جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « confrontation » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The concept of a nuclear Iran means the improvement of technical capabilities in the direction of uranium enrichment, fuel plate loading and storage of enriched uranium for industrial and strategic purposes. The main actors of international politics, who have the monopoly of nuclear capability, have opposed and confronted the increase of Iran's capability. This shows that international politics is the main axis of controlling the foreign relations of actors in the world system. In Mersheimer's aggressive neorealism writing, great powers have an aggressive foreign policy and do not want to change the power balance of regional actors. The major powers have de facto agreed with the nuclearization of Israel, while they have always used their foreign and strategic policy to confront Iran and have resisted and opposed any strategic empowerment and geopolitical leap of Iran in the Middle East and Southwest Asia. The main question of the article is "with what goals and mechanisms have the main actors of international politics, including: China, Russia, the United States and the main countries of the European Union, limited Iran's nuclear capability in 1956-2021?" The hypothesis of the article refers to the fact that "Iran's nuclearization has left an impact on the geopolitical balance of the regional environment and this has led to limiting, restraining and confronting Iran's nuclear capability by the main actors of international politics."

The growing trend of foreign fighters and their widespread presence around the world with the high capability of carrying out terrorist operations shows the necessity of international confrontation by governments. The purpose of this article is to examine the responsibility of governments for the presence of foreign fighters in relation to international commitments using descriptive and analytical methods and using library resources. The basic difference between a foreign fighter and a mercenary in joining armed groups is the difference in their motivation. They are called foreign warriors. The main question of the research is what is the nature of the activity of foreign fighters and according to the available documents, what rights, duties and responsibilities do governments have in case of violation of obligations and communication with foreign fighters? The findings show that the presence of foreign fighters in armed conflicts in some cases has effects and consequences such as destabilization of governments, the spread of terrorism and arms smuggling, considering that these fighters are not very controllable and accountable for their actions. This issue disturbs the world order and in some cases it can become a threat to international peace and security. Therefore, international law requires governments to respect the legal and legal interests of other governments. Otherwise, the offending governments are responsible for international law and obligations in this field at the level of non-interference and maintaining international security, and in case of damage to other governments or citizens of those countries, they are required to compensate.

The Iranian Islamic Revolution, one of the most important global events of the 20th century, occurred in the super-strategic region of West Asia with special geopolitics. Various policies from the US to deal with this new order were against the harmony of its transregional national interests. One of the important policies to put pressure on Iran was the use of the weapon of sanctions and curbing the transit situation, which, considering the dependence of a single product on exported hydrocarbons and its derivatives, the dependence on investment in the field of energy and petrochemicals was not without harm. With this description, we are looking for an answer to the question of how economic interests affect the confrontation between America and Iran in West Asia? The hypothesis of the current research is that the economic embargo and its effect on reducing the economic power of the nation-state inside and exerting pressure on the regional geography had a direct effect on the confrontation. The research method is library and internet, which seeks to understand the damaging factors on the economic infrastructure and the causes of the US-Iran conflict, i.e. economic interests in West Asia, with a realistic view and providing constructive solutions.

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of its republics had significant effects on the policies of the neighboring countries in various political, cultural, economic and social fields, so that each of the neighbors tried to establish deep relations with these countries based on their interests. In this regard, the Republic of Azerbaijan, as one of the newly independent countries, due to its geopolitical, geoeconomic and geocultural position, was able to attract the attention of countries such as Iran and Turkey in order to strengthen their relations with the government and people of Azerbaijan. Due to the establishment of secular governments in the Republic of Azerbaijan, Islamic movements have not yet been able to provide a suitable model for adapting their Islamic and national values. Therefore, the Republic of Azerbaijan is witnessing the confrontation of different discourses to model political relations. This research seeks to answer the main question, what is the contrast between the discourse of Shia political Islam, especially the discourse influenced by the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and the discourse of Turkish neo-Ottomanism in the Republic of Azerbaijan? The current research is based on the theoretical framework of the discourse and the application of the descriptive-analytical qualitative method. Considering that Shiite political Islam and Ottomanism each have elements and components of the same discourse, they can be analyzed in the form of discourse analysis. Discourse analysis can be considered as the discovery of apparent and hidden meanings in discourse streams that appear in different linguistic and meta-linguistic forms. The findings show that the discourse of Shia political Islam is an authentic discourse in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the discourse of Ottomanism is considered as a rival discourse. Thus, as we have stated, each discourse has a central sign and floating signs that make it cohesive. The central sign of Shia political Islam discourse is velayat al-faqih. Also, the floating signifiers of this discourse can be considered as republic and government, rule of law, justice, independence, freedom, anti-tyranny. On the other hand, the central signifier of the discourse of Ottomanism can be considered as liberal political Islam. This type of Islamism entered Turkey's political arena with the victory of the Justice and Development Party in the parliamentary elections of 2002. Liberal political Islam believes that the majority of Islamic rulings are in the field of individual rulings and issues, and Islam does not have a plan for political and social management, and only a small part of it is in the field of government. Liberal political Islam believes in the secularity of the Turkish government, but opposes the removal of religious symbols from public places, such as banning women's hijab in public places. They are not trying to establish an Islamic government. In fact, they have a kind of conservative Islam. Also, nationalism, secular government, democracy and balanced relationship with East and West are the floating signifiers of the discourse of neo-Ottomanism. Considering that the political system of the Republic of Azerbaijan is secular on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is considered the second Shia country in the world, the Islamic Republic tried to support the Shia people of Azerbaijan and finally strengthen its relations with the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this regard, it also took extensive measures, but the government of Azerbaijan, by changing its foreign policy approach, turned towards the Zionist regime, the West, and Turkey, and also narrowed the space for Shiite Islamists and tried to suppress them. For example, the Islamic Party in the Republic of Azerbaijan, despite the cancellation of its activity license by the government and the arrest of its leaders, has always shown that it has a high level of mobilization ability and enjoys relatively wide support. Therefore, it is considered a significant threat to the government and as a result, it plays an important role in the political life of this country. At the same time, Turkey is promoting and promoting its liberal political Islam model in Azerbaijan with the tendencies of neo-Ottomanism. The influence of the secular reading of Islamism and the religious tolerance of Ottomanism is growing among the young generation and Muslim intellectuals. Despite the restrictions placed on the Shiite parties, the government of Azerbaijan has not imposed any ban on the activities of secular Islamism in Turkey and on the contrary has officially supported them. In fact, this movement has kept itself away from any political confrontation and has pretended that it is not seeking to overthrow the political structure of Azerbaijan. In general, it can be said that there is a kind of indirect confrontation between these two political-Shia-Islam discourses based on velayat-faqih and the liberal political Islam of Ottomanism in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

One of the important capabilities of the BRICS group can be in the direction of cooperation among its member countries in dealing with common security challenges in the world and specifically in the Middle East. The purpose of this article is to examine the mechanisms and effectiveness of BRICS cooperation in dealing with the complex security landscape of the Middle East region. With the descriptive-analytical method and the review of internet and library resources as well as in the framework of game theory and obtaining the best interests for BRICS members, it was concluded that BRICS security opportunities include diplomatic approaches, conflict resolution mechanisms, regional cooperation and the potential benefits of cooperation. It increases the position of this group in strengthening the regional security of the Middle East, which results in the synergy of security in the Middle East. But concerns about potential power struggles, mistrust among member states, differences in national interests, geopolitical tensions, competing regional alliances, political dynamics, and historical conflicts that may prevent effective cooperation hinder their effectiveness in addressing security challenges. It becomes the region.

The hidden and internal wing of some currents and foreign in various political, scientific, cultural, economic fields and in the form of cover with outward and populist slogans and by examining the intelligence and security institutions of the country, it is clear that these currents are evil thoughts. And they have an Islamic evil and they follow the system from change to subversion in a software and completely combined way to seize power. Since it must exist as a developmentalist and as a reformer, if it exists in conflict with the ideals of the Islamic Republic of Iran and may even be illegal, it indicates another purpose behind the scenes of this, I interpret it as software and this question in The mind takes over. What strategies are there to deal with these subversive currents and situations and what are the implementation strategies? Dealing with the various dimensions of this phenomenon and presenting suitable strategies to deal with it, I have taken care of the minds of sympathizers and those interested in the Islamic revolution. This research aims to present the strategies  What are the strategies of J.A. Iran to deal with the opposing currents of subverting the system's software?Using the opinions of different thinkers regarding the theories of revolution and subversion - from the SOAR methodology, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 58 experts identified by the snowball and brainstorming methods, and 18 strategies were identified to answer the mentioned questions. Is. has been achieved

The subject of the current research is to investigate the factors affecting the policy of the Russian government towards Islamic trends in Russia as a group of important minorities in this country between 1991 and 2011. One of the basic issues in multi-ethnic and multicultural societies such as Russia is the method of government policy and its management in dealing with ethnic groups and the culture of minorities. Political management in multicultural countries requires its own abilities, often each country uses its own unique policies and it may be challenging to write a single version for all countries. On the other hand, various political, social, historical, economic, etc. causes lead them to the political methods that govern them. The multicultural social structure among Western liberal democracies has somehow led to policies that increase the government's capacity to deal effectively and efficiently with ethnic and cultural pluralism within its sovereign borders. However, it is essential to note that policy-making in non-democratic systems such as Russia, which have a multicultural social structure and authoritarian political structure, has been different from the policies of democratic societies. 

Why has the Russian government's policy towards the Islamic currents in this country fluctuated between control, confrontation, and interaction?Research Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that the central government of Russia's policy toward Islamic currents due to some internal factors such as the nature of the hybrid authoritarian political system as well as some external factors such as the developments in the Islamic world and the emergence of groups including Taliban, al-Qaeda and ISIS and its security effects on countries such as Russia, which have significant Muslim populations, have fluctuated mainly in the form of control, confrontation, and interaction.

The method of this research is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, and as test theory research, the description in this research is done using models and theories. The analysis uses the model called "Instrumental multiculturalism in hybrid authoritarian regimes." In this model, multiculturalism in a state that possesses both authoritarian and democratic elements is often instrumental and does not necessarily inherent in the acceptance of this concept and is used as a tool in the hands of the government to maintain cohesion and survival. In hybrid authoritarian regimes that are multicultural, they use multiculturalism as a tool to achieve their various goals. This means that, on the one hand, accepting the multicultural nature of society recognizes the rights of minorities and allows them to operate in the political and social spheres.On the other hand, relying on its authoritarian nature, it demands the complete loyalty of these groups. In this model, governments do not always adhere to the main features of multiculturalism, such as equality, social justice, self-government and minority rights and other liberal aspects of this theory. They remain within the core components of the concept of multiculturalism only as long as the interests, security, and survival of states are not threatened. Suppose that minorities deviate from the circuit of loyalty to the state. In that case, the authoritarian nature of the state is manifested and some policies of confrontation, exclusion and marginalization or strict control and supervision of the granted democracy emerge. In explaining this model, it should be said that the concept of multiculturalism with ethnic and cultural diversity in a single political society has been accepted as a reality both in terms of positive effects and despite some security threats.The process of this research was such that the theories of multiculturalism and authoritarianism were studied with a comparative approach, and their main and most prominent features were identified. Then, the components and assumptions of multiculturalism and authoritarianism in Russia were examined and the data obtained from this study led to the formation of the model "instrumental multiculturalism in hybrid authoritarian regimes". Based on this, the article was analyzed about the fluctuations of the government's policy towards Islamic movements.

Russia's hybrid authoritarian political system is a context that intentionally or unintentionally creates an atmosphere of control or instrumentalism of authoritarian or democratic elements in domestic and foreign politics. In other words, the government does not follow a single policy toward different Islamic currents. Instead, various policies based on interaction and tolerance are proposed in line with the interactive policies of the government and what is referred to as the right of self-government and the policies of control or confrontation. In addition, by adopting three parallel policies, the Russian government has pursued the policy of recognizing Islamic currents as the dominant intellectual current of a significant group of Muslims in this country.

The findings of the research show that firstly, the government's policies towards Islamic currents have both internal and external dimensions. Secondly, the government does not follow a single policy towards the Tatar and North Caucasus Islamic currents. Based on what the model of "instrumental multiculturalism in hybrid authoritarian regimes" showed, the government's policy towards the Tatar movement is based on interaction and tolerance, and in this regard, it follows the model of recognizing cultural differences. On the other hand, although the North Caucasus movement was able to gain independent power in the administration of internal and especially military affairs compared to the Tatar movement, it is witnessing more controlling or confrontational policies of the central government. By conducting a study based on the mentioned model, it was concluded that the first policy of the Russian government is interaction and tolerance with Islamic currents. Parallel to that, the policy of confrontation and strong control over radical and independence-seeking currents and the third policy is political participation and instrumental use of Islamic currents.

Today, the influence of media has spread in all aspects of life and it is difficult to imagine a world without media and news. In addition to useful and positive effects such as public monitoring, awareness and information and dealing with economic corruption, the media can also become a threat against the society in some cases. During soft and non-hard wars, the media plays the main role. In various ways, the media can shape the mental atmosphere of the target groups in the direction of the goals and demands of the enemies, and in this case, a media war is formed. Therefore, it is necessary to manage media threats and deal with such a war. Considering that such a war cannot be dealt with in a hard way, therefore, soft techniques should be used. Cultural criminology is one of the branches of critical criminology that deals with the importance of the media's role in society and suggests cultural solutions. Based on this, the present article examines the strategies for managing media threats and comes to the conclusion that increasing media literacy among managers, media clarification efforts and the production of measured content and media insight are among the strategies to deal with the media war. Domestic media should do all they can to represent the facts and expose against the western world.

Iran's customs is one of the oldest organizations. This government organization is part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, which plays a role in customs affairs and in its territory, as a representative of the government and in accordance with the law. It will be very necessary and vital to formulate a comprehensive and barrier law in accordance with the nature of commercial activities. This law, while facilitating customs and trade affairs, should include new and various mechanisms and mechanisms to prevent violations and crimes. Due to the global developments regarding customs and its developments in other countries, attention to these two issues is inevitable. In order to formulate a proportionate, transparent and accurate law, a criminal policy is needed first. There is a codified and in line with customs activities. In compiling this issue, the conditions of our country's domestic economy and customs should be considered, along with the global requirements regarding customs. It will add to the difficulty of formulating an effective criminal policy. In this study, the legislator's criminal policy from two angles Mechanisms and mechanisms to deal with customs offenses and violations have been examined. Finally, we see that in the category of criminology, the minimalist view of criminal law intervention prevails, and for coping, regulatory mechanisms, compensatory coercion prevail.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, the friendship and interaction between Iran and the United States of America has given way to confrontation and hostility. Despite the various views that have been put forward in this regard, so far little research has been done to explain this confrontational approach between the two countries by examining the internal and external factors that are influential in this field. In this article, the main question is; The continuation of confrontation between the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America is based on what approach and components can be analyzed and analyzed? The main hypothesis; Continuity and reasons for the continuation of confrontation between the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America in the form of a neo-realism approach based on internal components such as anti-arrogance and the fight against American hegemony and external components such as; Iranophobia, Jewish lobbies and opposition groups of the Islamic Republic of Iran, hostile propaganda, Arab and Iraqi incitement against Iran, American military actions against Iran, and extensive American sanctions can be explained and analyzed. The main objective; The investigation and analysis of the internal and external influencing factors on the continuation of the confrontational approach of the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America.

Violence is something that always happens in the real world and has many forms and types. This phenomenon is not limited to overt violence or physical violence, but also has hidden forms that are essentially hidden in language and speech. For example, the thinking and mentality of modernization and development at first sight reveals a desirable truth, yet in the world of thought and the resulting divisions one can discover traces of verbal or abstract violence. From this perspective, the leading article seeks to explore and understand the origins and origins of violence in Western theories of modernization and development, using Jacques Derrida's method of deconstruction. Derrida seeks to examine the dichotomies and contrasts in language by deconstruction method. Findings show that according to ontological determinism, epistemology and methodology, theories of modernization and development, as well as semantic distinctions and contrasts in their innovative concepts such as rational / irrational, tradition / modernity, developed / backward, savage / civilized, cultured / uncultured, urban / rural, poor / rich, etc. These theories carry abstract and fundamental violence or the same primary violence that they have the capacity and ability to practice. Become secondary violence or objective violence.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the position of the social approach to crime in the Iranian legal and judicial system. The main question of the research is how to explain the social approach to dealing with crime in the legal and judicial system? The main hypothesis of the article is that, in the Iranian legal system, the social approach to crime is in fact local development and based on participation. Based on this, it can be said that the social approach and its components play a very important role in the socialization of crime and can be used to prevent crime by using the social approach to crime by emphasizing social participation. The most important components of the social approach to dealing with crime are social participation, social cohesion and social relations, which should be considered in the policies of the judicial system. The method used in the present study is a descriptive-analytical method.

The discourse of the Islamic Revolution, as a value model, has faced military, political, and economic obstacles from the very beginning of its victory and has overcome all of them. It is different from other arenas, and the enemies seek to contain the revolution from within by their cultural soldiers. The great emphasis of the Supreme Leader in this regard shows the seriousness of the enemies and the high importance of the cultural war. Expressions such as aggression, ambush and cultural influence in recent years, which have been emphasized on various occasions by the Supreme Leader. In this article, after examining the concept of influence and culture, researchers explain the tactics of cultural influence from the perspective of leadership and finally the strategies to deal with it. According to the research topic, the approach is content-oriented the research method for data collection was the use of books, articles and a special database of the Supreme Leader. In conclusion, it was concluded that domination of countries by military means was no longer possible today and the colonizers using the method of influencing cultural policies, they seek to achieve their goals.

The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia dates back to before the Islamic Revolution, but with the change of the political system in Iran after the Shiite-centered revolution, this rivalry took on new forms, as the two countries are influential powers in the Islamic world. They have the power of regionalism and the leadership of other countries. Therefore, the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia is very important because of the importance of these two countries in the region and the Islamic world and the impact they have on other actors in the Middle East. Currently, the two countries are trying to bring countries like Iraq into line with their regional policies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in Iraq based on game theory. In this regard, the question arises as to how the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in Iraq is analyzed based on game theory. Given that both countries have many influential components in Iraq that can determine the stage of confrontation or cooperation depending on the type of game, the present article intends to explain the possible scenes of confrontation and possible cooperation between the two countries in Iraq. Draw a picture.

Using analytical-descriptive method, this research seeks to answer the following questions: What is the social and institutional context of political Islam, and how did the emergence of this phenomenon in world politics affect international relations? In response to these questions, the parameters such as modernity, the nature of the political system, and the political, social and economic characteristics governing Muslim countries as well as the advent of the Islamic Revolution are viewed among the most important social and institutional roots of the rise of political Islam. Also about its effects on the international system this research emphasized the distinction between the behavior of the national governments and the subnational groups in pursuit of Islamist ideals and principles. It is argued that the more interactive approach is seen in the behavior of the Islamist national governments, and more confrontational behavior were manifested in the actions of the subnational groups. It is indicated that the Islamist demands and moves as long as they are susceptible to be pursued through the channels of the official actors of the international system tend to be more interactive. Conversely, due to incompatibility with the values and rules of the international system, the subnational groups struggle to challenge the international system that could lead to further international instability.

As we know, the family has a valuable place in Islam and in the IslamicRepublic of Iran, because Islam gives great importance to the family. The family institution has a unique and unrivaled status that no organization can handle. The family originally had a status that made men and women get acquainted with one another through marriage, one of the foundations of the religion of Islam, and with peace and compassion and peace and serenity. The couple tries to establish human society and society with birth and reproduction. In this article, we will define the family and its kinds, the importance and position of the family, the importance and role of the family from the Islamic point of view and the basis of its formation from the Islamic point of view.