جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ریشه شناسی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

These notes discuss several words and expressions in the Shahnameh that have been subjects of debate among scholars of the text. In each case, the current understanding by literary experts remains incomplete. The words and expressions in question are: “Shahr-e Iran”, “Bargvā”, “Rakhteh”, and “Sūgvār”. Referring to texts and documents from pre-Islamic languages can shed more light on the meanings of these terms.

The topic of this issue of "Notes on Shahnameh" is a discussion about the two words "Dīnāvar" and "Khīshkār". The commentators of the Shahnameh, as far as the author of this essay knows, have not discussed precisely the meaning and recording of these two words, and if some have mentioned them correctly, their opinions have been lost in the incorrect words of others. Dīnāvar is a variant of the word Dīnvar, and  Khīshkār is the same familiar word in Pahlavi books and treatises, meaning "dutiful" and "honest man", and contrary to what some say, it has no relationship with the persian word "Khīsh", the plow a famous agricultural tool, of course. An attempt has been made to substantiate these two points with the evidence of Persian and Pahlavi writings.

Determining the pronunciation of words - based on the prosodic meter and rhyme - has been a topic of long discussion for Persian literati and lexicographers, and in the modern era, editors of Early Persian literature have also shown great interest in this subject.  Recently, Vahid Idgah Torghabei (1399/ 2020) has done a comprehensive study on this subject, titled Pronunciation in Early Persian Poetry, in which he presents numerous findings on uncommon and dialectic alongside some pronunciation suggestions. In the current study, some of the authorʼs conjectures are criticized and denied based on lexical considerations.  Since these considerations emphasize the pronunciation of words, they can be utilized in future similar researches in the general sense and besides criticizing the book. Reviewing this evidence reveals some flaws and methodologic weaknesses in this work: First, the authorʼs inadequate mastery over the lexicon of Middle and New Iraninan languages. Second, his tendency towards systematization by the cost of neglecting exceptions which is in contrast with the claim of “Total Inductionˮ and the critique of “Uniforming and generalizing Outlookˮ in the study.  Finally, the most critical problem of his methodology, which is the domination of a prescriptive understanding of phonetic features of dialects.

In the third issue of "Notes on Shahnameh", the origin of some proper names in the Shahnameh is discussed. These names include Pishdad, Garvi, Chehrdad, Farshid. What has been said about these names in Persian and sometimes Western sources is obscure. It is natural that there have been changes in the form of these names over time, which has caused their origin or the way they were made to be hidden. In these notes, which are mostly reminders, an attempt has been made to eliminate the defects and to make the correct derivation of these proper names in Shahnameh clear.

Bāleh in the title of the Mashāyikh and elders of the of chivalrous men of Azerbaijan, which also had other forms such as Bole and Baleh and apparently is the same as that found in Bāli in Ottoman form, is probably a word meaning "great" or more likely " great brother".  There are evidences that say that this word has entered the language of Azerbaijan from Rāji dialects. This short text is an attempt to find the origin of this word.

This article contains two notes about two words in Attar Neyshabouri's Ilāhi Nāmih. One about Mastura and the other about Sarpatk. In the first note, the author after rejecting the commentators' view, has tried to obtain the origin of the Persian word for Masturah, in the second note, little information has been added to what is mentioned in the commentary on the meaning of Sarpatk, and some inaccuracies in the annotation have been corrected.

The book of Twelve Ancient Texts is the result of years of research and follow-up by Bijan Gheiby in ancient Iranian texts, especially Middle Persian texts. In each of the articles, the author first presents the sources and then deals with the Pahlavi text, transliteration, translation of the text, lexical notes, and explanation of the ambiguities of the text. This book includes a report on twelve short pahlavi texts such as Wizārišn ī čatrang, mādayān ī yōšt ī Yošt ī Fryān, māh ī Farvardin…, ayādgār ī zarīrān, āmadan ī šāh Bahrām ī warjāwand, Sūr ī saxwan, xwēškārīh ī rīdagān, Rēdakān, Farroxnāmag, čim ī kostīg, āfrīn ī žardšt. This book is very important because of its careful translation of texts and commentaries and the author’s valuable notes. However, the above-mentioned authorship is not without significant shortcomings in terms of scientific principles and methods in correcting and translating ancient texts. These shortcomings have sometimes damaged the principle of authorship. What has seriously damaged the whole collection is the lack of critical correction of the Pahlavi texts; that is, comparing of the manuscripts, transliteration and transcription of the texts, and the mention of the differences in the manuscripts. Obviously, without such a method, reliable translations of the texts cannot be obtained.

This article focuses on the evolution of the image from simplicity to exaggeration in Sami languages. According to an inscription from the ninth century BC, ancient Sami tribes in their first mental experience used the phrase "being eaten by another" as a metaphor for "utter disgrace and helplessness". This stylistic device is also found in the Nevi'im section of the Torah. Then in the Akkadian-Aramaic texts the phrase "eating another person" is a metaphor of "slander / accusation". In Arabic, the phrase "eating human flesh" is a metaphor of "backbiting". Finally, the Qur'an likens the aforementioned moral disorder to an illustration of "eating dead brother's flesh." ." Given the use of the root "'kl" in this common use, the first part of the article, in order to better delineate this evolution, discusses two issues of etymology in Afro-Asian languages, as well as the semantic uses of 'kl in the Qur'an and אכל in the Hebrew Torah.

In the forthcoming article, the author is going to introduce the book the Story of the Words (Analyzing two hundred and thirty words and terms), by Behruz Safarzāde, which was published in 1398 by Bahār publication. After briefly acquainting the reader with the contents of the book, he has begun to criticize some of the explanations contained in the book such as the ones presented in the entries of Boz-e Akhfash (Akhfash›s goat), Vajeha-ye pāchekhār (flattering words), tofang (gun), Rowze khāni va medād (Rowze khāni and pencil).

With the latest theories and findings regarding the historical and comparative linguistics, the rate of accuracy and plausibility of etymologies given for different words in the Iranian languages is improving as the previous suggestions are reviewed or revised and new etymologies proposed. In this research, attempts are made to converge the latest in Indo-European historical-comparative linguistics with Iranian philology and to bridge the gaps between some obscure and problematic Iranian words on the one side and their Indo-European cognates on the other. To do this, a “radix” or primary root, here a Proto-Indo-European *sel-, is reconstructed by a “semanto-cladistic” approach and then a number of secondary roots are hypothesized based on the existing data in Indo-European daughter languages and, in particular, in the Iranian. In the process, some of the etymologies are reviewed and, in some instances, new or alternative ones are proposed.

So many researches has been conducted about the word ‘Tarikh’ (History) which consist the etymology and the way of showing up of this term in the cultural-scientific literature of Islam world .There is a large variety of views about the roots and concepts of  the history word. Some researchers believe that this word belongs to the Semitic languages and some other express that it belongs to Iranian and Greek languages, but most of the researchers are suspicious about its origin .based on the archaeological data the root of this word belongs to ancient erech(A city of urban revoloution). Akkadians barrowed rhis word from Sumerians and introduced it to the world. The Civilization heritage of Sumer and Elam has been protected by the Achaemenid civilization and we have heired it today. The root of the word tarikh is associated with a set of words that has happened in the Near Eastern urban revolution.

When requisites of interdisciplinary studies are discussed from a linguistic angle, this non-prescribed field of science is expected to come up with models to describe different aspects of relationship among scientific languages, so that requisites could be deduced under prescribed conditions. According to existing ideas in different fields of human sciences about the relationship between language and thought, expansion of interlanguage relations due to contacts among different fields of science is a tool to develop thought and new horizons which are offered by those sciences. This will show the sensitive role of language in relation to sciences, on the one hand, while on the other hand, intensifying concerns that may result from abnormalities in inter-language relations. Attention to some aspects of scientific language like differentiation between objective and historical aspects is essential for regulation of these relations and considering historical concepts as being objective or the opposite, can have destructive effects on interdisciplinary relations. Terminologies that are affected by other sciences which can be evaluated through a historical linguistic approach will be only worrisome when origins of those terms cannot be realized correctly or they are mixed or considered synonymous with other terms. Some infrastructural studies such as finding about linguistic genealogy of scientific languages as well as some case studies on genealogical, typological, and contact relations among languages can ensure more usefulness of interdisciplinary studies. Moreover, it seems that development of some study models may lead to emergence of methods to study how scientific courses can be linked and mechanism through which concepts are exchanged among them.

For researching the meaning of “Ershad”, we can just open a Farsi- Arabic dictionary and find its meaning. If we want to do something more, we can find the meaning of this word in other Farsi -Arabic dictionaries. This is a simple and of course non-scholarly way and its result are not reliable for a studious pursuit. This pursuit is not confirmed by the sciences of linguistics and semantics, as well as, as we will see, it is not justifiable at the history-sociology processes that cause some changes in meanings and concepts.“Historical transition of Concepts” represents this important fact that the meaning and concepts of language will be evolved during history and it is not as we thought that a word had been used in the same meaning all the time. Epistemologically, “historical transition of concepts” has a rigid link with how we study this transition. Here we don’t propose to investigate the result of this speech that epistemology anticipates ontology or vise versa. Rather, the point is if we want to offer any evidence for this transition first should think about how to find such evidences and choose an approach for studying its transitions in history process. At this paper some arrangements about the way of studying historical transition of concepts have been accommodated to researchers and those who care.First we should know what is the meaning? What is concept? What is the link of the meaning with concept? What is the link of the meaning and concepts with referent? Then we should codify our searching pursuit steps for such research and find well approach for investigating historical transition of concepts.Principal issue, “the meaning of Islamic Ershad”, should be listed through studying historical transition of concepts by knowing generalities of how studying historical transition of concepts. According to mentioned issues at the end of this paper by asking some questions about the meaning of Islamic Ershad, we have tried to qualify primary issues for preceding the issue of the meaning of Islamic Ershad as lead to a well-rounded searching scheme.