جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « 11 سپتامبر » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

One of the most important strategic issues in the field of international relations of countries and in the field of international security is the issue of arms control and disarmament. This article aims to examine the US approach to disarmament and arms control with a look at the events of September 11, 2001, which was done in a library manner. In response to the main research question: "What is the US approach to disarmament and arms control after 9/11?" Findings show that disarmament and arms control have always been one of the most important issues in the international system, especially in Russia-US relations. The proposal for disarmament and arms control in the post-Cold War era is very confusing and complex. . In the early 1990s, there was a strong tendency to conclude arms reduction agreements. Multilateral peaceful international cooperation did not end after 9/11. Rather, given the US government's moves, the rules of the game have become more militant in the first place, and this has led to a change in international discourse. Second, unilateralism was opposed to multilateralism. This development affected all countries.

Modeling the future of the preventive war on terror doctrine based on bush September 11 policyAbstract:Terrorism is a phenomenon that our contemporary world is facing in a complex way, and despite extensive efforts to combat it, it will not be possible to eliminate or seriously control it in the near future. In the aftermath of 9/11, bush’s team and the conservatives ruling the White house devised a strategy based on a pre-emptive war on terrorism and this policy has continued in the first two decades of the serious century in the white house. In this article, using the descriptive-analytical method and the activities of the professor’s book and related news. We examine the history of component law and its rules, the evolution of international criminal law, new terrorism, and finally the modeling of this counterterrorism approach. (to enmity, the wests specific view of Islam, unilateralism, dual standards, and the struggle to develop American hegemony) and its effects and results (failure to pay attention to the root of terrorism, the denial of criminal responsibility of American citizens, the occurrence of catastrophes, and collective responsibility, the increase of political and social restrictions and government violence and the resulting disproportion between crime and punishment), will be doomed to failure in any case.

Since elleven septamber, NATO has been one of the most important intervening actors in the region and has played a decisive role in its security structure. Therefore, the expansion of NATO territory in the Middle East is through the admission of new members within the framework of US security goals and the desired security order in the Middle East. This situation can create different scenarios in the security field of the geography around Iran, which will certainly be a threat and threat to the presence of NATO for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The question is, what effect does NATO's military strategy in the Middle East have on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? It seems that NATO's presence in the Middle East is to fill the power vacuum in the region, and NATO's long-term presence around the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran reduces the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East. The above research is of analytical-fundamental type, with a descriptive-analytical approach and a qualitative-interpretive method. The method of collecting research data has also been done through library studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of NATO presence on the security approach of the Islamic Republic after elleven septamber.

The Middle East is currently at the center of a wide range of geopolitical crises, with the political structure outlined in the Sykes-Picot agreement reportedly undergoing serious change. The intervention of the great powers in managing the crisis of terrorism in the Middle East through war, especially after 9/11, has necessitated the rooting out of the geopolitical crisis in the Middle East and the foresight of its crisis. Accordingly, the present study aims to predict the course of geopolitical crises in the Middle East after 9/11. The research method was performed qualitatively using interview tools and grounded theory that the sample population of 10 people was questioned.The results of the study showed that the most important factor in the formation of geopolitical crises in the Middle East is the existence of abundant energy and resources that the great world powers are always trying to control.One of the most important underlying factors, the corruption of rentier governments and the most important interfering factors are the competition of regional and supra-regional powers for the development of their hegemony. Finally, the theoretical model of the research showed the foresight of the crisis in the Middle East at three levels: level 1 indicates the deepest type of geopolitical crisis, level 2 indicates the creation of a geopolitical crisis and military war, but at level 3, the geopolitical crisis and There will be no military war, because the level of overlap of theoretical variables does not reach the level of impact of the geopolitical crisis.

The question of the present study intended to answer with a descriptive-analytical approach is: How may the effects of Islamophobia on the cultural relations between the IRI and the West during the post-Islamic Revolution era be assessed? The hypothesis of the study is that the phenomenon of Islamophobia in the cultural dimension during the recent years and even decades in a creeping and slow progress has left its limited and informal form and embodied purposefully within a formal and legal frameworks at three levels: 1) at the government level in the form of decisions made in the think tank; 2) The level of public space of society in the form of verbal and physical violence as well as in the form of discrimination in civil rights; And 3) Media level in the form of negative image-making.

The nations take various strategies in exposure to different developments and phenomena and impact on foreign and internal policies of countries in international scene proportional to their internal and external conditions and rivals and at international arena. What US implemented after September- 11 Event and targeted accusation finger toward Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan is deemed as a type of strategy that has occurred in created nostalgic climate together with hasty decision making and negligence to domestic issues in Afghan Community while their output was to take different and even paradoxical strategies in this crisis-stricken region since 1980s. In this article that has been written in order to analyze US Post September- 11 Strategies in Afghanistan this basic question will be answered that how changes in US macro policies influenced in orientation of diplomacy of this country and why this country has adapted different policies in occupation of Afghanistan. Afterwards, it is deduced according to the given findings from librarian data collection method that the constant changes in US strategy in Afghanistan were due to overlooking of domestic issues and historic, ethnic, cultural, political, and ideological complexities of this country that has resulted in degradation of US position in world scene and its failure in suppression of Taliban.

The end of cold war and disability of governed theories on the international correlations established through forecasting evolutions, caused formation of criticizing trend about positivism assumptions. Based on this theory, there is a need for a modern view for analyzing and understanding regional and international revolutions. The research investigates the issue that what are evolutional paradigms after the modern changes in the international correlation theories after cold war and specially the September 11 attacks and what is the emphasis of the recent decade findings about efficient concepts for analyzing issues. Based on the main question of the research, the main question is that after cold war and specially September 11 attack, the modern theories have moved toward analyzing (criticizing positivism theories) realism, neorealism, toward regional analysis levels and the importance of entity in analyzing international changes. The research results demonstrate that unlike positivism theories, modern theories have social and international relations. Secondly, September 11 attacks is considered as a guideline for worldwide actors goals such as the U.S.A. third, in order to understand the modern evolutions we need theories and concepts that emphasize regional analysis. Fourth, the issue of entity in the new decade is mixed with the issue of entity and universal and regional conflicts show that it is possible to observe it in Islamic sample such as correlation between Iran and India.

Islamophobia in recent decades as a serious challenge for Western governments, particularly the British people has been raised. This problem was exacerbated after the events of September 11 and took on a new dimension. This Issue is rooted in the past and the actions of some Islamic Extremist groups. But Western think tanks had active role to intensify and magnify that. The question of this paper is that what is the role of think tanks to strengthen, expand, and direct the Islamophobia?
Using the Descriptive and analytical method and by review and monitor the activities of the think tank "policy change" in the UK we will answer the question. Our studies show that Western think tanks like Policy Exchange are trying to introduce Islam and moslim as a major threat for the policy makers and citizens of the western contries by publishing reports against Islam.

Autopsy of Shia in USDr. Abdul Rahman AlemAli FarzaliyanAbstract:Tendency toward spirituality, including Islam, in the world and US has been increasing. Its reasons include identity and ethical crisis, the failure of modernity in order to bring salvation and the policies of the west against Islam and Muslims. Given the increase of mosques, Islamic centers and religious ceremonies, the tendency to Shia has been increased in the US. The tendency has a Sufism dimension. In the US, Shia Muslims face challenges such as the policies of US government, negative attitudes of Americans toward them, policies of Wahhabis, Identity crisis, negative attitudes of US media and discrimination.Key Words: Shia, US, American Muslims, 11th September, Islam

The United Nations created the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan after the September 11th events and the fall of the Taliban government according to the Bon Agreement in order to help stabilize Hamid Karzai’s transitional government. ISAF is intended to establish reliable security structures in Afghanistan, help reconstruct the country and train future Afghani security forces. Is ISAF’s operation consistent with international law? The authors conclude that the large part of ISAF’s activities in Afghanistan conforms international law but there have been occasional cases mainly related to human rights where their activities have violated international law. For instance, casualties among the civilian population during the course of ISAF’s battle on terror are apparently a violation of human rights, but was there any other option for ISAF? May a cancerous tumor be treated with chemotherapy without victimizing other living cells?

We try the best to scrutinize the process of cooperation and especially the convergence between Russian and North Atlantic treaty based on constructivism theory. Both sides have continued the enmity after terminating Cold war and collapse of Russia، despite of change in international structure and patterns. Both sides could have solved common needs and problems through more cooperation and collaboration. They embarked on cooperation after the terrorist incident on Sept. 11، 2001. Theoretically، the important factor of this process is to spread functionally structured ideas in international relations and to challenge realism ideas that have already dominated over theorizing process and analysis of international relations.

After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the priorities in the agenda of bilateral relations of Mexico and the United States changed and new agreements like alliance for security and economic boom for North America, intelligent border letter of understanding etc. were signed between the two countries. The present paper shows that after 11September terrorist attacks “security” became the prime and most important priority in the United States foreign policy agenda with its southern neighbor. Although for Mexican party problem like emigration and economy was having greater importance. The United States for improving its lost security brought Mexico into security pacts; practically Mexico was forced to accept security pacts. In the post 11September time the economic objectives of Mexico was not accomplished within the bilateral pacts with the United States, for this reason Mexico despite the United States pressure turned to the Middle East countries to fulfill its economic priorities. As a result the tension emerged in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico. One of the sign of these tensions was manifested in the opposition of the Mexican statesmen to the United States military invasion of Iraq in 2003. The present article by an analytical method examines the above issue.

After 9/11، the doctrine of the regime change for elimination of the anti-American’s hegemony became the main part of the new strategy of US national security. Therefore American neoconservative policymakers، focused on the strategy of regime change. The first step of this strategy was enforced in Afghanistan. Authors of the present study، considering the strategic importance of the military invasion of Iran’s neighbor، want to answer this question: How can we compare the academic Iranians'' viewpoints about US military invasion of Afghanistan? Limiting the scope of the research to the comparison of the printed articles of three top Iranian experts on US studies، authors tried to test the following hypothesis: There have been a twofold aspect (military and civilian) to the US invasion of Afghanistan: Elimination of a failed state and creation of a pattern state.

While Islamophobia and its different manifestations are deep-rooted back prior to September 11 and even a millennium ago, undoubtedly the September 11 incident and the mass political, security and propaganda movement resulted from it, left a dramatic implications on how Islam was viewed in the West and how Muslims were treated there. The extensive and engineered Islamophobia was emerged in different forms and frameworks and, while drawing a dark picture of Islam and Muslims, put mental and legal pressures and limitation on Muslim minorities in the Western countries. 10 years after September 11, the extensive Islamophobia which initially was viewed as a reaction to that incident has moved from its limited and informal form and emerged in an official and legal framework. This paper reviews the scope and the contexts in which these developments have taken place.

The present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period, the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance, friendship and cooperation between the United States and Saudi Arabia had not been free from serious tensions. The Saudi Arabia’s expectations to receive arms and the US no support of Israel and the United States expectations about observance of human rights in Saudi Arabia and providing air base and supply of oil are among the factors that have given serious stress and strain to the cooperative and friendly relations of the two. Unlike what it appears, the cold war between the United States within the framework of combination of realism and idealism had always been problematic. From the viewpoint of both sides, these relations are a necessary alliance but they are quite fragile. The present article is trying to support this hypothesis that the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia after September 11 events had undergone certain changes. It changed from tense cooperation into the policy of containment-suppression. But this strategy did not last long and it could not also continue. After calming down of the post 11 September emotional eruption due to the objectives and interest of the United States it changed from an aggressive position to more moderate form which existed before.

Islamotopia shows a kind of negative image and hatred toward Islam and Muslims. So that it has resulted in discriminatory and harming behaviors against them. Though the roots of this phenomenon go back to old times، the passage of time has brought new topics. Since the 9/11 attacks Islamophobia and anti-Islamism have experienced a great increase. Many of the political activists and western media have used the 9/11 attacks as an instrument for the spread of Islamophobia. American right-wing Christians were one of active groups. Though different Islamic movements do not approve al- Qaida''s attacks، they realize continuous interventions of the West in the Islamic countries as the reason for the radical reactions of al-Qaida. The Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the main Islamic resistances against West''s dominance does not approve terrorism and is after thwarting West''s project of spreading Islamophobia.

Lots of Papers has been written about Iran’s Military Strategy explain Military strategy of Iran is Deterrence, but there is a little Paper that Explain Why Iran Chose this Strategy? The Paper tries to Answer this Question. Two Hypotheses are presented as Probable Answers to the Question: 1-Chang of Balance Power in the Middle East 2- Intensification of U.S Pressure on Iran for Regime Change.

Terrorist events of 11 September 2001 opened a new chapter in domestic and foreign policies of Bush (junior) administration. After the end of the cold war the United States suffered a vacuum for its security strategy. During the cold war era, the United States chose the deterrence strategy. The end of the cold war meant the end of that strategy. As a result during 1991-2000 years there was a security vacuum for the United States. But the September 11 terrorist attacks created an opportunity for the protagonists of that country to adopt a new strategy in foreign policy and international affairs. The Neo-conservatives after September 11 made use of this opportunity to aggrandizement the danger of terrorism at home for gaining popular support and in international arena they could consolidate their hegemony and the leadership of the world. The United States after these incidents took up new policies and objectives. Besides that the United States pursued a new concept in security in foreign policy and in this direction the strategy of pre-emptive attack was adopted. In other words the strategy of “deterrence” gave its place to “increasing intervention”. Hence one notices that the realist approach has been strengthened by American statesmen and decision-makers and they have turned towards security policies and unilateralism in international relations. One of the new approaches which is being stressed today in analysis of international relations and the United States foreign policy is aggressive realism. In aggressive realism the emphasis is placed on the increasing of power as an aim for achieving hegemonic status in international system (as the principal behavior of big powers). The present article by making use of this theoretical framework tries to explain the United States foreign policy in the Middle East after the year 2001.

In this article author examines the developments of Al-Qaeda after September 11 terrorist attacks. The core idea of the text is that Al-Qaeda has been changed from a hierarchical organization to a complex, flexible and dynamic with a global reach after 9/11 and subsequently U.S attacks on Afghanistan in 2001. In other words Al-Qaeda that we knew as an organization before 9/11 has been changed toward an Ideology after that event. This Ideology is named Al-Qaedaism. Todays many islamist terrorist groups use Al-Qaeda aims, ideology, strategy and tactics all over the world without being under the control of Al-Qaeda as an organization. These groups have been more and more active especially in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and Iraq in recent years. It must be mentioned that the focus of this research is on Al-Qaeda terrorist activities in Iraq as a new front for jihadists.