جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « constructivism » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Japan's foreign policy is influenced by various factors. History, geography, political and economic interests are among the factors influencing Japan's foreign policy. In the meantime, the factor of religion has played a prominent role in the formation of Japan's relations with other players in the international arena. As a powerful religion throughout Japan's history, Shinto has influenced the country's foreign policy. Indeed, how has this religion been able to play a prominent role in Japan's foreign equations? It seems that concepts such as the divinity of the emperor, emphasis on patriotism and national identity were very prominent and emphasized in this ritual before World War II. The change in Japan's approach after World War II coincides with the depoliticization of this religion and emphasis on pacifist concepts, including the spirit of tolerance, preservation and protection of the environment, and emphasis on the pure nature of man. With a constructivist view, this religion has somehow sought a peaceful reflection in the acceptance of another. The acceptance of change of approach and companionship with the United States of America after World War II is an example of the truth of this matter. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using internet and library resources and using the framework of constructivist theory, seeks to answer how Japan's foreign policy is formulated under the influence of the said ritual.

Following the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 and the occupation of the United States Embassy in particular, Iran, and the United States emerged as primary rivals in the international system, particularly in West Asia. After the withdrawal of England in the 1970s, the United States and Iran sought to counterbalance each other's influence in the region. During the 2010s, the Arab uprisings posed a complex challenge to the foreign policy apparatuses of both countries, adding several variables to the ongoing political and historical conflict between the two states. This research aims to explore the differences between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America in their responses to the Arab uprisings. The study employs the conceptual framework of constructivism and uses descriptive and analytical methods to address this query. According to the findings of this study, both states, from a constructivist standpoint, seek to maximize their interests through new regional variables in an intersubjective structural framework. For the Islamic Republic, this intersubjective structure represents the notions of “Islamic awakening,” and “axis of resistance,” and, thus, removing the United States from the region and dismantling the Israeli regime considered the Islamic Republic's primary rival. For the United States, on the other hand, it denotes “democracy and secularism,” thus the prevention of “religious fundamentalism and terrorism” and “revolutions akin to Iran's Islamic Revolution.”

The inherent revolutionary optimism, along with the idealistic enthusiasm resulting from the creation of new revolutionary structures, brings global dreams and perspectives to the revolutionaries and is introduced in all the actions and thoughts of the revolutionary leaders as the main goal of every revolution. On the other hand, there are necessities and limitations besides the mission defined in the process of issuing the revolution, which play a very important role in building a new revolutionary identity. Examining elements such as geography and geopolitical limitations, international pressures, public interests, structural necessities, ethnic and national issues, and their role, and examining the dimensions of this influence and effectiveness is one of the goals of this research. The author tries to use the theory of constructivism to address the most important influencing factors in the Russian revolution, focusing on the export of the revolution, and to explain how the identity components influence and play a role in the export strategy of the Russian October Revolution. In this research, we want to investigate the process and why of this rotation in an interactive process between the revolutionary structure and the revolutionaries and the external components of the identity sector. It seems that the Russian Revolution has been watching it slowly conquering its ideals and its heart with internal and external realities, and its only action has been a reluctant alignment of this interaction in favor of hard external components.

The field of human rights studies is shaped by various ideas based on conceptual and theoretical developments. The issue of human rights has been of utmost significance for both Iran and Saudi Arabia in recent decades. Iran and Saudi Arabia, as Islamic nations, have different perspectives on human rights within the international context and the framework of human rights driven by Islamic principles. Such that this can be considered a major factor influencing their relations with each other and with entities such as the United Nations, the Human Rights Council, and national/international powers. Research question: In view of constructivism, what are the effects of human rights policies on governance in Iran and Saudi Arabia? Research hypothesis: The human rights policies and their monitoring mechanisms in Iran and Saudi Arabia have significantly influenced their behavior in adhering to and accepting human rights norms. Therefore, their similarities and differences in this regard can be identified by comparing the state of human rights in these two countries. Findings Research findings indicate that Iran demonstrates a more flexible stance on human rights issues compared to Saudi Arabia, which can be attributed to differences in their government type and civil society structure.

The present study aims to examine the political relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and India from a constructivist perspective. The research method is descriptive-explanatory, and it seeks to answer the questions: What perceptions do the foreign policy agents of Iran and India have of each other? And what are the opportunities and challenges in this relationship? The study is based on the hypothesis that the identity structure derived from the Islamic Revolution of Iran, which has extended to a structural-agent order in foreign policy, conflicts with the neoliberalism chosen by India's foreign policymakers and the ruling party. Thus, this difference in identity foundations and the structural-agent relationship in both domestic and international systems has created challenges and opportunities for both countries. Consequently, after the Islamic Revolution and Iran's withdrawal from the CENTO alliance and alignment with the West, and its joining the Non-Aligned Movement, of which India was a founding member, there was significant hope in the Islamic Republic of Iran for improved relations with India due to shared identity stemming from peaceful foreign policy and pacifism (Nehruism), which was based on non-alignment with major powers and solidarity with weaker countries. However, after the end of the Cold War and the paradigm shift in India's foreign policy from Nehruvian idealism to realism, changes in normative-identity foundations, the marginalization of the National Congress Party, the victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and closer ties with the West, the relations cooled. Therefore, it appears that the foreign policymakers of Iran and India may not be able to find intersubjective identity resources and shared values and norms to develop relations at a strategic level, which could be a challenge in the relations between the two countries.

Islamic movements are popular and organized movements whose goal and strategy is to implement the orders of the society with the orders of Sharia in all political, intellectual, social and economic dimensions. Western colonialism, intellectual degeneration and tyranny are the causes of these movements. The Muslim Brotherhood movement is the most powerful movement among the Islamic movements that came to power at the same time as the victory of the revolution. Also, in terms of the connection of the Muslim Brotherhood movement with Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, the investigation of this movement is of particular importance. The analysis carried out in this research is the result of the construction of descriptive information obtained from previous studies, so that by analyzing the strategy of Islamic movements, especially the Muslim Brotherhood, it is possible to correctly establish Iran's political relations with Turkey and Saudi Arabia. By examining the influence of the Brotherhood's strategy on the relations between Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, we find that Turkey supports moderate Islam and aligns with Iran, and Saudi Arabia promotes extreme Islam or Wahhabism and is in conflict with Iran and Turkey

Identity is one of the factors that has always been influential in the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. But the victory of the Islamic revolution made this factor more prominent. Especially, the Islamic revolution of Iran is based on the Islamic-Iranian identity with an emphasis on the Shiite factor. An identity that is in conflict with the Islamic-Arabic identity of the Saudis with an emphasis on Wahhabism. In addition, the political identity of the Saudis is defined in closeness and unity with the West, but the Iranian identity is introduced with the unity of the Islamic world and in conflict with the West. Therefore, the question is raised, what are the consequences of the different political-social identities on the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia after the victory of the Islamic Revolution? The findings of the research indicate that different political and social identities are influenced by the ideology of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, centered on the Shiite religion in confronting the domination system and striving for a culture of resistance, and Saudi Arabia, centered on Wahhabi thinking, in cooperation with the domination system and in opposition to The culture of Islamic resistance has led to the adoption of confrontational policies by both sides in bilateral relations, regional crises and international competitions. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection tool is library-documentary.

China's foreign policy, as one of the emerging powers of the international system, is affected by several factors. Different theoretical approaches have studied some decision-making components in China's foreign, but what has been neglected is the role of China's political identity in shaping the foreign policy of this country. China, by combining its identity values from the past to the present, tries to pursue a peaceful rise strategy in accordance with contemporary identity norms in the international system and not to reintroduce its power base as a disruptive player in the current situation. China's macro narrative of self and other was developed based on ancient and modern identity foundations. Therefore, the foundation of China's foreign policy is social identity and collective identity. China is trying to apply adaptability and flexibility to its international identity and system in its foreign policy behavior. China's macro narrative of self and other was developed based on ancient and modern identity foundations. Therefore, the foundation of China's foreign policy is social identity and collective identity. China is trying to apply its foreign policy based on adaptability and flexibility to the identity and international system. This article answers the question of what impact the identity components of China's foreign policy have had on its political behavior towards the Islamic Republic of Iran from 2000 to 2022? In response to this question, based on the descriptive-analytical method and using the holistic constructivist theory, it is hypothesized that changes in China's foreign policy identity towards Islamic Republic of Iran have led to its foreign policy being regulated based on peaceful economic development and playing a role as a peace-loving trade actor

Since the Safavid era, the Eastern Mediterranean region, has affected the Iran's national security and interests. The current research seeks to answer the question, "What are the components of the continuity of Iran's foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Safavid period and the Islamic Republic?" The temporary answer that the researchers put forward as a hypothesis is that "Security-strategic needs and cultural-religious commonalities have been the most important reasons for the continuity of Iran's foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the difference in Iran's approach to Europe has been one of the differences between Iran's policy in the two periods." The findings show that the similarity of the type and role identity of the Safavid statesmen and the Islamic Republic of Iran led to the definition of common interests and similar foreign policy approaches by them. Iran's continuous strategic competition with other regional powers and the need to contain their threats far from the borders, the role of Shiites in the Eastern Mediterranean in advancing Iran's goals, economic interests and the dependence of Iran's geopolitical competition on identity and ideology are the most important reasons for the continuity of Iran's foreign policy during the two periods.

During many centuries humans realized the importance of co-existence and friendly interaction with their fellows for their survival against the surrounding dangers. It has long been believed that for peace and development, human societies must move towards integration and unity. In the last century, the first human attempts to create a regional union in Europe worked. The European Union was formed from the European Coal and Steel Organization. EU member states followed two important principles; one is peace and the other is a common identity with European roots. Although this union was economic in nature in the first step, but over the time, it was able to achieve its important goals and make Europe flourish in all areas. What the European Union has brought to the green continent is integration and common identity. After the successful experience of the European Union, other regions of the world were also encouraged to form regional organizations and unions. Since the formation of the European Union, regional organizations and associations have emerged one after another on every continent. ASEAN and SAARK in Asia, OAU and ECOWAS in Africa and MERCOSUR in South America were among the most important ones. Meanwhile, the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) was formed in the Middle East, which was dissolved in 1980 due to the revolution in Iran. In 1985, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was established at the initiative of Iran with the cooperation of Pakistan and Turkey (the same RCD members).

Research question: 

“Why has the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) not yet become a successful union after four decades of activity?”

Research hypothesis: 

To become Union, ECO needs to creat a common identity by analysing its roots, connections and cultural contexts.

Methodology and theoretical framwork: 

To examine this hypothesis “Constructivism theory” has been chosen as the theoretical framework of the research. It will be a clear guide during the research. The method of this research is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on a case study. The method of data collection is library and internet sources.

About four decades have passed since the establishment of the Economic Cooperation Organization. During this time, this organization has gone through many changes. ECO started working with the initiative of Iran in 1985 with the aim of becoming an efficient economic organization in the Middle East. A goal that became more unattainable over time. When seven Central Asian countries joined ECO in 1991, many observers expected it to become a successful union. The addition of the newly independent countries of Central Asia made this organization able to take steps toward realizing its long-standing goals, but now, after three decades, ECO is still not where it should be. The geographical area where ECO was established is a reminder of the thousands of years of co-existence of the people of this region far from today's political borders. With the formation and expansion of ECO, suddenly after the passage of several centuries, there were many hopes to return to the glorious days of the brilliant civilizations of this land. ECO is the epitome of the powerful "Heartland" empires throughout history. The legacy of centuries of co-existence for ECO; It is a rich culture by which it can help its member states to faciliate integration.

The question of this research becomes important because by reviewing the experience of the formation of the European Union, we see that this organization, like ECO, it was initially a regional economic organization with the membership of several countries, which gradually became a strong organization and a powerful union. The European Union started the process of redefining a common regional identity. A “common culture” is what brings countries together in a regional organization. In order to find the answer to its question, this research has briefly investigated the background of the formation of ECO. By reviewing the history of the formation of ECO, it is clear that the identity of ECO has always been changing. According to integration theory of constructionism, identity is not a permanent subject and changes according to the conditions throughout history. The establishment of ECO Cultural Institute has been an important step in the direction of cultural convergence in this organization. However, one of the reasons why this organization could not achieve consensus, success and unbreakable bond and appear in the form of a union is the lack of real attention to its cultural points.Undoubtedly, what causes the integration and unification of a group and the formation of a union will be addressing the issue of culture and its recognition. Culture is a “common heritage” of a region and a union. By exploring the common heritage of ECO member countries, one can take a step towards defining a common identity for this organization. Topics such as history, Nowruz, language, art, religion and the Silk Road are the six main legacies of ECO's identity. Each of these great legacies is an important artery in the direction of the formation of dynamic identity and meaning for the ECO organozation.

This research, which was based on a qualitative approach and relied on library and documentary data collection tools, tried to investigate the process of building a distinctive identity of the Islamic Revolution in the context of the eight-year war between Iran and Iraq, focusing on the issue of issuing the revolution. , considering the centrality of the existence of the revolutionary system, is the most important consequence of this situation among the revolutionaries and actors. Based on this proposition, the present article was trying to first address the theoretical principles and foundations of issuing the Islamic revolution and then examine the actions of the revolutionary leaders regarding the strategy of issuing the revolution in the context of events such as war. According to the findings, it can be said that the imposed war provided a platform for the identity of the Islamic Revolution to bring the most explicit actions and reactions to the arena based on two ideas of itself and other ideas at the same time; Therefore, since identities are constructive and influenced by the structure, this interaction between actors and understanding of self and others in the most ideal external arena of the revolution, i.e. the issuing of the revolution, has left a qualitative impact, and the mission of this research is to investigate this influence process in the context of a war. It was imposed.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic is based on stable and stable principles, including supporting the deprived and oppressed of the world, having peaceful relations with non-belligerent countries, prohibiting interference in the affairs of other countries, and peaceful coexistence with neighbors and other governments. These principles include the beliefs and convictions of the Islamic Republic about facts or causes, correctness of action and behavior in the field of interactions and the international system that arose from the Islamic religion. The basic issue that needs to be addressed is whether the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic has been successful in the field of dealing with Shia-phobia based on the aforementioned principles. For this reason, this article tries to evaluate the role of environmental factors of the Islamic Republic's foreign policy in the four components of identity politics, political actors, social actors, agent and structure based on the theory of constructivism and through identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and possible threats. Help to promote the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic to deal with Shia-phobia. This research is of applied type and has been done with a descriptive and case-based method. The collection tool was field and library, the sample size was 25 people and the data was analyzed by SPSS method.

One of the policies of the western world and its allies in order to hit the axis of resistance under the leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been the establishment and support of the ISIS terrorist group. The present article, using the approach of the axis of resistance, seeks to analyze the role of the Iran in the defeat of the ISIS terrorist group. For this purpose, it has been tried to use the combined method . Based on this, at the beginning, using exploratory studies, the factors that have been effective in the role of Iran in defeating this terrorist group have been investigated and the mechanisms of the Iran to defeat ISIS have been analyzed. In the next step, a statistical sample of 30 university experts was selected by non-random sampling method and the findings of this research were presented to them through a questionnaire and the data were analyzed through spss software. The findings of the research show that by adopting strategies such as alliances with governments and various political and religious groups, more communication with the Kurdistan region of Iraq, using effective military-security forces in Iraq and Syria, The popular forces and Shiite militias have played a key role in countering the actions of ISIS.

AbstractIran-Taliban relations can be divided into three periods. The first period includes from the early 1370s to the end of this decade. Relations between Iran and the Taliban were competitive during this period. The second period includes the early 1380s to 1400s. In this period, despite the initial divergence, Iran and the Taliban moved towards cooperation. The third period includes from 1400 onwards. In this period, the cooperation between Iran and the Taliban in the previous period has given way to competition. The question of this article is, what are the reasons that made the relations between Iran and the Taliban more competitive in this period? The hypothesis of the article, which has been investigated in a descriptive-analytical way, is that the disappearance of the common threat and the formation of incompatible interests have made the relations between Iran and the Taliban more competitive. The findings of the article showed that the cooperation between Iran and the Taliban in the past period was due to the existence of a common enemy called America, as well as the compatibility preferences that were created in the decision-making apparatus of Iran and the Taliban. Now, with the disappearance of the common threat and the return of incompatible preferences that existed in the first period of Iran-Taliban relations, the relations between the two sides have become competitive.

The change of conditions and the emergence of new and influential elements in the field of international politics indicate the importance of the category of culture in promoting national interests and goals and improving relations between countries.Today, culture is referred to as soft power, which brings the influence and influence of governments.Cultural interactions, by creating platforms based on identity and common cultural values, have the ability to influence the process of convergence in the regional and international arenas.Central and South Asia (which has Tajikistan and Afghanistan in its heart) has long been a part of Iran's civilizational and cultural territory, so that it has been far beyond Iran's current political geography.This research is based on descriptive-analytical nature and method, and the required information has been collected in a library manner and based on referring to reliable sources of books, articles and documentary reports.The results of the research show many cultural and identity commonalities, such as Persian language, music, ancient and common customs, between Iran and the above-mentioned countries, which can provide the necessary foundations for Iran in the field of regional interactions and the construction of a new region in this geographical area.

The Persian Gulf, with its unique geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic characteristics, has historically been considered by regional and trans-regional countries. For this reason, the conflicting approaches and attitudes of each of the actors in this region have made the Persian Gulf one of the most divergent regions in the world; So that we have witnessed the lack of lasting security in the region. Accordingly, the present study seeks to analyze the obstacles to the formation of a regional security system in the Persian Gulf.

The method used is descriptive-analytical, which uses the theory of constructivism to answer the question of what factors have prevented the formation of a regional security system in the Persian Gulf?

The findings show that self-help and lack of a common security strategy, geopolitical environmental challenges, currency and border disputes, crisis of democracy and internal disputes (ethnic, racial and political), homogeneous and fragile economies, religious disputes and inequalities Cultural and social, the decline of traditional hegemony and the multiplicity of polarity and continuity in the arms race are obstacles that have prevented the formation of a stable security regime in the region.

The complexity and instability of the security regime in the Persian Gulf region, in addition to foreign interference, has been more the result of conflicting approaches and perceptions of regional actors and these problems and obstacles require tolerance for more dialogue and drawing a new model to resolve. The security concerns of all countries in the region are for the formation of lasting security in the Persian Gulf.

Following the numerous crimes committed by the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran rushed to help this country at the official request of the Iraqi government, and finally, the possessions of ISIS were liberated and this criminal group was suppressed. The purpose of this research is to examine Iran's support in the Iraq crisis after the emergence of ISIS with the three steps of the responsibility of support guide including prevention, intervention and reconstruction in an analytical and descriptive way. Examining the behavior pattern of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic in Iraq after the emergence of ISIS shows that although the prevention phase of the responsibility of protection guideline has not been fully implemented by the Islamic Republic of Iran, there is sufficient evidence of the implementation of intervention and reconstruction steps by the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the guideline of the responsibility of protection in Iraq. has it. Iran's presence in Iraq, along with national security justifications, has a human rights and human security aspect. Iran's confrontation with the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq, which has committed all the crimes under the responsibility of protection guidelines, is an example of the Islamic Republic of Iran's support for the oppressed and the oppressed, as stipulated in the Iranian constitution, and the application of human rights is a tool against human rights.
Iran's foreign policy after the victory of the Islamic Revolution has always been a mixture of ideological goals and national interests. Iran's Islamic Revolution brought about a fundamental change in Iran's political and cultural structure, which has always influenced foreign policy. The core of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is to secure national interests in the light of preserving human life and dignity. Human dignity has a special place in Islamic teachings. The same humanitarian view can be observed in all foreign policy behaviors of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the beginning until now. Supporting the oppressed and liberation movements is complementary to de-arrogance and anti-oppression, so that there is a logical and functional connection between fighting against the oppressed and supporting the oppressed; Therefore, in parallel with the fight against arrogance and colonialism, the Islamic Republic considers itself obliged to support the oppressed of the world and the liberation movements that fight against the arrogant and colonialists. Article 154 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic states that "the Islamic Republic of Iran ... supports the rightful struggle of the oppressed against the arrogant in any part of the world
Humanitarian intervention in countries has a long history. During his tenure, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon tried to develop a coherent framework for humanitarian intervention to support minorities and the oppressed around the world so that the world would no longer witness tragedies like Bosnia and Uganda. The result of these efforts is the adoption of the UN leaders in 2005, which became known as the Responsibility to Protect Directive, which states that whenever a country is unable or unwilling to defend its citizens against the four crimes of racial discrimination, war crimes, crimes against humanity and mass murder, the international community is obliged to Hasten to help the oppressed. After attacking Iraq and occupying a third of the country's territory, the ISIS terrorist group committed the four crimes under the responsibility of support guidelines, as evidenced by international organizations and the world's media. Considering the weakness of the Iraqi government in supporting the homeless people, this government sought help from the Islamic Republic of Iran. The military forces of our country also entered Iraq in the form of an advisory mission and helped the government. Many western politicians have considered the action of the Islamic Republic as a clear interference in the internal affairs of Iraq. However, according to the opinion of many other politicians, the Islamic Republic of Iran entered into a campaign with the sole aim of helping the Iraqi people, which had no other purpose than the responsibility of support.
This research has been carried out with the aim of adapting the support behavior of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the government and people of Iraq after the emergence of ISIS and seeks to answer the question of how the logic and pattern of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding Iraq after the emergence of ISIS is based on the responsibility of support guidelines. And its triple steps including prevention, intervention and reconstruction can be explained? So far, all the researches about Iran's regional activities have been analyzed with a political, security and ideological approach, and the innovative aspect of this research is the examination of Iran's regional presence from the perspective of international law and human rights.
 
Iran's presence in Iraq, along with the humanitarian approach and human rights, has national security justifications for the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has attracted the attention of researchers and thinkers, but Iran's approach to human security in the Iraq crisis stems from the Iranian constitution, which protects the oppressed against the aggressors. He knows the duty of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Criticisms of Iran's presence in Iraq mostly refer to the interests of the superpowers, which are in conflict with the foreign policy and human security guidelines of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this reason, over the past years, Iran has always been exposed to human rights accusations by international bodies affiliated with superpowers. Accusations that are mostly caused by cultural and social differences between Iran and the West. Despite all the differences of tastes and perceptions in the definition of human rights, the preservation of the lives of innocents and civilians as well as the survival of the human race is the common thread of all human rights theories and systems. The behavior of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic has a lot of capacity to show this foundation of human rights. The important point is that contrary to the famous saying "Religion is the opium of nations", it is the teachings of Islam that form the basis of this international behavior of Iran. The last word is that Iran's approach to human security in Iraq is an example of applying human-oriented human rights against benefit-oriented human rights. Human rights focus on dealing with human crimes not according to the nature of the crime, but on the basis of friendship or enmity with the perpetrators. Of course, it should be known that the future of human rights depends on a humane and non-discriminatory understanding of human dignity.

The international behaviors of governments are considered meaningful and identity oriented when their factors and motivations are identified, explained and scientifically interpreted in the framework of one of the theories of international relations. The deepening and expansion of relations between Afghanistan and Turkey is one of those behaviors that have taken place in the field of international relations, and the analysis and recognition of its causes and factors within the framework of the constructivist theory is the main goal of this article. The constructivist approach, while paying attention to semantic phenomena such as identity, history, narrating and mental perception, also pays attention to material structures such as political and economic interests. The main question of the article is what are the structural foundations that deepened and expanded the relations between Ankara and Kabul from 2001 to 2021.The hypothesis of the article is that the common social, cultural, historical, economic and political structures are considered to be the most important foundations and structural platforms that have facilitated the deepening and expansion of relations between Afghanistan and Turkey in the mentioned time period. Research findings show that "identity" and "interest" are the main axes of relations between Ankara and Kabul. with the difference that identity has played a role as a temporary structure and benefit as a permanent structure. It seems that Turkey has succeeded in achieving its desired goals and interests in relation to Afghanistan.

Moderate approaches (social constructivism, critical theory, and the English School) emerged in international relations (IR) theory following intellectual developments and sociopolitical transformations in the second half of the 20th century. Setting the stage for new approaches to challenge positivists, these developments shaped the “Third Great Debate,” which fairly involved moderate approaches. Like post-structuralists, moderate theorists opposed rationalists and put forward their own distinct ontological and epistemological arguments against the mainstream. This comparative study sought to explore the epistemological basis of moderate approaches with regard to three epistemological concerns: the possibility, nature, and purpose of knowledge. Accordingly, the main question addressed by this study was: How do moderate approaches in IR regard the possibility, nature, and purpose of knowledge?