جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « international crisis » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Authoritarian policies that prioritize state power often hinder the development of constructive international relationships, fueling tensions and reducing opportunities for cooperation. This is particularly evident in the Middle East, where countries in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins are deeply affected. The region's unique geopolitical and hydropolitical context makes it especially vulnerable to such conflicts. In recent years, relations between Iran, Turkiye, and Iraq have grown increasingly complex due to various factors, including dam construction, persistent droughts, and Turkiye's authoritarian policies. These elements have heightened sensitivities in their relations, compounding the challenges of their already tumultuous history.In such a complex environment, it becomes increasingly crucial to accurately understand and thoroughly analyze the ongoing regional processes. Additionally, forecasting future trends is critical for preventing international crises. A detailed examination of the impact of dam construction on the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, coupled with an assessment of the consequences of recurring droughts on the region's water resources, is essential. Analyzing the water policies of key regional players, particularly Turkiye, can also further enhance our understanding of the current situation and inform more effective responses.Furthermore, exploring how these policies affect relations between neighboring countries can provide valuable insights. Through such studies, it is possible to propose solutions that promote more effective cooperation in water resource management. This could involve sharing information, creating joint mechanisms for managing water resources, and developing collaborative projects focused on sustainable usage. Ultimately, prioritizing cooperation over competition and hostility can foster a more constructive environment for addressing regional challenges. Achieving this, however, requires a shift in attitudes and broader policies among regional countries, but it can safeguard the long-term interests of all parties involved.

Research methods generally fall into three categories: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed (a combination of both). This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to assess and interpret the current situation. In the descriptive phase, data is gathered through library research, while the analytical one applies a deductive method, utilizing Peter Haggett’s Hypothetica model and Ashok Swain model for data analysis. In the quantitative section, Food-Energy-Water (FEW) indicators are employed to demonstrate and derive key concepts.The research process involves gathering information, conducting a thorough analysis of the collected data, and identifying patterns based on the assumptions of the two models. The final step is to pinpoint and articulate the challenges that need to be addressed to enhance the current situation. To clearly and comprehensively present the research findings, diagramming software is used to infer and illustrate the conceptual model. This model visually represents the relations and connections among various research elements. This integrated approach enables a deep, multifaceted examination of the topic and leads to a well-rounded and actionable analysis.This mixed-method approach, which combines descriptive-analytical techniques with quantitative analysis using FEW indicators, offers a strong foundation for the study. It facilitates a thorough examination of the current situation while also enabling a data-driven analysis of trends and patterns. By integrating the Hypothetica and Swin models into the analytical process, the study gains a deeper interpretation of the data, revealing insights that might be overlooked when using a single methodological approach.By clearly mentioning the existing challenges, this research goes beyond merely describing the current state—it also lays the groundwork for potential solutions and improvements. This forward-thinking approach significantly enhances the study's practical relevance, making it valuable for policymakers and stakeholders alike. The comprehensive methodology, which seamlessly integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches and is further supported by visual modeling, allows for a detailed and nuanced exploration of the topic. As a result, the research not only provides valuable insights but also establishes a strong foundation for future studies and practical applications.

Authoritarian or power-centric policies focus on consolidating and expanding governmental authority, both within a nation and in its foreign relations. However, an excessive reliance on this approach can hinder constructive international engagement, often leading to tensions and even potential crises. The Middle East, particularly the Tigris and Euphrates river basins encompassing Iran, Turkiye, and Iraq, is especially vulnerable due to its unique geostrategic importance and the complex interplay of regional dynamics.The findings reveal that Turkiye's unilateral and authoritarian management of water resources - primarily through large-scale dam construction and hydropower projects designed to enhance agricultural development - has deepened regional disparities and heightened tensions. Iraq's geographical disadvantages, combined with its limited financial and technological resources, have left it ill-equipped to effectively counter Turkiye's actions. The advanced dam projects in Turkiye, along with similar initiatives in Iran, have severely affected Iraq's water resources, exacerbating water scarcity and contributing to environmental degradation.Turkiye's centralized and dominant approach to dam construction has worsened the region's water supply and demand imbalance. At the same time, internal conflicts and divergent water priorities between the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government hinder a cohesive response to regional water disputes, underscoring significant organizational weaknesses within Iraq.As Turkiye's influence expands, Iraq's vulnerabilities become increasingly evident, largely due to its central authority deficiencies and organizational weaknesses. Iraq faces significant consequences, including environmental degradation and threats to human life. However,Turkiye is also affected by its actions, such as diverting water from the Tigris and Euphrates, which disrupt Kurdish regions in Iraq and risk fueling unrest and instability.The Swain model demonstrates that population growth, driven by the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus, leads to resource depletion and heightened tensions. This growth further intensifies water scarcity and regional instability. As a result, population growth strategies centered around these components become increasingly costly and demand a fundamental reassessment by the countries involved.An analysis of the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) components shows that Turkiye holds a relatively stronger position compared to Iran and Iraq, though this advantage may not be sustainable in the long run. However, with its abundant water reserves and extensive dam infrastructure, Turkiye is not on the verge of a water crisis. Iran, although better off than Iraq in terms of water resources, still confronts considerable challenges. Iraq, in the most vulnerable position, faces severe threats to its water supply, underscoring the serious security and environmental implications for the country.

Active and close cooperation between Iraq and Iran in managing water resources is crucial. This partnership can foster the creation of joint programs and strategies for water management, helping to maintain a balanced approach to resource usage while easing regional tensions. Through such collaboration, both countries can improve water security in the region by addressing risks and ensuring that the water needs of affected communities are met effectively.At large, addressing barriers and challenges to sustainable and equitable water management in the region requires a multifaceted approach: 1) Strengthened regional cooperation; 2) Adoption of water-saving technologies; and 3) International interventions and mediation. By implementing these strategies collectively, the region can move toward more sustainable water management practices and reduce tensions in this geopolitically sensitive area.

War and diplomacy are two tools of power management in the international arena. It is clear that diplomacy is a tool that, with the support of the components of power, can lead to the consolidation and education of national interests. One of the most important sources of power behind diplomacy is semantic and discourse power. Resistance is the main discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the regional and supra-regional level, and the diplomacy of the resistance, backed by the power of this discourse, seeks to ensure the national interests of the Islamic Republic in various international developments, including the Syrian crisis. Explaining the dimensions and results of diplomacy of the resistance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Syrian crisis is the main question of the present study. The findings of this study indicate that resistance diplomacy in the Syrian crisis has theoretical and practical dimensions and with the support of field power has established and studied the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Documentary method and in-depth interviews with the executive elites of the foreign policy of the country have been used to collect the data of this research and descriptive-analytical method has been used to analyze the data.

Identity can be considered as a link between Constructivism theory and theoretical studies related to international crises. According to a Constructivist Point of View, identities are the basis of interests and roles, and actors determine their friend and Enemy based on the identity they envision for themselves. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present article is to answer this question: What role does Identity play in International Crises? In answer to this question, using the descriptive-analytical methods, we seek to test Hypothesis that if actors with inconsistent identities are involved in a crisis the crisis will have a high potential for intensification and expansion, and will most likely lead to the use of violent methods of crisis management. The best application of this hypothesis is the Syrian crisis. The beginning of the Syrian crisis was strongly influenced by the identity crisis within the Syrian government, and for this reason, two identity conflicts (Neo-Salafi-Alavi) and (Kurdish-Arabic) were highlighted in this crisis., Subsequently, two revolutionary and conservative axes led by Iran and Saudi Arabia, as well as the third actor, Erdogan, entered the crisis and used all their power and proxy forces and allies to eliminate their "other" identities in Syria.

The crisis in Yemen can be described as one of the most complex crises in the international system. From the beginning of the unrest in Yemen, the United Nations has sent special envoys to Yemen to demonstrate its serious determination to resolve the conflict, relying on the core objectives of the Charter for Global Peace and Security. The main question is whether the organization has been successful in resolving international crises? The issue of Yemen has been evaluated as an example of the role of the United Nations in resolving crises. For answers, behaviors and decisions from 2011 to 2020 are reviewed by referring to the documents. The results of the study show that the United Nationschr('39') actions and decisions, which included sending special envoys, issuing resolutions and implementing the Stockholm Agreement, have not been successful, and the organization has also failed in the West Asian crisis and its strategies for peace in troubled countries.

The United States, while a political unit, like other actors, is a country with a wide range of global interests. Accordingly, the active and effective presence of the country in international affairs is explained and interpreted. Understanding United States foreign policy in international crises management(ICM) and being aware of possible America reactions is of particular importance to foreign policymakers. During an international crisis, the United States is a major player in the crisis, or acts in the light of United Nation intervention. So the main question of the article is what is the pattern of United States behavioral logic in ICM? With the aim of achieving the management model of the United States in international crises, the ICB Project dataset, inspired by the idea of applied history, were extracted and statistically analyzed. In order to answer the main question of the article using exploratory research method, the findings of the article, which is in fact a hundred-year model of United States behavior in international crises, showed threat of influence, grave damages, limited military damage, and political threat has been most prevalent threats in the "America as Crisis Actor" crises. Non-violence has also been the dominant American technique in crises based on the threat of influence. Also the usual United States response to the threat of grave damage has been serious clashes or full-scale war. The United States has also been inactive in any of the crises the Security Council has dealt with, but the dominant approach has been low-level activity. According to the results, the article concludes that threats such as cultural, economic, or political have no potential to create an international crisis for the United States. The prevailing American response to the perception of the threat of grave damage will also be serious clashes or full-scale war. The main activity of the United States in crises in which it acting as Interfering actor, is low-level activity or inactivity.

Although International crisis are one of the main study subjects of the Discipline of International Relations , but it seems that Explanation of these crisis in the Discipline seriously is a challenging matter. The Root of this challenge is mainly related to the Relationship between Theories of International Relations and International Crisis. The Fundamental question which is significant in this field is that according to the parsimony and meta theoretical basics of IR Theories which just verified specific kind of knowledge, Are these theories capable to explain international crisis which there are different and various variables in different levels that affect their creation and their Escalations? This Article Attempts to answer this key question and The main hypothesis applied for answering This question includes: Given to the complicated situation of international crisis and interference of very different variables and players in various level including individual, governmental, regional, structural and system level, using just one and unique theory for explanation of them , providing incapable and weak understanding of the main cause of their creation , Escalation and management of these crisis. For this reason, The International crisis can be better explained using the Eclecticism approach.

US invasion of Iraq has caused many different speculations. In this article, in light of this event and subsequent occupation of Iraq by the coalition forces, the author examines and analyzes the relevance of conspiracy theory for the explanation of this event. In other words, the main question includes how far such thinking conforms to realityand whether conspiracy theories are of ability to analyze the crisis in question? According to the author, what gives shape to this thinking is the feeling of inability on the part of one of the involved actors or the advocates of such actor, and opponents to the other party or their dissatisfaction with the outcome of the crisis. Studying viewpoints based on conspiracy with respect to the Iraqi crisis, the author aptly demonstrates that these theories lack such conceptual soundness that can serve as the basis of an objective analysis.