جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « world war i » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

World War I, which had been involved in more than 26 countries in the world, also infiltrated Iran's throne at the same time as Ahmad Shah Qajar. The unjust entry of the colonialists to Iran began when the Qajar Minister Mostofi al -Mamalek had officially declared Iran's neutrality in the war, but the arrival of hostile forces from the north and south to the country in addition to led to Iran's political, military and economic developments, such as huge problems such as Insecurity, famine, internal divisions, economic and social weaknesses of the people's distrust of the sovereignty.Especially the issue of famine, which is one of the major catastrophes, according to historians and researchers, a kind of Holocaust in Iranian history. The main question of this study is how international issues have had on converting Iran's great famine into a historical catastrophe?The hypothesis of this study is that one of the factors that contribute to the extension and exacerbation of the great famine has been of great importance, especially England.

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of World War II on political development in Iran and Turkey. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that, despite the numerous similarities in the political modernization processes of Iran and Turkey following World War I, it was expected that the political modernization paths of the two countries would proceed similarly, leading to comparable outcomes. After World War I, an authoritarian regime emerged in Iran, while a republican regime was established in Turkey. Although Western-style modernization in various fields was carried out similarly in both countries, after World War II, democracy in Turkey evolved, while authoritarianism persisted in Iran. World War II led to the occupation of Iran, the loss of its independence and national sovereignty, insecurity, chaos, and subsequent efforts to divide the country. This war halted the modernization process in Iran and intensified security concerns, even after the war ended. In contrast, Turkey was spared the disastrous consequences of World War II and, guided by aspirations such as Westernization and membership in the European Union, gradually achieved greater political development. Overall, World War II caused Iran to focus more on security issues while Turkey pursued political development.

With the entry of the hostile forces of World War I into Iran, the central government was unable to protect the borders; Because it had neither a coherent political structure nor an efficient army to prevent their invasion. the high military strength of the tribes and the tribes and the lack of central supervision have forced them to react against the invaders. The Sanjabi tribes are from the Kurds of western Iran, Nizam al-Sultaneh and the nationalists rose up with him and while announcing their opposition to the presence and activities of the troops of the British and Russian governments, they joined with the German and Ottoman forces, in this article, an attempt has been made to investigate with a descriptive analytical method and using library sources The central position and role of Iran's tribes and nomads in the political developments of the country should be discussed.

The Great Famine of the year (1296-1298 AH-1917-1919 AD) was undoubtedly the biggest famine that caused many casualties in Iran. According to some sources, in this famine, nearly 40% of Iran's population died due to hunger, malnutrition and related diseases. They were lost from it. Despite the fact that neutral Iran was the biggest victim of the First World War. But the great famine in Iran, one of the greatest famines of the modern era, and certainly one of the greatest disasters of the 20th century, remains unknown and undiscovered. Now, by raising the question, what factors caused this great famine in 1917/1296? It can be said that a combination of military confiscation, mediation during the war, hoarding and agricultural problems, and in addition, the war had caused the disruption of trade and the production of agricultural products, as well as the hoarding of Ahmad Shah Qajar, the First World War, the entry of Russian and British forces into Iran. Drought and pest infestation can be mentioned among the causes of famine in Iran, and the impact of this great famine can be seen on the social and economic conditions of Iranian people.

The entry of the Allies into Iran and the extension of the Second World War into the country caused many economic, military, political and social consequences and damages to the country and the people of Iran. The Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, as a strategic military and economic region that has direct and indirect effects on the internal developments of the country, were the focus of the allied governments in World War II. Following the occupation of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman by the allied governments, the military, political, economic and social bases of the cities and ports of the region, like other cities and provinces of the country, were destroyed. The social effects of the occupation of the country and the presence of foreigners in the northern shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman are discussed in this research. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate these effects that appeared in the form of anomalies such as theft, murder, looting, famine, seizure and confiscation of property by the occupying forces of the allies, etc. in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea region. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the negative social effects and problems caused by the Second World War on the region by using descriptiveanalytical methods and the use of documents, newspapers and library resources.

In the phenomenon of war and insecurity, security issues, especially borders, are particularly important. This issue applies to Iran after the Second World War, when it faced the occupation of the allied forces and the attention of the United States to its security issues. The importance of paying attention to the borders in the years 1325 to 1326 AH was such that in the form of a directive from the Ministry of Interior Pahlavi Border issues were put on the agenda. In this research using the theoretical framework of defensive realism and archival documents of these years, we will explain Iran's military position after the Second World War between 1325 and 1326. The choice of this time period was due to the special attention of the Iranian government to border security issues under the influence of Tudeh party's activities in the country's border areas and the US's barrier policy. The results of the investigations show that the Iranian government, with regard to the defensive approach, focused on strengthening the border guards, sought to protect the country's borders, increase its relative power, prevent the bad actions of Iran's neighboring governments, and preserve its survival

The subject of World War I and II, due to its expansion and universality, and in terms of its very deep and general effects on the process of the rise and fall of powers, the emergence of new countries and systems, and the destruction of some countries and systems, had important effects on new political agreements and the lives of nations. had. The purpose of this research is to adapt the military strategies used in the ground battles of the first and second world wars. According to the nature of the subject and in the way of answering the main and secondary questions, in this research, the method of content analysis was used to conceptualize the data and the method of comparative study was used to examine and analyze the subject. In terms of the type of research, it is in the category of developmental research. The method and tool of collecting information and data is also library-documentary. The results of the research show that in the First World War, fire and in the Second World War, mobility played the main role. The arrival of tanks in World War I and airplanes in World War II changed the nature of war in the field of technology. The depth of the battlefield in the Second World War increased compared to the first due to the increase in the range of weapons. Change and transformation in strategic tools from fire to mobility and the fourth dimension of war, i.e. the importance of "time" became more obvious. Diversity in fighting methods, maneuverability and flexibility in the field was introduced as a superior factor. The goals were explored not only from the military aspect, but also from many political, economic, social, strategic, etc. aspects.

balance of power in Europe began with coagulation of Peace of Westphalia Contract in 1648. With the formation of the balance of power, competition between European countries intensified to penetrate other regions of the world. From Fath Ali Shah Qajar era, that, Iran established Regular relations diplomatic with European countries, was impressed of International political processes and fight of major world powers. Since then Iran's foreign policy was particularly influenced by competition between the two countries, Russia and the England. By following this process during the First Pahlavi period, Reza Shah tried to reduce of volume of intervention of the two countries to internal affairs with open the "third force" in Iran. The development and deepening of relations with Germany was done for this purpose. In order to examine the present issue, the question arises as to What effect has the balance of power in Europe had on Reza Shah's foreign policy? It is further hypothesized that Iran's foreign policy during the reign of Reza Shah was practically a function of the policy of power and balance of power between European countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of these developments on Iran's foreign policy in the era of Reza Shah by descriptive-analytical method and by providing explanations related to the balance of power and European developments.

The First and Second World Wars played a major role in the rise and fall of powers and the emergence of new countries and systems and the destruction of some countries and systems. Among these, naval operations have a special place and importance due to their effective impact in some critical periods of the war. The purpose of this study is to answer the main question of this research: What is the emphasis on the principles of war? "is.present research has been done in terms of applied purpose and method with a qualitative and comparative approach. Based on this, the data of study have been collected in the form of a library to analyze the naval operations of the First and Second World Wars and compare the differences and similarities. The results of the research show that the focus of World War I naval operations was on the principle of surprise and the focus of World War II naval operations was on the concentration of forces. Due to the lack of use of advanced equipment such as radars during World War I, the warring countries placed more emphasis on surprising the other side. In World War II naval operations, warring nations used their maximum power to strike the other side with maximum power. this principle, due to the formation of composite commands among the Allied countries and need for coordination between units, the use of principle of unity of command has played an important role in continuing the battles.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Third National Assembly in the economic modernization of Iran (based on the detailed negotiations of the National Assembly). This article examines the role of the representatives of the third parliament in the economic modernization of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library resources and with a historical approach. The findings of this study show that the representatives of the third parliament in the form of four spectrums: democratic, moderate, seminary and independent, considering the three-year period after the end of the second parliament and at a time when the world was involved in the First World War. Its damages were not spared. In less than a year, this parliament took steps to reform and modernize the economy and improve the livelihood of the people by passing economic laws, including: approving the law on the organization of the Ministry of Finance of the whole country.The results of the present study show that following the expansion of World War I and the intervention of foreign powers, especially Russia and Britain, and the subsequent military invasion of Iran due to its illusory cooperation with Germany and the Ottomans, Iran has become a bankrupt and shattered country. The third parliament failed to solve the pervasive economic problems and the people's expectation of solving these problems was postponed to later periods.

The present article examines the strategic position of the Caspian Sea and its impact on relations between Iran and Russia through two important historical periods: 1) World War II until the victory of the Islamic Revolution; 2) From the Islamic Revolution until today. The main question of the article is: the position of the Caspian Sea and especially its strategic and geopolitical position, why and how it has played a major role in shaping relations between Iran and Russia? The hypothesis can be based on this: In addition to sharing objective interests in the Caspian Sea, such as oil and gas resources and maintaining security and strong relations with the other three Caspian states, ideological components, including challenging US power and hegemony in The formation of these relations became especially important after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The results of the research show that there has not always been a rigid definition of the Caspian Sea periphery and the formation of interests based on the same definition; On the contrary, the tumultuous relations between Iran and Russia, especially in the Caspian Basin, have been based on the understanding of strategic proximity on the one hand and the redefinition of these interests on the other. The research method in this article is to collect sources and documents in a library method and analyze the data.

At the beginning of the 20th century, in spite of the royal proclamation of the Iranian Constitutional Decree by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah on 5 August 1906, unrests and uprisings still continued all over the country. In such conditions, due to its geographical distance from the center of power, the South of Iran suffered from chaotic and disorganized conditions. The khans of the tribes and ethnic groups acted independently and autocratically because of the central government’s lack of attention, and in the middle of this chaos people were treated with cruelty and despotism. Following a descriptive-analytic method and relying on library sources and documents, this study aimed to explore the effects of the ethnic and tribal system dominating the ports and islands of the Persian Gulf in the first half of the 20th century on the conditions of these regions and explain the outcomes of the policies of Reza Shah Pahlavi there. According to the findings of the study, the absence of the ruling power in the southern regions of the Persian Gulf during the last years of the Qajar government had resulted in a lot of unrest and despotic and willful acts on the part of tribes. After the beginning of the First World War and the violation of Iran’s neutral position by the involved countries, the situation was extremely worsened. The economic recess in the ports and islands and the blockage of trade routes, on the one hand, and the conflicts among the tribes and ethnic groups and the suppression of their rights caused people’s escape to other regions, particularly to the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf. This process continued during the reign of Reza Shah and the exercise of power by the central government and, as a result, the population of these regions decreased on a daily basis.

In this article, an attempt is made to summarize the actions of the Russians in Iran, to be the basis for the analysis of their ideas, in other words, the intellectual foundations of the Russians, in the areas of individual ethics and respect for human rights, government and foreign policy, according to behavioral manifestations. They have been explained; overviews show that their theoretical framework was based on what we call "anti-values" today; Thus, the preservation of human dignity has no place in their thinking, and moral vices are rippling through their behavior and are not considered anti-value (lying, resorting to force, deception, etc.), on the other hand, lawlessness and Violation of the law in foreign relations is their intellectual basis; therefore, achieving pre-determined or planned goals is considered prior to the observance of the law, and self-centeredness takes precedence over the central law, therefore, they have not been able to They should shine a light on themselves and use their power in oppressing others because they considered their victory in the defeat of others, while if they had the right plan, they would have considered their victory in line with the victory of others and instead of creating chaos. , Implemented the plan of peace and tranquility for the world and Iranians and specifically the city of Tabriz according to their power.

Among the events that happened at the end of the Qajar period in Astarabad province, the uprising of the Turkmens along with other residents of Astarabad province against the Russians in 1916. Was. During the World War, the Russians tried to hire Iranian youths on this side of the border by occupying the northern areas of Iran to send them to the war fronts. This caused the Turkmens to rise against the Russians. This article aims to investigate the reasons for the presence of Russians in the territory of Iran by using the historical research method, after the conclusion of the Akhal Agreement and the stabilization of the borders, and to analyze the reasons for the uprising of the Turkmens and the people of Astarabad against the Russians. The general purpose of this research is to investigate the causes and phenomena of this problem and how it happened and the goals of the Russian government on this side of the borders. The findings of the research indicate that the rebellion against the Russians had its roots in the colonial policies of that government based on the recruitment of Turkmen and other residents of Astarabad to be sent to the fronts of World War I, which was met with resistance by the Turkmen of Astarabad state. In the meantime, the central government of Iran was also passive and did not provide special support to its citizens against the Russians.

Although World War I was the result of a conflict of interest between the great powers of the West, its scope was not limited to the West and it also involved Eastern countries, especially Iran. Although the northwestern and western regions of Iran were the main scene of the occupiers' interventions, the northeast and east of the country were not immune. Naturally, the first result of the occupation of Iran was the emergence and intensification of insecurity in the country.The present study, using the library method, relying on valid documents and with a descriptive-analytical approach, is trying to examine the socio-cultural situation of Khorasan, especially the city of Mashhad during the First World War. The results show that although the security and Comfort of the people of Khorasan were trampled on by the occupiers, miscreants and even thecourt of judiciary (adliyeh), at the same time the growth and spread of culture and education was not only not completely stopped, but also went its own way. And did not stop moving.research goalsExplaining the security situation in Khorasan during the First World WarA study of the activities of Khorasan Education Association in the development of science and educationresearch questionsHow was the security situation in Khorasan during the First World War and what factors influenced it?In the turbulent atmosphere of war, how was the state of science and culture?

The Persian Gulf has always been a focus of attention for Europeans and their neighboring countries. Given the Ottoman government’s policies, this region became increasingly important in the beginning of the 19th century. This was because, at this time, some powerful European countries began to support the Sheikhs of the Persian Gulf in their conflicts with other regional powers such as the Ottoman and Iranian governments in order to expand their political relationships and protect their benefits there. Among the Sheikh’s of the Persian Gulf who played a significant role in the failure of Ottomans’ policies in the region at the outset of World War I, reference can be made to Sheikh Khazal, the ruler of Khorramshahr ( Mohammereh). Following a descriptive-analytic method and relying on library resources and documents, this study aims to investigate Sheikh Khazal’s role in the disintegration of Ottomans’ power in the Persian Gulf during the first quarter of the 20th century.

The alliance of Islam is the name of an organization which is placed in Istanbul. This organization has been created by some writers and religious scholars such as Seyyed Jamalodin Asad Abadi in the beginning of the 1890s. The alliance of Islam sought to capture the support of the Muslims from the Islamic Caliphate (Ottoman Empire) and to struggle with colonial countries. The delegation of the Alliance of Islam is the name of a group that was founded by the religious nationalists with the beginning of the first world war and the invasion of Russia, Britain and Ottoman into Iran. The milestone in the activities of the delegation of the alliance of Islam was in organizing and directing the jangal movement which was led by Mirza Kuchak Khan. But this indigenous uprising brought about only the name of the alliance of Islam, and did not show any respect towards the Islamic alliance in the policies of the jangal movement. The jangal members, led by Mirza Kuchak Khan, not only did not only help the Ottoman troops, but also they categorized the Ottomans as the enemy, comparable to Russia, therefore they defeated the Ottoman forces in Iran.

At the end of World War I, some major changes occurred in the political, economic, and social perspectives of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf in Iran. The present paper examines such changes and portrays a new image of these coasts. Russia’s withdrawalfrom the First World War due to the 1917 Revolution, Germany’s defeat, and annihilation of the Ottoman Empire resulted in England’s rising as the supreme power in the region. Immediately after witnessing the scene free of its rivals, the British government decided to sign a treaty, known as the 1919 agreement, in order to gain control of the administrative, financial, and military affairs of Iran. However, this agreement failed due to massiveopposition from both the Iranian Parliament and foreign countries. Shortly before the end of the War, in order not to lag behind the victorious countries, Iran decided to participate in peace negotiations by dispatching a group of delegates to The Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Nevertheless, the efforts of the delegation were not successful and, despite their presence in the Conference, they could not participate in the negotiations. On the other hand, in the Persian Gulf region and its coasts, the repercussions of war showed themselves in the form of economic recession, the emigration of a great number of the tradesmen and businessmen of the northern coasts to the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, and the shortage of food. Such devastating conditions, alongside oil extraction, led to a number of fundamental changes in the social and economic centers of Persian Gulf coasts.

Events of the Second World War has always been of interest to researchers.Many believe that Iran''s foreign policy in this period has failed to adopt appropriate policy for the benefit of the country.Some researchers believe that Iran''s foreign policy is completely independent on the interests of Iran.Some researchers believe that Iran''s foreign policy has been to secure national interests.But this article makes hypothesize that Iran''s foreign policy in this period was not totally passive and did not fully independent.