study markedness in confrontation naming and repetition tasks of verbal and nonverbal compound nouns on the basis of phonological theories such as optimality theory to get some pieces of fresh evidence in order to reveal that markedness theory is true or false. Using the clinical data also gives us an opportunity to get a clear picture from phonological processes in speech production of Persian native speakers and add richness to former theories. The main purpose of this article is to study the markedness by using the description of the common error patterns to get the necessary evidence to evaluate the markednesss theory of Jakobson (1972). The study of aphasics' data tries to clarify whether markedness is extended as a general principle to language behavior of aphasic patients and whether aphasic patients' errors in confrontation naming and repetition tasks are in agreement with Jakobson (1972) or not. The comparison of Persian aphasic patients' competence and performance is another purpose used to clarify that what is the explanation of optimality theory of Prince and Smolensky (1993) regarding markedness theory in Persian. One female and two male monolingual Persian-speaking aphasic patients participated in this study. Three normal men and women as a control group were matched to aphasic patients according to gender, age, educational degree, native language and handedness. Language stimuli of this study included 32 simple and 32 root (nonverbal) and synthetic (verbal) compound nouns. These nouns were the most frequent categories among different categories derived from PhD dissertations of Khabbaz (2007) and Ghonchepour (2014). Regarding frequency and length of stimuli, an effort was made to match the simple words to the compound nouns. To investigate the ability of patients to produce simple and compound nouns, picture confrontation naming and repetition tasks were designed and performed. 32 pictures of compound stimuli were intermixed with 32 pictures of simple nouns. The speech of patients was recorded while doing the tasks. In the repetition task, the same lexical stimuli pertaining to confrontation naming task were used and the patients were asked to repeat them after the examiner. Their performance was recorded and then errors were classified and analyzed based on phonological patterns of common disorders. Errors and phonological processes in confrontation naming and repetition of simple and compound nouns are analyzed on the basis of final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, fronting, stopping and onset voiced obstruent consonant patterns. Data analysis shows that the errors of these patients are phonemic and the insertion process is not observed in none of error patterns. The deletion and reduction processes take place in final clusters of word syllables while voicing process mostly happens in onset clusters of words. In other words, the *COMPLEX (coda), *CODA, MAX-IO and UNIFORMITY constraints of markedness and faithfulness show that the unmarked CV syllable structures are the most optimal output structures which are represented via the deletion of final consonant or the reduction of coda cluster obstruent consonants. The domination of ONSET (- voiced) obstruent over IDENT ONSET (voice) and IDENT- IO (voice) reveals that voiced obstruent consonants of onsets are the unmarked phonemes in comparison with voiceless ones. This issue is in agreement with Fromkin (1970), Lecours and Lhermitte (1969), green (1969) and Blumstein (1979) and is against Berlin, Lowe-Bell, Cullen, Thompson and Loovis (1973) and Jakobson (1972). Coronal phonemes in comparison with dorsal phonemes and stops against fricatives are unmarked which are respectively shown through *DORSAL and *FRICATIVE markedness constraints proving markedness theory of Jakobson (1972). The findings also show that the Persian Broca and Motor Transcortical aphasias mostly use onset voiced obstruent consonants in place of voiceless ones which is contrary to Jakobson (1972) and indicates that voiceless stops are more vulnerable than their voiced pairs. The findings also reveal that high vowels are the most unmarked ones among vowels and patients use them in place of mid or low vowels.

This article is concerned with the kind of changes which may occur in different semantic layers and information structure of marked structures in the process of translation from English into Persian. By marked structures, in this research, we mean the structures like thematic equalize, inverted (reversed) structures and structures, in which we have a kind of proposing. Theoretically, it is based on Halliday's Systematic Functional Grammar, and semantic changes of the translated marked structures have been analyzed according to the three main metafunctions (experiential, interpersonal and textual) of this grammar. The required data of were extracted from ten English books, translated into Persian. This article shows that some changes occur in different semantic layers and information structure of the marked structures, some of which are inevitable, but many of them are preventable. It also shows that free word order of Persian provides the language with many structural tools to express the meaning of marked structures.

Translation does not occur in vacuum but in correspondence with language system and extralinguistic factors. Languages typically provide diverse structures or alternatives for the same sentence. Hence, a translator can choose out of different tracks. What strategies do translators provoke subsume both linguistic and extralinguistic factors including context as well as ideology. Highlighting (choosing) one element out of possible alternatives yields different sentences. This article seeks to delve into strategies upon which Quranic translations can be manifested. In so far as this article is concerned, the concept of choice is intimately in accord with strategies begged in the Holey Quran translations.

As we know, the content words bear sub-content words which sometimes it is observed that sub-content words denote gender, i.e., the masculine sub-content word is identical to the content word. The present article answers these questions of how identical words render the respective meaning through presumption. On the other hand, is there this difference among categories in different cultures, or are there these divisions in all languages and cultures? And why most of masculine words are identical to the content words and feminine words bear lexical structures and separate compound structures. This brief discussion has been offered with respect to the definitions offered in the valid linguistic books on the semantic constituents, polysemy and semiotics.