جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "‎modernization" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

Atatürk and Reza Shah started the modernization program in Turkey and Iran almost simultaneously. Despite the historical similarities in the field of corrective measures of both personalities, the aforementioned process brought different results in the two countries; Compared to Reza Shah, Mustafa Kamal faced more success and the mobilization of the opposition was less widespread. The present study seeks to answer the question that compared to the simultaneous modernization project of Reza Shah and Atatürk, why Mustafa Kamal was more successful in institutionalizing reforms. Based on the findings of the research, Atatürk was able to implement his plans by adopting the Fabian approach (branch by branch and gradual, and striking method within the Fabian strategy) in the context and historical background of Turkish society. On the other hand, Reza Shah Pahlavi, without taking into account the historical and social situation of Iran's society at the time, could not provide infrastructure power in the society to support his policies with the simultaneous and radical plans. In this article, we will answer the research question in a brief manner by addressing the historical background of the reforms in the two countries, and then by using a qualitative and comparative analytical-historical-comparative method.

Although Iran's contact with developments in the Western world can be found in the European travelogues of Iranians during the “Safavid” and “Qajar” periods, But Iranians' dealings with the West go back to the Iran-Russia War.When Iran's military forces were defeated by Russia, “Abbas Mirza”, the war commander and Qajar crown prince, decided to increase Iran's military power by hiring military, medical and technical experts from Europe and sending a number of Iranian students to the West. As a result, from the beginning of the 19th century, reforming the educational system and importing technology and hiring military experts from Europe were the first actions of the crown prince to modernize Iran. So, from the beginning of the 19th century, reforming the educational system and importing technology and hiring military experts were among the first actions of the Crown Prince for modernization in Iran. The link between Iran's modernization and westernization created consequences and opposition in the country, and the traditional and religious system of education in Iran did not reflect it, and Iran's modernization faced complex obstacles. After “Abbas Mirza”, the other efforts of Iranian reformers in modernizing and reforming education in Iran continued with the establishment of “Daral-Funu”, School of Political Sciences, Missionary and “Rushdieh” schools until the formation of the constitution in 1906. But Iran could not benefit from a modern government and a coherent education system. This goal was postponed until the establishment of an absolute government during Reza Shah's period, and it was with the emergence of his government that the modernization of Iran in various dimensions with a focus on modern education became the fundamental goal of the new government. So far, many Researches have examined the performance of the first Pahlavi government and his modernization policies in Iran, but the studies have mainly focused on the government's identity building policy and less attention has been paid to the mutual effects of modernization and modern education in Iranian society. By examining the studies, the distinction and innovation of the current research is the explanation of modernization and education in the first Pahlavi government by relying on the theory of elitism. Based on this, the current research has tried to discuss and investigate the educational policies and measures of the first Pahlavi government, considering the cultural trends of modernization, such as the expansion of educational institutions and bureaucracy, nationalism and secularism. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analyze the modernization and education in the first Pahlavi period and the fundamental change of Iranian society. The main question of the current research is; what changes did the performance of Reza Shah's government in the field of modernizing the educational system bring about in Iran? In order to investigate this issue, the current research has been investigated through descriptive and historical analysis. Historical analysis is a method that examines past records and documents to understand the past. In this research, by examining the actions and historical documents of the first Pahlavi government, an attempt has been made to analyze the modernization and educational policies of this period. As the findings of the research show, the constitutional failure in the formation of the centralized government of Iran was the basis for the emergence of the Pahlavi I absolute government and Reza Shah's authoritarian modernization in the country. Focusing on the political and military forces and the structure of the army, court and bureaucracy under modernization from above, his government started measures to transition Iran from traditional to capitalist and modern. One of the most important actions of this authoritarian modernization was the expansion of education in Iran. Accordingly, education in Iran during the first Pahlavi period was not only based on learning science, but had a dual function. On the one hand, the formation of citizens interested in the land of Iran in the direction of serving the country and loyalty to the king and the political system was considered, and on the other hand, the educational structure of the country in the service of modernizing the administrative apparatus in order to supply the strength of the newly established bureaucracy, nationalism, secularism and Westernization was placed. Although this view strengthened the central and inclusive government in Iran, the country's education system faced many challenges that continued for decades. The modern educational system, like the traditional educational system, relied on maintaining a large amount of information and strengthening memory and theoretical sciences that prepared citizens for administrative and managerial positions. As a result, since the beginning of the establishment of this educational system, we have witnessed quantity instead of quality and the efforts of graduates to gain status and prestige in the government and society. In such an arrangement, the cultivation of people with critical rationality and demanding citizenship is not considered, and the school, as a man-making factory, finds the task of making people in line with the ideological beliefs of the ruling regime. Emphasizing this demand, Reza Shah asked students and graduates to be obedient and patriotic people who serve the ideals of the political system. Because the first Pahlavi modernization lacked flexibility and acceptance of reforms from below, and with modernization from above, he followed educational policies in Iran and spread Pahlavi ideology in the society in this way. This ideological construction was indifferent to religious and local traditions and focused on the combination of Iranism and secularism in order to build a new Iran. On this basis, the new educational system was also used to build the ideology of modernization from above and did not pay attention to the educational functions and its compatibility with the local conditions of the Iranian society.

Modernization is a process that all countries, sooner or later,, have experienced or are experiencing. Saudi Arabia entered this process after the discovery of oil, But with the expansion of communications, this process has gained momentum in the last two decades. Modernization has various cultural, political, economic, and social dimensions. Due to the fact that the modernization program in Saudi Arabia includes all of the aforementioned aspects (although with economic priority), the reflections of these changes in the society and their impact on the government's political stability are considered important issues. In the first step of this article, we provide practical and operational indicators of modernization. But the main discussion in this article is the effect of the modernization process on the political stability of Saudi Arabia based on the specified factors. According to the definition of political stability/instability that we present, we come to the conclusion that in some cases, modernization brings instability to the government and in some others, modernization has not given a suitable response to social demands and has the potential to create a challenge and instability. All in all, in the continuous spectrum of stability/instability, the Saudi government has taken steps towards stability, and the social reforms that have been carried out have a lower probability of instability, despite being symbolic in some dimensions.

Imam Khomeini, by emphasizing the religious thought and teachings of Shiite Islam in an era that was interpreted as the end of ideologies and the end of history, using Shiite Islamic political culture to draw a kind of political thought based on religious virtues, which according to Fukuyama Was the secularization of the world (the return of spirituality to the soulless world). The present article aims to explain the intellectual foundations of Shiite jurisprudence in the process of victory and continuation of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, using a descriptive-analytical method, what is the impact of Shiite jurisprudential principles, especially the theory of Velayat-e Faqih in the victory and continuation of the Islamic Revolution? Is ? It seems that the revolutionary discourse and the theory of Velayat-e-Faqih, as a unifying factor, have ensured political sovereignty and independence and the continuation of the Islamic Republic in Iran.

During the 20th century, different countries adopted various strategies to achieve economic development, including development strategies such as modernization, independence, import substitution, and export promotion. Development planning was also one of the emerging trends in the political economy of the world, which was carried out in the form of these strategies with the aim of achieving faster economic development. The approach of foreign relations of many countries was also influenced by the pursuit of development goals, and therefore it was considered as one of the factors influencing the economic development of countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran has also had many experiences in pursuing economic development strategies, including modernization, and has pursued various plans in this regard. The basic question of this article is about the evaluation of the defense modernization strategy and its foreign relations approach on economic development in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In order to answer this question, the initial period of the modernization strategy after the eight-year war with Iraq and especially the first and second development programs were investigated as a case study, with a descriptive analytical method, and it was concluded that during the implementation period of the modernization strategy, although limited successes were achieved in some areas such as agriculture, but failed in major sectors including foreign trade, reducing dependence on oil revenues, economic growth, production, industrial growth, service sector, social justice and inflation.

The aim of this study was to study the effect of modernization components on citizens' social identity. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all citizens over 18 years of age living in Sari city.A total of 386 individuals (citizens) were selected using the Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling method. To measure the research variables, researcher-made questionnaires on the components of modernization and social identity were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of modernization and citizens' social identity. According to the results of regression analysis, the social modernization variable with a beta value of 34% had the greatest effect, followed by the cultural modernization variable with a beta value of 30%, the psychological modernization variable with a beta value of 27% and the political modernization variable with a beta value of 23%, respectively. They had the effect of standardized regression on the dependent variable (social identity). The value of the coefficient of determination or R2, which is equal to 0.32, indicates that 32% of the changes in the social identity variable are explained by a set of independent variables.

The first experience of forming a political party in Iran dates back to the constitutional era. But these political parties were never able to have a continuous and useful activity in the Iranian society at that time, and after a short time, they disappeared and no trace of them remained. In this article, the reasons of non-continuity of first constitutional political parties are examined in terms of the views of two political thinkers, Joseph La Palombara and Miner Weiner. The main question is what factors contributed to the lack of continuity of the first political parties of the constitutional era? To answer this question, it is hypothesized that the non-implementation of the modernization project in Iran at that time prevented creating the necessary grounds for the emergence of parties. According to these two thinkers, parties can continue to exist if society has undergone the modernization process. In this study, the subject is addressed using the review and library method

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between modernization and urban development policies in Mashhad. The research method in this study is qualitative (theme analysis) and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study includes university professors, elites and specialists familiar with the field of modernization in Mashhad. Using purposive non-random sampling method and data adequacy and the principle of saturation, a total of 20 people were interviewed. Data were analyzed in three stages of open and axial and selective coding. The results show that before the revolution, the Western modernization style dominated the city and the Shah tried to implement the Western model in the city's development plans. After the Islamic Revolution, in the direction of urban development, direct and indirect intervention was made in the central part of Mashhad. But in the meantime, during the modernization of Mashhad in the post-Islamic Revolution, conflicts such as national and local conflict; The conflict between tradition and modernity and development without considering the principles of modernization has also emerged. The end result is the change of the city of Mashhad from a religious nature to a new modern city.

The purpose of this paper is historical reading tendency to ancient Iran in the thought of intellectuals in Nasseri's era. Considering the propositions of intellectuals, regardless of their Applied strain in the context of Political issues and problems, often make interpretations with non-historical readings. This article intends investigate tendency to ancient Iran in the thought of intellectuals, By considering the the ideal of law and justice to them in the context of the Religion-based community. in this period,iran due to the Shia government of Qajar identified Land of faith. The normative system governing iran in this period, with a specific usage of concepts such as bliss, infidels and rakish, provided an ethical angle that faced Getting into civil society(legal and justice) whit problem. this article Considering the difficulty of passing through religious community to civil society poses the question of In the process of this transition, how has ancient Iran in the thought of intellectuals in Nasseri's era have emerged? The hypothesis is that the praise of ancient Iran occurs in the ideological controversy of intellectuals to change the formulation From religious community to civil society. The data of this paper are collected through the library and documentation method and then interpreted using the Skinner text reading method

The subject of this article is the study of the reflection of modernization values in the newspapers of the two main political factions of the country. The values of "rationality, participation, tolerance, equality, individualism, public trust and environment" are defined as the cultural values of modernization and in the editorials of Kayhan and Etemad newspapers as exemplary newspapers of the two political factions of the country, Quantitative content analysis was performed. For this purpose, 40 issues of each newspaper in 1997 were systematically selected randomly. The results of the study showed that 70% of the editorials of Kayhan newspaper are dedicated to foreign policy. In Etemad newspaper, 32.5% of the topics were related to domestic issues and only 20% were related to foreign policy. The study of semantic words also shows that the word equality has been repeated 110 times in both newspapers, of which 72 frequencies were related to the reformist newspaper and 38 frequencies were related to the fundamentalist newspaper. The value of rationality and its equivalent words has 25 frequencies in Kayhan newspaper and 18 frequencies in Etemad newspaper. In general, the values of modernization are significantly more reflected in the reformist newspaper

Ethnic identity is a fluid phenomenon that, due to social developments, experiences different situations. Ahvaz in the second Pahlavi period, for numerous reasons, including oil reconnaissance, changed its socio-cultural structure. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to answer the question of what ethnic identity was in this historical period? In other words, was the ethnic identity of the Bakhtiari and Arab peoples strengthened or weakened in the second Pahlavi period? To answer these questions, it used a semi-structured qualitative interview technique with those who had lived in the city during the second Pahlavi period. Research data has been analyzed through the Thematic analysis method, and has extracted the four primary themes of the growth of inter-ethnic interactions, the weakening of ethnic culture, ethnic ignorance, the identity unification policy of the Pahlavi government, and a central theme entitled ethnic identity on the path to integration. The results show that ethnic identity had weakened in that historical period and new identities had emerged in society

The main idea‏ ‏of this paper is to investigate the relationship of ‎conflicting forces, ‎each of which has looked at modernization ‎differently. During the first and second ‎Pahlavi periods, the idea of‏ ‏‏modernization was interpreted by the sovereignty as ‎establishing a ‎modern state and defining new tasks and structures for the state. ‎‎Interpreting modernization as such, in the years leading to the ‎revolution by the ‎Pahlavi, intellectuals criticized this approach. They ‎were looking for a different form of ‎state contrary to Pahlavi's state. ‎Thus, the question is, what type of state were they ‎looking for? To do ‎so, we used the historical-comparative sociological method to probe ‎‎the question. The conclusion is that the modern state raises the ‎modernization idea, and ‎this identification between the two, perhaps, ‎is from the results of the post-‎constitutional era. In the years ‎following September 1941 and 1960-70, intellectuals ‎criticized ‎Pahlavi's modernization and, consequently, annihilated the modern ‎state with ‎all its structures and mechanisms.‎

Violence is something that always happens in the real world and has many forms and types. This phenomenon is not limited to overt violence or physical violence, but also has hidden forms that are essentially hidden in language and speech. For example, the thinking and mentality of modernization and development at first sight reveals a desirable truth, yet in the world of thought and the resulting divisions one can discover traces of verbal or abstract violence. From this perspective, the leading article seeks to explore and understand the origins and origins of violence in Western theories of modernization and development, using Jacques Derrida's method of deconstruction. Derrida seeks to examine the dichotomies and contrasts in language by deconstruction method. Findings show that according to ontological determinism, epistemology and methodology, theories of modernization and development, as well as semantic distinctions and contrasts in their innovative concepts such as rational / irrational, tradition / modernity, developed / backward, savage / civilized, cultured / uncultured, urban / rural, poor / rich, etc. These theories carry abstract and fundamental violence or the same primary violence that they have the capacity and ability to practice. Become secondary violence or objective violence.

The history of the Ottoman Empire could be of particular importance to researchers. This importance firstly goes back to the arrival of modernity in Islamic lands, which the Ottoman Empire faced as the last heir of Islamic empires, and secondly, refers to the understanding of modernity and its requirements which were able to appear in modern Turkey after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. While some of the ulema were opposed to any reforms that had a Western and non-Islamic source, some others were hoped to regain the former power of the empire and consequently improve their position. In order to find new ways and support their ideas, the Ottoman’s ulema revised Ijtihad. However, it had no effect other than to impose new meanings on old concepts. As a result of chaos on thoughts, a group of late Ottoman intellectual realized the irreconcilability of the Islamic thought tradition with modern Western civilization and in order to establish modern institutions, they destroyed the legitimate and traditional resources. As the bearers of these resources, the ulema were expelled from the new structure under construction, and after numerous struggles, they supported the new government. By using the historical study method and books and library resources, this article tries to examine the impact of Ottoman modernization on the ulema’s situation.

Given that the Iranian society in dealing with modernization and modernity in various dimensions has not been prepared and in accordance with its basic needs, so the pace of change in various dimensions has not progressed in a harmonious and balanced way. It has also led to a generation gap (the first generation and the second generation) in Bijar society. This generational difference had also affected the lifestyle of parents and children. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of modernization and modernization on the lifestyle of parents and children in Kurdistan province. In this study, the theories of Lerner, McClelland, Smith and Incles, Sharma and Turner, Bourdieu and Goffman have been used. The research method is causal-comparative. The statistical population includes parents and children of homeless people (children living with their parents), of course, parents in the age range of 40 to 60 years and children in the age range of 15 to 30 years. Multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select the studied samples. The number of samples was estimated to be 768. Data were collected from a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument were confirmed. The relationships between the variables were tested using Amos software and structural equation modeling. The results showed that modernity and modernization have affected the lifestyle according to the role of generation (parents and children).

The first experience to form a party in Iran dates back to the constitutional era. However, the first constitutional political parties could not have a dynamic life and soon disappeared. In this article, we try to answer the question: "What factors were influential in the discontinuity of the first political parties of the constitutional era?”. To answer this question, we have hypothesized that "the existence of a traditional structure and the lack of manifestations of Iranian modernity at that time did not create the necessary grounds for the emergence of parties. Modernization by creating social mobility increases the desire for political participation in groups and individuals of the community. Thus, political parties will emerge at certain stages of modernization. In this research, the authors use historical documentation and the library method

Development and modernization have always been a concern of governments, especially since the beginning of the new era and after World War II. In this regard, different thinkers have designed and implemented different models for this path according to their historical, social and economic structures and sometimes their ideological designs. In this research, the patterns of modernization and development are examined in a qualitative manner and an attempt will be made to analyze the Islamic view of these patterns as well. The question is what are the types of non-Islamic modernization and development models and Islam's view of them? This research has been collected with library documents.

In addition to guaranteeing the country's economy in the field of animal husbandry, the nomads also protected the borders due to their militant spirit and were autonomous in managing the affairs of their tribe.Tribal policy in the threshold of pahlavi reign turned to a fearful problem.In the following of nomads of phobia to nomads against in between pahlavi intellectuals caused the government to emancipate of the fear,seeking direct confront to tribes.Pahlavi reign came at a price of transformation tribal society with comments to marco policy.For this reason new dimensions,on government conflicts and tribes added than previous goverments.Since in Rezakhan consideration,any tipe of autonomous nomads movement construed to tribe stubborness and obstinacy.Mps support and protection and their press made Rezakhan movement in the direction of creating central government and security among tribes.therefore resource fulness for tribes in prior of Rezakhan's renovation program was founded on three main bases,repression,disarmament and negation of power tribal heads and settling of tribes.positive and negative political,economical and cultural results followed on Iranian tribal society .This research is in search for proving the items.

Modernization is a term used to describe the process of social change in which less developed societies acquire the common features of advanced societies. Modernization brings many positive and negative consequences for cities. Mashhad is one of the metropolises of Iran that despite its traditional and religious context, has been modernized during the last century. Modernization of Mashhad after the Islamic Revolution of Iran has created threats and opportunities for the development of this city. The results of the present study show that economic, commercial, industrial, tourism and political development prosperity, which includes rationalization of authority, promotion of popular participation, increase of soft power, establishment of a regular and separate administrative structure, are among the most important opportunities and disproportionate change of the historical and cultural context of the city, environmental pollution, social and cultural problems have been the most important complications and threats of modernity for the city of Mashhad after the Islamic Revolution of Iran..