جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « امنیت بین المللی » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), concluded in September 1996, aimed to curb nuclear proliferation by prohibiting explosive nuclear testing. Although 187 states have signed the treaty and 177 have ratified it, however, the treaty has not yet implemented due to the specific procedural mechanism envisaged for its entry into force. On November 3, 2023, Russia, which had ratified the CTBT in 2000 after signing it in 1996, in a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations, announced its withdrawal of ratification from the treaty. This decision sparked international reactions and raised questions about the compatibility of Russia’s action with international norms and the potential legal and security consequences. This article examines the legality of Russia’s withdrawal of ratification from the treaty and analyzes its impacts on the treaty, international nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament regime, and international peace and security.

The research method is a combination of legal analysis and trend impact techniques. In analyzing the legality of Russia’s action, the working method consists of inferring the rules by referring to relevant regulations, customs and procedures, and the method of analysis in the evaluation of the consequences of this action is based on the trend impact analysis.

The findings of this study are discussed under the following themes:1.Legality of Russia’s Ratification Withdrawal International law, the CTBT provisions, and United Nations Secretariat Practice do not prohibit a state (Russia) from withdrawing its ratification from the treaty (CTBT). 2.Negative Effects on Treaty Implementation Given Russia’s significant nuclear capabilities and its historical role and efforts to facilitate entry into force of the treaty, its withdrawal of ratification from the treaty will pose challenges to the CTBT’s implementation and increase harnesses to the implementation of the treaty.3. Impact on Non-Proliferation and Disarmament regime and international peace and security.  The CTBT plays a crucial role in preventing nuclear weapon proliferation and promoting nuclear disarmament. Russia’s withdrawal of ratification from the treaty intensifies challenges related to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament and international peace and security.

Analysis:

From the very beginning, Russia has played an important and effective role in drafting and concluding and then facilitating entry into force of the CTBT. The Russian Federation was among the first states signed the treaty in 1996 and ratified it in 2000. However, following escalating tensions between the Russia and the United States, especially in the aftermath of the Ukraine conflict in February 2022, Russia made the decision on November 3, 2023, to withdraw its ratification from the treaty. The central question pertains to the compatibility of Russia’s action with established norms of international law. Does the de-ratification of the treaty by Russia conform to the rules of international law?”Under international law, there is no explicit prohibition preventing a government from withdrawing its ratification of a treaty. Consequently, Russia’s decision to withdraw from the CTBT cannot be construed as a violation of its legal obligations. However, this withdrawal will impact entry into force of treaty and   will have consequences for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament regime as well as peace and international security. Russia’s withdrawal has the potential to dissuade states from joining the treaty or prompt existing contracting parties to retract their ratification Russia’s withdrawal can   discourage states to join the treaty or encourage existing contracting parties to withdraw their ratification from the treaty. Given the pivotal and consequential role played by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in curbing the proliferation of nuclear weapons, Russia’s withdrawal from its ratification may undermine the bedrock of the nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament framework, rendering it less effective. This development raises legitimate security apprehensions and concerns on the global stage.

While international law and practice do not explicitly prohibit Russia from withdrawing its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), this action poses significant challenges for the treaty’s future implementation. The withdrawal may have negative consequences for the global regime of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, as well as international peace and security. As a signatory state to the CTBT, the Islamic Republic of Iran must closely monitor developments related to Russia’s withdrawal. The potential international and security implications require Iran to carefully assess the various consequences and adopt an appropriate approach in response to this issue.

The emergence of Covid-19 has proven the ineffectiveness of the security-oriented state structure. Given the short-term effects of this crisis, it is imperative that governments change their global security debates and policies on infectious diseases for the future. With the emergence of Covid-19, the reexamination of the relationship between pandemics and global security has become more serious, forcing countries to rethink the scope and concept of national and international security. Based on this, the main question of this article is to answer the question by focusing on Iran, what effect did the pandemic have on the role of governments in the field of national and international security, especially in the era of Covid-19? The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and library and internet information gathering tool. Based on the theory of human security and Bozan's theory, it can be argued that there are non-military and non-violent threats such as pandemics for the individual's existence, which should be included in the discussions related to national security in Iran along with traditional threats and focus on ordinary people instead of the government. Based on the findings of the research, Iranian statesmen should consider the field of national security beyond the traditional defense-war model and be more responsive to human security and ensure the security of their citizens against all threats.

Governments throughout history have been confronted with political and security problems related to diseases, as they are widespread and claim many lives. The virus COVID -19 became a global crisis in a short period of time due to its dynamic transmission and unknown nature. This situation challenged the economic structures of the world and created security problems at the level of relations between countries Therefore, using the descriptive and analytical method and based on the theory of the Copenhagen School and specifically the issue of security, this study attempts to answer the central question of what impact the Corona Crisis has had on the traditional concept of international security, and also to answer whether this will lead to a recognition of health issues as a non-traditional threat in the security priorities of countries and international organizations? And what will be the consequences of these changes? This study hypothesizes that the emergence of the recent crisis has accelerated the difference in the traditional conception of security, as the absence of military confrontation between national governments has led to a change in the role of health care issues in domestic and international security. On the other hand, the intertwining of health and security sectors during the outbreak of the Coronavirus has resulted in the mobilization of political will and the allocation of economic resources to address this issue. This can be seen as a positive step towards enhancing the overall level of health. Still, placing a strong emphasis on health security has adverse effects on internal democracy and international cooperation.After the recent experience of pandemics, there has been a strong emphasis on health and global health by theorists in this field. An article published 35 years ago (Thomas, 1989) addressed the issue of health and international relations by Carolyn Thomas. The article demonstrated how global health can play a pivotal role in this field. In addition, Susan Peterson, in her article titled "Pandemic Diseases and National Security," examines the economic, social, and political effects of pandemics on different countries and societies. She mentions that biological agents pose a serious threat to the security of countries (Peterson, 2002). Moreover, McInnis and Kelly Lee discussed the relationship between these three variables in their joint article titled "Health, Security, and Foreign Policy" while emphasizing health concerns. They believe that epidemic diseases pose a significant security threat because they can cross borders and weaken a nation's economy and internal stability. They should give more attention to national security policies.In this article, we aim to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the political, economic, and military domains of countries. Additionally, we aim to discuss the significance of reassessing the conventional notion of security and integrating health concerns into the framework of the Copenhagen school's security theory. Furthermore, we aim to address the potential consequences of securitizing health issues on international peace and security. Through an examination of the effects of the COVID-19 crisis, we aim to test the hypothesis that prioritizing security will foster political resolve and allocate economic resources to this sector.However, overdoing it brings countless ill effects and not only will not lead to progress in the field of health and health, but may also overshadow the process of internal democracy and international security.In this regard, dealing with the epidemic of Covid-19 under the title of a security issue can have two different consequences: firstly, by revising the traditional concepts of security, it will increase the importance of governments and international organizations to health affairs. In this way, the amount of attention of countries to their healthcare infrastructure as a security investment increases.Excessive measures in addressing the aforementioned matter can lead to numerous adverse consequences. It is important to note that such actions not only hinder advancements in the realm of healthcare but also have the potential to overshadow the development of internal democracy and international security. Consequently, treating the epidemic as a security concern can lead to two distinct outcomes. Firstly, reevaluating traditional concepts of security will enhance the importance of governments and international organizations in relation to health matters. Consequently, nations are increasingly recognizing the importance of allocating resources to enhance their healthcare infrastructure as a way to ensure security.

This research aims to review and evaluate the form and content of papers published in “Strategic Studies Quarterly”. The study employs a qualitative, content analysis-based methodology and a descriptive-analytical approach to assess the contents. The research population consists of 178 papers published between issue 75 (Spring 2017) and issue 98 (January 2023). To objectively and qualitatively assess the contents, the review was conducted systematically using eleven parameters. The results reveal that the papers can be classified into three general categories related to Iran’s security: 65 papers pertain to internal security, 38 to external security, and 39 to both internal and external security. The evaluation of participant numbers was favorable, with 131 researchers contributing to the writing of 142 papers. Among scientific institutions, Tehran University had the highest contribution with 32 papers. An examination of research methods revealed that the descriptive-analytical method was the most popular among researchers. In terms of the level of analysis, the national level accounted for the largest share of papers at 47.18%.

From a methodological perspective, the pathology of sanctions on states poses daunting challenges because it is not only difficult to separate the consequences of sanctions from various other factors that affect the human rights conditions of civilians, but also to collect data on the actual impact of sanctions. This research intends to answer this basic question by taking advantage of the scientific analysis approach and using valid raw data: What are the characteristics of the Western economic sanctions against Iran and North Korea and why were they applied? And what have been the most important consequences of sanctions on the economic and social structure? For this purpose, he discussed the history of sanctions, the types of sanctions and their legal bases from an international perspective, the ripple effects of sanctions and the review of the resolutions applied in the countries under study. and at the end, solutions were presented to identify the damages of sanctions on governments and citizens' rights. As a result, the findings indicate that ignoring the consequences of sanctions on future generations significantly increases their total economic costs and harms the society.

The treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons  (TPNW) is a significant international achievement and a stable multilateral regime. It imposes limitations on developing, testing, producing, accessing, having at the disposal, storing, or threatening to use nuclear weapons. The pact was ratified in September 2017 and enacted on Jan. 22, 2021. Making this treaty universal takes purposeful political effort. Persuading nuclear and nuclear-armed countries to participate in enforcing the agreement is difficult. It will face vehement political opposition. Such involvement requires a different approach and a discourse-oriented atmosphere. Criteria associated with human rights, humanitarian rights, international ethics, and international security should be introduced into this matter. Sadly, despite the extensive efforts of peace advocates and the goodwill of numerous countries, the governments have taken no disarmament-oriented measures. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question, “How can we realize nuclear disarmament through TPNW?” Our results indicate that the wording of the treaty provisions makes nuclear disarmament possible through the global consensus of the member states.

Climate Change is an Objective, Global, Actor-Less and non-Governmental Security Threat that is Fundamentally Different from Past Threats. The Main Research Question was what are the Effects of Climate Change on International Security? Our Hypothesis was that Climate Change has Transformed the Concept of Security, Created More and Bigger Security Risks and Threats, and with the Increase of its Consequences, Security at the Global Level and in Different Dimensions of Political, Social, Economic and Human Security is more than ever. Based on the Findings, It should be Said that due to Climate Change, there is no Safe Place in the World Today, and Various Forms of Security at the Individual, National and International Levels are Facing Challenges and Threats. Climate Changes Intensify Existing Security Threats and Make them more Dangerous, and New Aspects of Insecurity, such as Food or Environmental Insecurity, Threaten more People. Consequently, no Limited Legal Agreement or Climate Action of One or Few Countries can Eliminate its Effects, and Global Governmental and Public Cooperation is Essential. The Current Research is Written in an Explanatory Way, Using the Security Theory of the Copenhagen School, Especially the Opinions of Barry Buzan.

Global security has principles and frameworks that in order to maintain global security, any security effort is aimed at protecting the values ​​of global security or preventing its weakening. With the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in the international system, the concept and foundations of global security underwent changes that weakened these foundations and had many consequences. In the light of global security developments, new actors such as individuals, NGOs, social movements and identities entered the int er na ti o n al arena and the scope of global security threats expanded. In this article, while explaining the principles and frameworks of global security, the threats of the principles of global sec u ri ty have been studied and analyzed in order to obtain a proper explanation of the global security situation and its threats.

Peace have been the main assumption creation international relations. Establishment of the international relations office peace case and control of the war have been one of the main reasons for the discussion and theoretical controversies and practical in the world. Till now it has been created many theories in the direction creating peace and establishing global security in the field of international relations studies and in practical areas is established many organizations for the expansion of peace on the world stage. specially after World War II done many efforts in the field of global peace what about theoretical and what practical. Here there is a question that is international organizations had what effect in world peace and international security specially after the cold war? On this basis trying to in this research so using institutionalism approach to be paid to this issue.

The security of any society consists of two dimensions: national or internally and international. Although national security is at the core of the preservation and survival of the nation-state, but today, due to the complexity of relations between societies, the importance and function of international security has increased, so that national security in any society has a strong link with the international security of that society. Hence, the main purpose of this article is to study the thought of Imam Khomeini regarding international security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. So, the main question of the paper is how trans-Statism and transWestphalianism based on Imam's thought can be used to achieve international security of Iran? The reasoning of this study is that, with regard to the Imam's thought about international security is postcolonialism, which we call it trans-Westphalianism, a kind of centralization of religion and normative ethics in its discourse is based on which Defines international security and its features by relying on justice, unity, cohesion and confronting the outrageous hegemonic order of the present. To achieve the result, this paper attempts to first examine the conceptual framework of the foreign policy discourse of Imam Khomeini(RA). Then, the different dimensions of this discourse are discussed in the context of Iran's foreign policy, and finally, how Imam's view about the international security is expressed.

The U.S. missile defense shield scheme is one of the most strategic topics in the field of international security. Developments related to it and the extension of its domain to the Western borders of Russia after 2007 have overshadowed relations between the United States and Russia. Given the above situation, this article tries to answer some key questions: first, what are the motives and reasons of the deployment of this system in Eastern Europe, what changes have been occurred during the last decade regarding this scheme, how the views and behavior of Russia and the U.S. in this regard can be evaluated and finally which policies justifies the actions made by the two countries in the present and future conditions? In response to these questions, the authors indicate that sensitivities regarding this subject could be analyzed by adopting an attitude based on strategic concerns and international security considerations. Therefore, with the alssumption that the deployment of missile defense system in Europe is intended to reduce Russias strategic capabilities and to constrain its maneuvering power, it seems that the rivalry between the U.S. and Russia in the geostrategic region of Eastern and Central Europe can be explained by the models based on balance of power and deterring threats. Also given some new incentives such as Ukraine crisis and increasing differences between the two countries, this article tries to explore the factors causing concerns in both countries based on a descriptive-analytical method while studying the background and different dimensions of this scheme as well as Russias missile and defense capabilities.

Preventive Diplomacy، a concept promoted more than fifty years ago by Dag Hammarskjöld، former UN Secretary General، is now being institutionalized through United Nations Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UNRCCA)، which is established for the purpose of peaceful settlements of disputes، and prevention of conflicts by using preventive and early warning mechanisms. The center is tasked with providing assistance and support to Central Asian states، and capacity building to prevent challenges that are potential issues of conflict within the region. This article will define the concept of preventive diplomacy and explain regional crises، and then assess UNRCCA''s activities in order to analyze the capacity of this organization in confronting regional security threats.

The increasing dependence of global economy on energy، especially hydrocarbon energy resources، and the importance of safe، secure and sustainable access to those resources have made the security of energy supply and transit a matter of utmost importance for countries. A large part of the known energy resources of the world are located in regions which are characterized by increasing political instability and widespread security threats. On the other hand، energy transfer lines often cross the most insecure regions of the world and are considered easy targets for radical groups. All these issues in addition to the willingness of certain countries for taking advantage of energy as a political tool have added to the importance of energy in political and security equations of the world. The present paper aims to expound the importance of energy security and discuss its impact on international equations.

There is a lack of sufficient focus on ethics in security studies, because ethics (morality) traditionally is defined as a science of self (self-conscience), while security mainly is considered in social and political arena. Meanwhile, redefinition of ethics (morality) can be very helpful in construction of safe and secure life. Ethical security as discussed in this article, doesn’t want to depend security studies on morale concepts, rather tries to help it in making safer life. Ethical security is not a new resource of security beside other sources, but is a good reference for security studies. Ethical security can be useful in every type of security and also can prevent contradictions among different types. It also can be used in domestic and international level of security. Ethical approach in security studies, by focusing on social and political responsibilities for security agents, prevents securitization of normal issues and ruining national interest.

When one talks about peace as a common interest of humanity and permanent necessity of getting rid of the root causes of violence and discrimination, the role of 3.5 billion (approximately 49%) women around the world cannot be disregarded. While females make up only a small minority of combatants and perpetrators of wars, they increasingly suffer the greatest harm. Women in war-hit societies face specific and devastating forms of violence which are sometimes used systematically to achieve military or political objectives. Coupled with discrimination and inequitable laws, violence against women prevents them from access to education, becoming financially independent and participating in decision making processes and peace building. Violence against women is, therefore, considered as a major threat to sustainable peace. For many years, commitment to developing a culture of peace has constituted the core of success in three key pillars of the United Nations: peace and security, sustainable development and human rights. However, the UN has faced serious challenges in its efforts to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment, including inadequate funding and lack of a recognized drive to direct UN activities in these areas. Accordingly, on July 2010 the UN General Assembly formed UN Women, a dynamic entity for women and girls, providing them with a powerful voice at the international, regional and national levels.This article will examine UN efforts and challenges of building a sustainable peace, as well as the role and performance of UN Women in the past and future challenges.

Values are the foundation for security. Thus, security measures in their various forms are either to preserve these values or to prevent potential threats against them. By disintegration of the bipolar political order in the world and transformation of its international system a conceptual transition from "International security" into "Global security" was formed followed by a variety of consequences. Now, the question is that: Which values were displaced in such a conceptual transition, what are the new threats and how are the methods to secure the subject values?In the light of the global security in which some new role models such as individuals, NGOs, social movements and identities are now getting involved in international arena, the extent of security threats has relatively enhanced and the major goal of this paper is to examine the extent of security reforms needed to cope with the new situation.The paper will also deal with an explanation of the two concepts of international security and global security, their pertinent values and the sources of threats involved. Furthermore, the paper will analyze the means and methods to preserve the relevant values in order to provide a suitable trend of security in today's international environment.

With terrorism turning into the most serious concern for international peace and security, the understanding of the nature and complexities of the phenomenon has attracted the attention of experts on Middle East regional issues. Examining the indicators of the increase and importance of new terrorism after the September 11th events, this article delves into various perceptions of how new terrorism took shape and how to tackle it. The author believes that the current method of confronting new terrorism has not yielded positive results and has heightened mutual distrust rather than providing security. This refers to difference in perceptions of three subjects including the root causes of new terrorism, ways to struggle it, and misunderstanding of mutual expectations. Thus, success in confronting terrorism and enhanced international security will depend on making regional and world perceptions closer together.