جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Foregrounding » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Ecolinguistics is a contemporary interdisciplinary field that focuses on studying and examining the relationship between language and the environment. The connection between language and the environment is based on how humans interact with the natural world, shaped by perspectives, concepts, and worldviews, all of which are articulated through language. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical approach, we examine the influence of Ali Ashraf Darvishian (1320-1396 AH) in ecolinguistics and its reflection in his selected works (“Abshooran” and “The Sound of My Father’s Music”). Darvishian was born into a less-privileged family on the outskirts of Kermanshah, Abshooran. Consequently, he witnessed widespread poverty from an early age, which greatly affected his family. The harsh nature and surrounding environment made life even more difficult for this segment of the population. The mutual relationship between nature and the lives of the lower class significantly influenced Darvishian, as demonstrated in this study through categories such as “highlighting,” “identity,” “erasure,” “patterns and shaping,” and “realism.” The interpretation of these aspects indicates that the ecosystem plays a significant role in shaping the reality and perception, naming, ideology, and authority over the lower class. These stories provide a realistic representation of the lives of individuals who had a deep understanding of the role of nature in their lives and their inner selves.

The present study intends to examine how political discourse employs nominalization to describe events and occurrences and for what specific purposes. The research aims to explore how actions and reactions are foregrounded and backgrounded in the ideological representation of texts. To achieve this goal, the speeches of the ex-presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States, subsequent to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, have been selected for critical discourse analysis.The first stage of data analysis involves identifying and analyzing 508 clauses. The second phase examines the use of nominalization metaphors in the coverage of developments surrounding the nuclear agreement during the period from the US withdrawal from the agreement to Iran's fifth step in reducing its JCPOA commitments. To demonstrate the role of nominalization in the various representations of a single event in rival discourse media, two domestic and two foreign media outlets are examined. The data in this section also includes eight news titles from the above-mentioned media outlets in five specific time periods, in which a significant development surrounding the JCPOA has taken place. The results indicate that nominalization metaphors are not used to eliminate the agent from the center of attention, but rather to highlight their own actions. Rival discourses use these highlights to elicit their own desired meaning to the audience, both in the arrangement of the speeches of the two presidents and in the coverage of political developments surrounding the nuclear agreement by the media.

Defamiliarization is a mode of expression different from everyday language in order to highlight an expression, make it strange and different from everything that is familiar and known, and includes all the process that the writer or poet uses to make a text unusual in the eyes of its audience. French symbolist poets, including Baudelaire, began to create a new literary expression and abandon the traditional technique of poetry, thus giving priority to form; by using unusual and unfamiliar structures, they tried to challenge readers' normal understanding. So, since symbolic poetry is full of literary, linguistic and semantic ambiguity, it seems necessary to address its obvious and doubtful aspects. The present study seeks to analyze the poem "Swan" by Charles Baudelaire, French symbolist poet, in order to discover, according to an analytical and descriptive approach, its foregrounding and the defamiliarization processes used, based on a formalist perspective. Thus, within the framework of this article, the processes of defamiliarization and the linguistic enhancement of mentioned poem were studied at different levels: lexical, syntactic, semantic and phonetic. The research results indicate that in this poem the deviation from lexical and semantic norms is used in its broadest form, and the use of mythological images, figures of speech, alliteration and assonance has led to the foregrounding of this poem.

Attention to literary history and biography through writing Tazkira (biographies), especially during the Mughal Empire's reign in India, has been more prominent than ever. Biographers employed various means to enhance their books' literary status and demonstrate their power in creating a literary work. One of these means is the use of stories and narratives about outstanding characters. In order to better understand these narratives and measure literariness of their language, it is required to use such means as the study of linguistic foregrounding. According to Russian formalists, standard language defamiliarization leads to the creation of a literary text, and the means of defamiliarization is the linguistic foregrounding in two ways; extra regularity and deviations. Undoubtedly, the stories in biographies have been a proper platform for establishing the biographers' position as a writer aware of linguistic subtleties. This article seeks to display such literariness in the biographies.

On 14 July 2015, Iran and six world powers (including the United States) after two years of negotiations, achieved a deal on Iran`s nuclear program. This deal which is famous as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), was the end point of several years of international sanctions against Iran. The present study is an analysis of different representations of the nuclear deal by presidents of Iran and the United States. This paper is an attempt to apply Halliday`s functional model in explanation of ideological representations. The analysis compares and contrasts the transitivity structure in the first official statement of the presidents of Iran and the United States after agreement. The results of the analysis show that while Obama concentrates on doings, Rouhani focuses on attributing and identifying. Some participants are foregrounded and some are backgrounded. Speakers by using persuasive techniques, try to have a positive self-representation and negative other-representation.

Bahmannameh is of great value in terms of epic style and expression, especially in the field of description, because the description element is one of the criteria for measuring the quality of an epic work and is a means to make the various scenes in epic poetry more tangible. In this work, tools such as simile, metaphor, allowed and irony have been used to express descriptions. These tools are a means of creating poetry and are considered as semantic norm deviation in the study of different types of deviations. Semantic norm deviation, which is one of the methods of highlighting language, is in fact a violation of the characteristics governing the use of words in the standard language. In this article, after giving an introduction about highlighting and its types, an attempt has been made to deal with various types of semantic norm deviations, including its various cases, including similes and metaphors. The research method in this article is descriptive and the data have been reviewed using the content technique in a library manner. The study population is Bahmannameh Hakim Iranshah Ibn Abi Al-Khair edited by Rahim Afifi. The findings of this study show that in the mentioned work in the field of semantic deviation, visualization is more manifested than abstractionism because the epicist tries to depict strange and complex events with a tangible and material expression clearly and explicitly in front of the reader. Another finding of this research is the high frequency of metaphors and metaphors of anthropomorphism.

Among norm-deviationist poets, Nizami Ganjavi can be considered as a poet, who has used the method offoregroundingin hisspeech.In Nizami's works, metaphorical language compared to other literary techniqueshas been mostly utilized. Yet, we cannot overlook the other literary techniques in his works.Different norm deviations, such as melodic, grammatical, and lexical deviations are apparent in all Nizami's works.He has soartistically deviated from the standard language and attracted the reader to his poems using varieddefamiliarizations.He has not only used deviations as a means of stimulating the reader’s mind in his poems, but also as a way of controlling the Metresinthem.When examining norm-deviation in old works, it is necessary to consider the standard language of the poet at the time of writing his worksinceconsidering the contemporary language by the researcher results in errors. This important principle is regardedwhen investigating norm-deviation in Nizami's works.

In addition to its various missions, literature is also responsible for social prophecy.  The creators of literary works view social political context of their time and are influenced by them.  Sometimes they are for and at times they are against the events that take place around them.  They show and represent their standpoint in variety of ways using different elements in their works. Calling forth epic mythological characters in novels is one of the elements that help authors achieve their ends.  Certain novelists depending on the favorable or unfavorable position they adopt, invite such characters not only to represent infra textual discourses but also to reinforce or weaken some dominant political social context discourses.  The present article seeks to find the answer to this question that how and why the author of Sohrabkoshan calls the epic characters to his work?  The results obtained by using the content analysis method show that the author brings the epic characters in his novel in order to weaken and marginalize the rival’s discourse and hence highlight certain dominant discourse of his time.  In other words, the author who is one of the activists in the social political context and is also a proponent of the dominant discourse by calling characters such as Sohrab and Rostam to his novel and by the transformation of their acts in the first place represent some intellectual foundations of discourses of his time, namely the discourses and type of approaches regarding women and the youth, and in the second place highlight the intellectual foundation of the discourse he had in mind that is reform, is accentuated to the point that he could marginalize rival’s discourse.

Seyed Mohammad Saeed Al-Haboubi is one of the contemporary poets who was born in Najaf in 1266 AH and died in 1333 AH. Al-Habubi's poetic themes were a description of nature and the sincere praise of religious friends and elders. His poetic genius along with the classical culture of Najaf granted his poetry a high position while avoiding degeneration. The present study examines the foregrounding in the divan of Mohammad Saeed Haboubi and helps the audience to better understand the concept of temporalization, stylistics and semantics. To express the ability and the art of grain in foregrounding poetic themes, verbal and semantic constructions are used. One of the aims of this research is to acquaint the audience with the formalistic aspects of the poet's poems, on which no research has been done yet. The poet, on the basis of imagination and emotion, brings up the repetitive words of the standard language to which the audience is accustomed in a new and fascinating way in the form of poetry. In his poetry, the change in the structure of syntactic sentences and devices gives new life to ordinary speech.The words acquire music and allitration that have a greater impact on the audience. Defamiliarization takes place in language too. The change in the prosodic weight of classical poetry to new poetry is one of the signs of abnormality. Poetry is a kind of de-familiarization in language, which, according to formalist theories, is divided into two categories: deviation and extra regularity. Jeffrey Leech has categorized these norms into two types: linguistic and semantic. According to Leach's theory, which novel element in Bean's poems has a higher value in semantic deviation?, what forms of stylistic and temporal familiarization have appeared in Habubi's poetry?, and how has the semantic novelty foregrounded the ambiguous words in his poetry? No research has been done on the foregrounding in Habubi's poems so far. So, this article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the poet's abnormality in constructing forms of aesthetics and reviving words based on Leach's theory. The research method of this research is qualitative and descriptive using content analysis, which is done to objectively and qualitatively explain the content and concept of written texts in a systematic way. In the present article, the studied components are foregrounding, semantic deviation, deviation, extra regularity, and semantics of Seyed Mohammad Saeed Haboubi's poems based on Leach’s theory. Due to the importance of foregrounding in the literature, this research is of significance. The subject of this research in the field of extra regularity is how the poet describes some elements of novel such as "ambiguity", "proportionality" and "repetition" to define "polysemy", "semantic network" and "phonology". In terms of rule-making, how did the poet use "archaism" to relate the text to ancient culture, and how did he use the words of astronomy to improve the music and the image? The research findings can be reviewed in several areas. The result of the research refers to the function of different types of "Equivoque "in explaining ambiguous words, motivating the reader and foregrounding the relationship between words and meanings. The poet has also used "archaism" in both literary and religious forms, using a variety of Arabic terms in the field of symbolism and astronomy to create poetic images. Lexically, the result of this research on "Al-Haboubi" poems refers to the dual relationship between word and meaning. The choice and arrangement of words in a poetic sentence indicates the semantic connection of the words with the history of the language of poetry. According to Leech's theory, "temporal deviation" in the form of "archaism" in his poetry has two religious and literary forms. The use of ancient words, in addition to recalling historical events in the reader's mind, has refreshed repetitive words. Regarding religious archaism, the common affairs of Muslims, such as Hajj, have a higher percentage than the other religious issues, such as the religion of the poet and the signs of unity among Muslims in monotheism. In literary archaism, he has referred to the words of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, such as Amr al-Qays and Zuhair ibn Abi Aslami. He also refers to the brilliant history of Arabic poetry and uses its methods to create novelty in the repetitive words of his time. Haboubi uses the words Arabic grammar and astronomy more than anything else in "Stylization". He used these words to create an imaginary rhyme array. In "Semantic Abnormality", he has used novel method for imaginative illustration and polysemy for the audience. Using an array of repeated letters and consonants, the poet has foregrounded the allitration of letters in his poem. He used observance better in poetry. In most verses, he has used a proportional array. It has become a semantic network of words to create a picture of a subject in the mind of the audience. Seyed Haboubi has used these devices to do foregrounding in poetry.

This paper has investigated the establishing process of Ash’ari discourse against reasonoriented discourses (determinately NasirKhosrow’s Diwan and Khayyam’s Rubiyat) based on a new interpretation of access factor _the unequal distribution of discourses’ linguistic productions in society. Accordingly, by influence on people’s mental cognition, access proportion of discourses’ texts plays a basic role in establishing or undermining them. From this perspective, the research focuses on exploring social relations to affect texts access of aforesaid discourses. The sort of analysis is also the macro one and different to micro analysis in linguistic descriptions. The theoretical framework is a multiperspectival method combining of social practice level in Fairclough’s approach and process of foregroundingback grounding in Laucla & Mouffe’s theory. Findings show that, by imposing and enforcing constraints on discourses _respectively to foregrounding Ash’ari discourse and back grounding reasonoriented discourses_ powerholders kept the access of these discourses’ texts unbalanced. It means at discursive imposition level they enable Ash’ari discourses’ texts to extensively access by planning soft organization like group formation and foundation of Nizamiyyah institutes and at discursive constraints level they prevent reasonoriented discourses and texts associated with them to access in society by hardware activities like suppression and elimination. NasirKhosrow’s Diwan and Khayyam’s Rubiyat were two of these texts that discursive constraints were seriously enforced on them also because of their opposition to dominant ideology _NasirKhosrow’s Diwan for including concepts like propagation of Ismaili doctrine, strong repudiation of Sunnism and giving harsh vituperation to all contributor of contesting group from upper to lower echelon and Khayyam’s Rubiyat by challenging the society’s common sense about definite religious propositions and expressing ironic sarcasm against mullahs and the clergy. It’s also noteworthy that through software organization of Nizamiyyah institutes access to authority and credibility positions for these contesting discourses’ actor was unequally, in favour of Ash’ari discourses, distributed. This strategy was considerably facilitating the possibility of Ash’ari discourse imposition. These mechanisms ultimately led to establishing Ash’ari discourse.

Bidel Dehlavi is one of the peaks of Persian literature in the Indian style. Most Indian style researchers have paid attention to the creative themes, delicacy, and imagery, but disregarded their artistic use of language . In this article, an attempts is made to address the art of creating combinations by Bidle and the functions of this linguistic art. Creating combinations, with regard to capability of Persian language, has been practiced among poets since the beginning of Persian poetry, but in the Indian style it has become more prominent. Most of the combinations in Bidle's poetry are based on his own pen, and fewer examples of this compositions can be found even among contemporary poets. The abundant use of combinations in Bidle's poetry has many purposes.  Defamiliarizing the language, emphasizing the form of speech, expressing grace, skillfully choosing vocabulary, decorating poems, and adding melody and sweetness to words are among them. Bidle's combination patterns in this article are: affix combinations, pseudo affix combinations, combination adjectives nominative, combination adjectives, infinitive combinations .The arrangement of linguistic combinations in horizontal and vertical axis of the verse is done with special order to make the poet's formalism more visible. The manifestation of many derivative combinations in Bidle's poetry, in addition to making his language eloquent, has created a unique identity for the style of his poetry.

foregrounding the ways in which plays an important role in distinguishing the artistic creation, Creating great works and Inventing personal styles. This research is the result of this research In order to achieve outstanding lyric poetry of one of the pioneers of child poetry in Iran Named Mahmoud Kianoush. Kianoush gives great importance to the structure of poetry He believes that Child poem should be technical and principled. To reach for this purpose, After the introduction, an introduction to the highlight and its practices, Introducing Mahmoud Kianoush and his children's poems, The foregroundings of this great contemporary poet and writer In two parts of the norms of regularity extra and deviation, His childish poems have been analyzed and analyzed This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library studies The investigations carried out in this paper show that He has used various types of regularity extra and deviation norms to foregrounding the language of his childish poetry. In the meantime, the role of deviations has been noticeable.

One of the concepts that is inherently associated with the concept of otherness is "highlighting". The basis of emphasis is to place the "us" at the positive pole. Emphasis appears in various forms in the realm of discourse. In order to examine the ways in which Abu Sa'id's dignity-oriented discourse interacts and conflicts with other discourses, it must be shown what highlighting tools this discourse has used to consolidate power and become hegemonic. The components of highlighting the text are: creating a kind of connection between the attributed places, monasteries and shrines of the elders, with the Prophet and the prophets and diverting the minds from the pilgrimage to the Kaaba to the shrines of the elders, simulating events, actions and Sufi figures with religious leaders for legitimacy. Highlighting the sanctity of Sufism to avoid criticism and highlighting religious tolerance for the development of discourse.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary (library).

Abu Saeed authorities are detained in a bipolar prison. The basis of these confrontations is "contradiction". And in this contradiction, there is a hierarchical relationship. In this duality, the approval of Abu Sa'id is a denial other than him; So the value of one is always superior to the other. The basis of emphasis is to place the "self" at the positive pole.

Place in any discourse is a prominent component. With this knowledge, the author highlights the attributed places such as the monastery and the shrines of the elders, and in this way uses the authoritative elements in rival discourses such as building a monastery by the order of the Prophet, equality of the shrines with the shrines of the prophets, superiority of the shrines over the Kaaba.

The documents registered in notary public offices are not deniable after being signed and must be fully understood by the audience. The closer a text is to automatic language, the easier it is to understand. This is why scientific texts, unlike poetic texts, are free from aesthetic devices. To simplify the texts of official documents in forensic linguistics framework, this descriptive-analytical research has tried to identify and if possible, rewrite the samples of foregrounding as a feature of literary language which can take the text far from the automatic language and create difficulty in understanding. In order to identify these samples and to show their effects on understanding, 100 documents (50 from the book of sample documents and 50 from the real documents registered in notary public office no. 1479) were considered. The results revealed that foregrounding in these texts is happening through extra regularities by creating parallelism in 1240 samples in phonetic, lexical, and phrasal levels in Arabic and legal terms. The omission of parallelism and rewriting the samples were possible in a remarkable percentage of samples (65.03%) and these substitutions have caused a significant increase of 40% in the understanding of 100 clients of the notary public office.

The deviation technique is one of the tools for creating poetry and makes it different from natural language. When a poet goes beyond the standard form of language for more creativity, deviation emerges. According to Leech (1969), linguistic deviation happens in eight fields: lexicon, syntax, phonetics, writing, semantics, dialect, style, and time. Madhoosh is one of the contemporary poets in the Fath-Ali Sah Qajar era. He has many poems and proses not published yet. Some of his manuscripts are kept in libraries. His talent in composing a sonnet is obvious. Also, he is proficient in figurative language, artistic details, and poetry. Madhoosh, like his contemporary poets, imitated his predecessors and used their ideas in choosing themes and rhythms. He chose his poetic rhythm according to the theme. Verbal rhymes in his poems that are sometimes in question form add value to his poetry. Smooth and fluent verses, ordinary content, transferring meaning and using proper rhymes are some of his poems' features. His sonnets are full of similes, and there are a lot of metaphors, exaggerations, and allusions in his poetry. Intellectually, the theme of his sonnets is love, and his beloved is from the earth. In this aspect, he does not have a new content and only repeats his ancestors. At some points in his sonnets, he also refers to moral, philosophical, and mystical concepts, and we can see Khayyam's idea in his poetry. This study uses an analytical-descriptive method within the constructivism school framework.  It aims to review different forms of deviation in Madhoosh Golpaygani's sonnets based on Leech deviation pattern. The results show that semantic deviation is the most prominent and frequent kind of deviation technique that Madhoosh Golpaygani uses in his sonnets. He also uses syntax deviation with breaking the order of linguistic self-contained elements and phonetic deviation for a better rhythm. Such kinds of deviation add more value and beauty to his poems. Time and style deviations are less than the other forms.

Formalism is one of the theories of contemporary literary criticism in the field of literary study that emerged in Russia in the first half of the twentieth century. Foregrounding is one of the important issues of this theory and is based on the norm deviation (irregularity) and the parallelism (that is raised through the principle of extra regularity). Hence, the language of the Qur'an can be regarded as a standard language and a norm deviated one as well. But it should be noted that the norm deviation in the Qur'an does not mean that the word of God is contrary to the rules and analogies, but that the way it is expressed is different. According to the formalists, de-familiarization is a relative issue, and over the time, the literary text becomes ordinary and repetitive. However, since the literary and scientific aesthetics of the Qur'an is endless, Qur'anic scholars are continually discovering new aspects of it and thus making it dynamic. This study examined the foregrounding (norm deviation and parallelism) in Taha Surah from Leech’s point of view. It also considered the relevance and appropriateness of the construction of the verses to the content and name of the Surah based on the theory of formalism using a descriptive-analytical approach.

Although the formalists' theoretical emphasis on literature and literary arrangements used in the text does not negate the importance of the content, it indicates the central points through which the literary text is separated from other works. The present article tries to examine the applications of the two main formalist arrays in the two stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The attribution of the Shahnameh to the "epic" genre has never been questioned, but this does not mean that a text of such magnitude, which has a variety of content features, is devoid of lyrical themes. Among these stories, the focus of this article is on "Zal and Rudabeh" and "Bijan and Manijeh". The goal is to discover and then combine the two important formalist elements of "de-familiarization" and "highlighting". The goal of formalists is, first, to bring about a fundamental change in the automatic and conventional process of language, and, second, to create a shocking interruption. Although the use of formalist arrays, both in the traditional novel form and in the form of arrangements that were later considered by theorists, can be seen throughout the Shahnameh, the frequency of their use in these lyrical stories is higher. The results of the discussion show that the use of such arrangements greatly enhances the attractiveness and literature of the text in terms of the attractiveness of the lyrical aspects. Combining both tricks in the mentioned narrations shows that Ferdowsi was aware of this issue and its capacities. The use of unfamiliar words, the use of indicating /ɑ/ at the end of the shutters, the exaggeration, the de-familiarization of the concept and the lexicon, and the emphasis on narrative are the most important formalistic examples used in these two systems. Also, although the lyrical burden of these two stories has been dominant, but due to their presence in the context of an epic work, some epic words and crafts have been mixed with its narration, which, through strengthening familiarity, de-familiarization and highlighting in them, differentiates them from Creates other Shahnameh stories.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary field in which social, political, and sociological patterns are interwoven. Its purpose is to examine the relationships that are brought about by the inequality of power, and ideology and hegemony apply in the form of texts and conversations in political and social contexts.  One of the most powerful institutions that plays a very important role in using ideological discourses and rebuilding power relations in today's societies is undoubtedly media (television, newspapers, films, magazines, etc.). The press performs ideological work by representing various issues. How does the press cover events in the framework of ideology of the media and based on their interests? Syntactic and vocabulary choices are not optional or incidental; in fact, the ideological positions in each period and in each discourse are revealed in the structure of the news reports. The focus on analyzing media texts should be on how to represent events, situations, relationships, and people in media content. It is important how events are represented in the linguistic structure of the sentence; how to make propositions, combine them and arrange them.  Van Leeuwen developed the analysis of critical discourse from the field of linguistics into the world of the universe, and defined the sociological-semantic indicators as the reason for this "absence of a 100% direct relation between linguistic indices and their role. " He also believes that "the study of sociological-semantic components of discourse is a powerful tool for the analysis of the text rather than mere linguistic components". Iran's nuclear program is one of the most challenging issues at the international and regional level, which has attracted the focus of all the media. The Arab world has adopted different approaches to this issue due to the heterogeneous and incompatible national interests. The views of Saudi Arabia and Syria are influenced by variables such as the nature and volume of relations with the United States, the background of bilateral relations, the conception of the intentions and goals of Iran. Hence, the researchers intend to determine how conflicts between the views of the two countries are expressed in the language. What is the quality of referrals, how is the representation and naming of the parties involved in this agreement and how to portray incidents and events in these newspapers? What are the ideological and existing differences between the two newspapers? In order to achieve this goal, the writers, in addition to using the Van Leeuwen model (2008), use the Halliday’s transitivity model (2004) throughout the paper. The reason for the selection of the two newspapers is that both are published in Saudi Arabia and Syria, both of which are governed and written in accordance with the policies of the two countries and are the most prestigious newspapers. The difference in the results disclose that the representation of social actors in these texts has been carried out with various references tailored to the intended purpose of the authors. The newspaper Al-Riyadh has more to do with other identities and has used all the means to represent them negatively, while the Tishreen newspaper represents other identities negatively and actively and self-identities positively and actively. Both papers use the same amount of these references, and it seems that appraisement is the most referent used for negative representing the other and positive representing the self. A review of these two newspapers revealed that these two newspapers revealed quite different ideologies about Iran's nuclear energy and the actors involved in this text. The negative representations of the newspaper Al-Riyadh from Iran, Iranian actors, and even Western actors as Barack Obama as an important factor in signing this agreement are endorsement of this article. On the contrary, the positive representation of the newspaper Tishreen in relation to this agreement can be a sign of the positive ideology of the newspaper's owners towards Iran and Iran's nuclear agreement.  But the processes used in these papers are based on Halliday’s transitivity model: the material process has the highest frequency among existing processes that represent the positive and negative actions of the self and the other. The relationship process is also another process used to represent the nuclear agreement, which has been used by the Tishreen Newspaper to be more frequent than the Riyadh newspaper. It has used it to represent the nuclear agreement positively. The verbal process is another process used by the writers to identify the actors, and the remarkable point is that both newspapers have used the process to represent a negative one. The use of both newspapers from the material process and the relationship is that these two processes are more realistic and more truthful than other processes.

This study, based on Van Dyke's model (1998), examines the issue of which backgrounding and foregrounding in Saudi Arabia's al-Riyadh is based on which linguistic tools, and which self and other groups are in this newspaper and how are they represented? The three articles of the newspaper, written after the nuclear deal, form the data of this study. This article, by descriptive-analytic method, based on Van Dyke's (1998) model, aims to examine the lexical choices, the naming, and the representation of social actors to achieve the ideological square of van Dijk. Iran's nuclear deal and Iranian government and politicians are negatively represented in all of these articles and are in other group. Iran seeks to protect terrorists from undermining stability in the region, international peace and security, and Iran's nuclear energy is a military, non-peaceful and stimulating instrument to achieve these goals.

In a linguistic analysis, different levels such as words, sentences, textual structures, combinations etc. interact with each other and make the bases, principles and the context of a thought and an ideology. In fact, ideology lets any thought and approach to draw its identity-based and other-making borders with its antagonists. Power construction and social context interact with each other in the political elections. In this arena, the political elites represent their discourse in a manner leading to grasping the utmost votes. Therefore, in this rivalry, besides legitimizing their ideology, these elites delegitimize their antagonists. Besides, what is presented before the elections, what the candidates utter in their inaugural speeches is somehow a different material. What is uttered in the inaugural speech generally contains all the political currents, parties, groups and thoughts. In this era other-makings is articulated through a hidden discourse. It seems that elections provide a ground in which power and hegemony get integrated in a peaceful manner. Therefore, it is important to find the reason of the supremacy of an ideology and the failure of the other. In the years 2016 to 2017, three presidential elections were held in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the United States of America and France. Iran elections were held on May 19th, 2017 and Hassan Rouhani was re-elected for a second term. The United States presidential election of 2016 was held on November 8th and Donald Trump won the White House. The presidential election of France was held on May 7th, 2017 in which Emmanuel Macron was elected. In this study, by considering the context-based situation of each discourse, the authors investigate how identity making, representing self and others and different social actors is formulated throughout these political events. There are many questions asked regarding what happens throughout the elections period. How can language-use foreground a discourse and let it gain its expected results? How does the hegemon discourse attract all the groups and parties? What is the role of linguistic mechanisms? However, this investigation is about to answer the question that “how are the identity-based borders of producing and reproducing authority represented in the first inaugural speech of the elected presidents after the elections?” This analysis is done in the micro and macro levels. The study’s hypothesis is that “the elected candidates in the presidential elections of Iran, the US and France have based their semiotic system on the articulation of their maximal positive identity and defining a minimal other-making circle (maximal inclusion and minimal exclusion)”. The corpus of this study is composed of three inaugural addresses of the three case discourses. Their usage of different pronouns, the manner they address their audience and their high frequency references is part of the analysis and the manner they represent their identity is another part. Therefore, the study’s theoretical framework has two main levels, a micro and a macro one. The micro level investigates the linguistic strategies each president applies and the macro one is found through critical discourse analysis (CDA). So, the framework is based on a combination of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discursive theory and some ideas obtained from Roland Barthes and Jacques Derrida. As a result, firstly, the linguistic mechanisms are analyzed through the implicit and explicit implication of Barthes and the presence and absence ideas of Derrida. Then, other factors like self and other, other-making, foregrounding and backgrounding, chain of equivalence and logic of difference in each of the speeches is analyzed. As the interdisciplinary studies like this one are based on a two-level method, they can provide an appropriate ground for understanding the linguistic trends, processes and structures that have a special importance in policy-making. The data analysis proves that the three analyzed discourses, despite their different contexts, have common grounds in the application of the linguistic mechanisms. The findings present us three macro-structures the first one of which is “the pronouns”. Using the pronouns “I” and “we” is a strategy for the ideological representations and the political inclusions and exclusions. In fact, the first person singular pronoun is used for foregrounding the self and displaying the positive side and the plural one gathers all the parties and thoughts together. The second macro-structure is the “speech content”. The analyses reveal different topics each having their special importance in the related context. The repeated issues are some strategies that are consciously used to encourage the audience and create hope for a better future by the help of the government. This is a repeated subject in all the analyzed speeches. The third macro-structure is the opening and closing remarks containing appreciation in the beginning part and the commitment to compliance in their closing part. Another point is that the findings prove that the chain of equivalence and the identity-maker one is evidently described in Rouhani’s speech. Furthermore, backgrounding the negative others of Rouhani’s discourse is done implicitly. On the other hand, while the discursive others of Trump and Macron are implicitly represented, they do not have an evidently drawn chain of equivalence. In each of the studied discourses, a kind of ideological reality is hidden. In other words, the ideological context reproduced by each discourse represents self and other in a special way that outlines the borders of each discourse positively and negatively. This kind of representation in each discourse describes how each one is legitimized. As politics has mostly been studied from a social and political lens, and linguists have had fewer productions in this field, it is recommended that linguists apply their specialized view in this domain and prove how language can affect politics. As this study demonstrates, linguistic mechanisms help the candidates have an effective representation of their identity, legitimize themselves, delegitimize their others, and finally win the votes.