جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "criminal justice" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

Just as the internal combustion engine revolutionized warfare in the early twentieth century, artificial intelligence is shaping warfare in the Digital Age. Fuelled by data rather than gasoline, artificial intelligence (AI) derivative technologies are driven by innovation in both the military and civilian sectors. Today’s defence scientists and engineers, like their predecessors, develop physical equipment and weapons, but instead of simply making them more powerful and lethal, they are also making them more intelligent and connected. As AI is increasingly integrated into military tools, the digital footprints of modern battlefields will grow exponentially, generating new sources and types of data that will fundamentally alter war crimes investigations. This article examines emerging military applications of AI in order to identify what opportunities and challenges these tools might offer international criminal investigators. Will more sensors and smart devices on the battlefield benefit or burden the investigation of war crimes? Moreover, will intelligent machines add to the fog of war or help us see through it?

This paper touches upon the intertwining of AI technology and criminal justice systems and assesses especially the issue of using AI as an evidence-generating mechanism in criminal trials. The paper revolves, in particular, around three focal points. Firstly, it sets the context for the following analysis and gives a short definition of AI. Secondly, it examines some thorny parameters of the evidentiary proceedings and focuses on the most important AI weaknesses that could jeopardize the smooth incorporation of AI in the criminal justice systems. Thirdly, it presents the ways in which AI could affect basic procedural rights of the defendant and concludes with some safety requirements and suggestions that could facilitate the transition to an AI-criminal-justice-era.

It is not always the case that in the process of transitioning from thought to criminal action, a person has free will, but sometimes the culture of the society and the way of dealing with the governing institutions assume the criminality of individuals, and by treating them as criminals and labeling them criminals, People with a special physical and mental state suggests that their physical and mental states are compatible with criminality and deserve legal treatment. In this way, the society assigns him/her a criminal character and considers his /her inherent characteristics to be the natural traits of a criminal. The current research was written based on the descriptive-analytical method and on the basis of documents and library resources, and in this regard, by studying international documents and foreign laws, the collected information was analyzed qualitatively with the purpose of application. is placed In this research, the authors intend to explain the criminalization of transgender phenomenon and similar situations by gathering information from the people who were selected as the target community and in the end, reach the conclusion that the culture that governs the criminal justice system is the basis of crime. It is a phenomenon. Based on this, our argument is that criminologists and criminal law experts should revise and reform the criminal justice system in dealing with gender diversity.

Restorative justice as a model that has gained a special place in different systems alongside the traditional criminal justice model, has multiple goals including repairing the damage suffered by the victim, reconciliation between the victim and the criminal, and restoring the fragmented cohesion in the society. As a result, it follows the crime. Achieving the goals of restorative justice requires the existence of actors who, while familiar with the foundations and goals of restorative justice, also believe in its principles. Undoubtedly, the police, as one of the most important institutions responsible for responding to criminal phenomena and as the first institution referred by victims after a crime, plays an important role in the implementation of rehabilitation programs. The success of the police in this way requires changes in the structure and also a change in the attitude of the police. Changing the strategy from violent policies to participation-oriented criminal policies and also moving in the direction of community-oriented police model governance are among these requirements. On the other hand, the implementation of rehabilitation programs in the police organization requires the trust of the victims in the police as well as dignified behavior towards the victims. In the following article, descriptive-analytical method and library studies are used as work tools.

Considering the sanctity of the blood of Muslims in the Islamic society and also the undeniable existence of the law of retribution in Islam which is emphasized in Islamic sources according to the sanctity of the blood of Muslims in the Islamic society and also the undeniable existence of the law of retribution in Islam which is emphasized in Islamic sources Emphasized and on the other hand the need to observe justice in Islamic rules, which all indicate the necessity and obligation; However, the difference between the jurists in the ruling on the permissibility or impermissibility of retaliation against crime against the individual and the discovery of the connection between the ruling of this issue and criminal justice in Islam seems to be an important and necessary issue that needs much research and needs much attention. Preventing any injustice. Therefore, in this dissertation, a descriptive-analytical, research is done to examine the compatibility of the ruling on the permission or impermissibility of collective retribution against the individual or criminal justice in Islam.

The need to identify the causes of juvenile delinquency and design special methods to correct and treat them in order to prevent the recurrence of crime that is consistent with the development of juvenile personality is one of the most important factors in establishing juvenile justice and its specific laws. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to make a comparative study of how Iranian and Scottish laws treat children in order to use the findings of the West, which make extensive use of criminological studies in this field. By studying the judicial system of the two countries, differences in issues such as: referral of cases, security and educational measures, special institutions, age of criminal responsibility, division of punishments, trial courts, the role of police in investigating children, the role The assistant in the trial and ... was identified. It should be noted that the Scottish legislature's attention to criminological findings and its application to the law, as well as their development, is one of the advantages of Scottish law over Iran. By studying the judicial system of the two countries, differences in issues such as: referral of cases, security and educational measures, special institutions, age of criminal responsibility, division of punishments, trial courts, the role of police in investigating children, the role The assistant in the trial and ...

Victim protection is one of the new topics in criminal law that the methods of protection of victims of crime by the police include such things as the general attitude of protecting victims, stabilizing their legal status and compensating them for material and moral damages. As a result of committing a crime, various material and spiritual losses are inflicted on the lives, property, honor, dignity and soul of the victims and their relatives. How government authorities respond to victims can be effective in reducing their harm. The role of the police, as the first institution to which victims refer, is very valuable and significant in reducing injuries and providing for their needs and wants. The type of action and behavior of the police (in general) interaction can reduce the crime-related harm to the victim or, conversely, aggravate them, so it is necessary, given the importance of such a role for the police, to: The various aspects of this support should be examined. In this study, the support of the police for the victim is examined. The present study is a problem-oriented applied research in terms of application; Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify the theoretical foundations of police protection of victims. As a result, in recent years, the idea of victim protection has attracted the attention of criminologists, legislators, judicial officials and the police, and significant steps have been taken to protect victims. The police is the first institution that victims face.

Terrorism is a cross-border crime that can be prevented by identifying and controlling its financing of a large part of terrorist acts. In order to deal with this phenomenon, it should be a public duty to announce and inform about the financing of terrorism. Indifference to such a phenomenon and refusal to take the necessary action to prevent the commission of the crime, while facilitating its occurrence and not assisting the criminal justice system in detecting the crime and prosecuting terrorists, will cause irreparable damage. Given the importance of the issue, legislators at the national level have tried to take an important step in combating terrorism by refusing to report the financing of terrorism as one of the examples of criminal apathy. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain that the Iranian legislature, although in the face of indifference to the financing of terrorism, has correctly kept pace with developments in criminal law around the world, but this with drawbacks such as; Failure to determine the exact location of the reports, failure to approve an article to encourage citizens to report or support the reporting persons and their families, failure to determine the exact, fixed and appropriate punishment for those who refuse to report, etc. Be. In this study, while explaining the problems and comparative study with the laws of other countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, attempts have been made to make suggestions to solve them.

The most important tool for explaining criminal legislation is the definition of crime and punishment. A crime is the actual act or omission for which a punishment has been determined according to the Islamic Penal Code, and according to criminal philosophers, "taking a distance and moving away from the normality and defect of what should be" and criminalization is a process that considers new behaviors as crimes. With the assumption that the governments take their legislative policy based on their approach to how to deal with crimes, in this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, we decided to review some of the resolutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while briefly explaining the basics of criminalization and penalization, may we improve the legal and judicial situation of the country by improving the legislative situation and the performance of social monitoring institutions and optimal decriminalization, while preventing the issue of criminal inflation.

Many defendants and convicts might be ill before entering a prison or might became ill during a sentence. Some environmental conditions of prisons may also affect the health of inmates; therefore, special attention must be paid to the matter. In addition to the need to observe justice, it is essential to formulate an appropriate strategy for reducing the criminal population of inmates. Therefore, this study aims to address the status of health-oriented deprivation of liberty in Iran’s legal system and international human rights instruments. Analyzing the health-oriented imprisonment approach in Iran’s legal system and international human rights instruments, this study seeks to determine what effects health-oriented imprisonment has on the criminal justice process. In fact, this descriptive analytical study concludes that a manifestation of health-oriented deprivation of liberty is the review and adjustment of policies governing imprisonment and prison management. Hence, criminal policies should result from the link between health and justice. Moreover, analysis of health-oriented deprivation of liberty and attention to the health of inmates can strengthen the trend in community-based punishments.

After the system based on correction and treatment and the failure of the prison project, the second generation of punishment came into being, which was introduced as the restorative justice system, but in recent years, the third generation of punishment called participatory justice was discussed and accepted in legal circles and doctrine. However, with the clarification of the policy of restorative and participatory justice, the tendency towards it has increased even more and it has become more and more successful. The Islamic Penal Code also comes under various headings, such as alternatives to imprisonment and semi-liberty. Because the involvement of victims and offenders in criminal matters will be a kind of participation in punishment and participation in the rehabilitation of the offender and the return of the third side of the criminal justice system to society, in a general expression when the legislator from the title and word "can" It means that it wants to expand participation, which is more prominent in the new law on reducing the punishment of imprisonment. This research has been compiled in a descriptive and analytical manner, so that it can be considered.

Various goals have been stated for punishment as a reaction to a crime, but one of its most important goals is to restore stability, peace and security to society, to correct the offender and to return him to the right path through error. Prosecution of criminals is the best way to create security in society, but sometimes neglecting punishment provides the best interest of society. In situations where the punishment loses its effectiveness and sometimes leads to corruption, it is time to apply other cases such as suspension, parole and amnesty, which, if used correctly and instead, can be the purpose of the punishment. It's going to provide a better way.Among the mentioned cases, amnesty is the oldest of them, which has been introduced in different societies, religions and tribes from the distant past and has been applied in different ways.The highest type of amnesty, which is called "amnesty amnesty" in jurisprudence, and according to the existing principles in Islamic criminal policy, can not only provide the development of criminal justice, but also show the face of mercy and devotion to religion to increase the authority of Islamic rule. And the effects of this type of amnesty in different dimensions, have been dealt with analytically and using library resources.

This article examines recent issues and studies in the field of "Victim Impact Statement" in various European countries. The article seeks to answer the question that if the Victim Impact Statement has had a positive effect on victim-related policies and their implementation in Europe. The challenges of its adapting to the Romano-Germanic legal system as a tool in countries with flexible legal structures are also examined. The reviewed criminal justice systems make it possible to offer the victim in the criminal proceedings process to ensure compensation for the victim from the offender. Compensation for victims is legally recognized in many criminal justice systems, as stated in programs such as compensation and private plaintiffs. In particular, the problem is the emotional and internal experience of harassment that is not easily measured and will vary greatly between individuals, which is addressed in this work.

Participatory criminal policies aim at the role of people and non-governmental organizations as a pillar of preventive policy.In this type of policy, which expresses the role and position of people and social and non-governmental institutions in the criminal process, it can be divided into two types of action (preventive or active) and reactionary (responsive or passive). The main goal of active or primary participatory criminal policy is to prevent or reduce crime by creating a culture of social behavior.It is also called social prevention and expresses the role of people in reducing crime. The purpose of reactionary or secondary participatory criminal policy is to involve the public and non-governmental organizations in the criminal process after the crime has been committed. Successful implementation of these laws and achieving the objectives of participatory criminal policy requires knowledge of the basicsAnd the effects of public participation as well as the necessary context for the implementation of legislative participatory policies in the mentioned laws, especially since both laws are new and it is possible that the implementation of legislative participatory policies faces challenges and limitations. .

Along with the development and expansion of the field of criminal law studies in Iran, the legislator, by recognizing the establishment of the jurisprudential-legal "science of the judge" in the field of proving crimes, has created opportunities for courts to be able to use technical reasons as well as technological reasons. , To implement criminal justice in cases related to sexual offenses subject to hadd. Therefore, despite the apparent confinement of evidence in criminal cases in Article 160 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392, in the presence of evidence based on the knowledge of the judge, we can speak of an unlimited set of evidence and technical and technological emirates that lead to jurisprudence. . The present study, while examining the legal status of technical and technological evidences and their probative power in sexual crimes subject to hadd, has explained the evidences in question as one of the methods of obtaining judicial knowledge in the legislative-judicial criminal policy of Iran. One of the results of the present study is that resorting to the aforementioned evidence in the limits, not only does not contradict the sharia and legal standards, but also causes the system of evidence to be updated and dynamic and will lead to a better and more worthy realization of criminal justice. Construction. 

The purpose of each term is to identify the people and institutions of both parties, regardless of their type. The victim's knowledge that the victim was in the hospital, took him / her and gave him / her time to walk in the distance. When the victim dies, the victim is treated every time he or she visits the victim, and indeed, the victim enters the hospital at any time. Hence, the fundamental question is whether there is any evidence that he has ever committed a crime in the Iranian penal system. In fact, it is said that any event that gives attention to energy and energy will provide a warming effect on the body. In Iran, due to the fact that they are still alive and well, there are clear grounds for the victim to interfere in the affairs of the country. Each time the victims were in and out of the airwaves, the firefighters were them.

The suspension of the criminal process is one of the important issues that have attracted the attention of criminal law experts in order to prevent its criminal law from being interfered with at least in the proceedings. The main objective of the research was to explain thesuspension of criminal proceedings in the pre-sentence phase and is in response to the question of what conditions and effects exist on foundations of the suspension of sanction in the pre-trial phase. This stage is important because the criminal offenses have not yet been attached to the criminal, so that by employing an effective and criminal policy and tailoring the prosecution to the perpetrator, the corrupt labeling of the person and his involvement in the criminal justice system is prevented; It should not be overlooked, however, that what makes a law effective in the fate of perpetrators and in society is the positive or negative attitude of judges and jurists towards new institutions, and the judge should apply their legal content when applying legal rules and such, whether or not its implementation provides justice.

National security and criminal justice are conflictual concepts. So their connection is discussed based on their functions. Although criminal justice is derived from morality and natural law, but after emergence of state its concept has been changed. In its essence criminal justice was based on recompense, but in today’s criminal law it is based on interest seeking. From this view it can be argued that criminal justice has approached to national security. Changes like spreading delinquencies in national security arena, which in turn intensifies criminal actions and consequently security measures, makes criminal justice an unbalanced standard for state and individuals. Author argues that national security concerns have formed this unbalanced position. While National security concerns cause it to be dynamic in its function, in turn make in past-faced in its goals