institution

In recent years, the concept of time and space in human interaction has been disappearing, leading to an increase in the application of quantum theory in the analysis of political, social, and economic phenomena. However, the use of quantum theory in social sciences has been primarily instrumentalist in nature. For a quantum theory to be truly useful in social sciences, it must cover the theoretical gaps within the field. The application of quantum theory in social sciences will be useful when it can cover the theoretical gaps in it. One of the most significant theoretical gaps of social sciences over the last century has been the lack of consensus on the method of studying social phenomena; resulting in the formation of different of various paradigms and methods to study it. This article argues that the root cause of this lack of agreement lies in the concept of social reality; as it is not independent of the intentional actions of individuals. This raises the question of why social sciences, unlike classical natural sciences, are dependent on the intentional actions of individuals. To answer this question, the article introduces an analytical framework called the “quantum phenomenological approach,” which is based on idealist interpretations of quantum theory. This approach allows for the inclusion of an individual's intentional actions in their decision-making process, resulting in a reconstruction of social reality in such a way that its relation is determined with the intentional actions from a first-person perspective. This approach assumes a primitive self-awareness for the quantum particle, where reality is considered as a combination of the wave function and its collapse; in a way that the cognition of the quantum particle, its intentionality, and its experience are considered as the wave function, the cause of the collapse and the process of wave function collapse, respectively. Similarly, a quantum model of an individual's decision-making process can be presented, incorporating his intentional actions (the cause of the collapse of the decision wave function) and the experimental background (the cause of the decision wave function). The most significant implication of this quantum model is that an individual's intentional behavior is certain from the first-person perspective and his decisions are optimal from his point of view at that moment, but inherently uncertain and unpredictable for an observer in the third person.Redefining the concept of social reality using the “quantum phenomenological approach” offers several advantages, including recognizing the individual's agency and intentionality in their decision-making system, acknowledging the ontological difference between cause and reason, and the possibility of integrating holistic and individualistic approaches in a different and novel way from the common approaches formed after the 1970s in social sciences. While the whole (wave function) has causal power in the “quantum phenomenological approach,” it only includes potential states and the real state emerges when the individual applies his (her) agency and the wave function collapses. Therefore it can be shown that the reality in social sciences, unlike the classical empirical and natural sciences, is dependent on the intentional actions of the individual. In the classical empirical sciences, the researcher studies an inanimate substance without agency and intentional action; therefore, from the first-person perspective, the quantum reality is the same as the classical reality. What remains is the cognition of a person as a third-person observer of that classical reality. If the classical reality experienced by the observer is considered a quantum entity, then the researcher's perception will be dependent on the empirical context. However, the researcher’s perception can be classified into two categories consistent and inconsistent experience according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. In classical empirical sciences, by controlling and repeating physical and environmental conditions of the experiment, one can overcome the problem of dependence on the empirical context. Because the uncertainty in this science only originates from the observation of the researcher (quantum person), making the experience consistent could solve the problem, attribute stable quantitative and qualitative features to the observations.In contrast, in social sciences, the situation is much more complicated. In these sciences, the origin of uncertainty is not only due to the intentional actions of the observers and their perception’s dependence on the empirical context, but also the agency and intentionality of the participating individuals participating in the social phenomenon as reality. Therefore, in such a world, it will not be possible to define and recognize social concepts as a common reality due to the inherent uncertainty of an individual’s decisions for an observer in the third person. This means that the definition and recognition of social realities requires a prerequisite called the institution. In fact, in a quantum model, institutions are the wave functions of shared mental states between individuals to predict their behavior for others. While the process of observing in social sciences can also be divided into consistent and inconsistent experiences, it is not possible to control human environments similar to laboratory conditions to overcome the consequences of decision-making’s dependence on empirical context. As a result, the inconsistent experiences that occur in human environments can act as the primary destabilizer of previous institutions. In such a world, the indicators and concepts attributed to social realities, which have an institutional nature, will also be affected by the consequences of the primary destabilizer, creating the transition duration in institutional changes. Therefore, social realities do not have an objective nature as realists consider. Although the mind plays a fundamental role in the formation of reality, as the interpretivists see, reality is not completely mental in nature.In contrast to classical physics, which does not account for self-awareness as a natural, biological, and physical entity different from matter, quantum theory introduces concepts such as entanglement and non-locality. The concepts have been experimentally confirmed through Bell's Delayed-Choice experiments, providing the possibility of considering subatomic particles as possessing a primitive form of mentality and self-awareness.This shift toward physicalizing consciousness without it being considered as a byproduct of classical matter has significant implications for the social sciences, potentially allowing for a return to the philosophy of consciousness rather than the philosophy of language. From the analytical framework of this research, language can also be seen as a potential whole (wave function) that is actualized through individual agency by speech. Additionally, the “quantum phenomenological approach” does not allow for the existence of abstract and transcendental rationality, as rationality is only meaningful within the context of experience. This also means rejecting the claims of critical realists such as Bhaskar and Popper, who argue that mankind's understanding of reality is based on systematic error. Similarly, Habermas perspective is also rejected due to his insistence on general and universal criteria for understanding reality. While human beings do not make a systematic error in recognizing reality, his (her) perception of reality is still relative and dependent on time and place.

With the introduction of knowledge-based economy as a new form of economic development model, we have witnessed the publication of many books and research papers in recent years. One of these works is the book Knowledge-Based Economics: Basics, Concepts, Methodology, which was recently published, and this article introduces and reviews its content. In terms of content, according to the authors' emphasis on the importance of tacit knowledge and placing it in the focus of discussions, their approach to the knowledge-based economy can be considered evolutionary, and also considering the emphasis on institutions for the foundation of the knowledge-based economy, their analytical framework is institutional economics. The book is comprehensive, but it is not completely consistent with the selected title in which the methodology is mentioned. Also, while the theories rely on statistical evidence, the oldness of the presented statistics makes it necessary to update the sources and reports used. There is no room for different views on the knowledge-based economy and the discussion about the complexities of intellectual property rights in the book. But in general, the book has been able to present the fundamentals and concepts of a knowledge-based economy to the audience in clear and simple language.

The current research was carried out with the aim of designing a higher education model using the approaches of internationalization and validation. Research

The participants of this study included 20 experts, professors and researchers in the field of higher education, who were selected through purposeful sampling and then interviewed in a semi-structured way. The data was coded with the help of MAXQDAv2020 Software, and to validate the research model, Strauss and Corbin’s acceptability indicators were used. Members’ observation and researchers’ self-review were used as the research tool.

According to the findings, the most important institutions influencing the internationalization of higher education included macro policy-making institutions, intermediary institutions for policy implementation, executive institutions, executive policy-making institutions, and programmatic policy-making institutions. Also, the most important functions of these institutions in the internationalization of the higher education were the functions of policy making, regulation, facilitation and service provision.

According to the results, in addition to the structure within the universities and higher education, the institutions and the entire environment outside the university were also involved in the direction of internationalization. Therefore, internationalization will occur when the institution of the university along with the whole country and the system move towards internationalization with serious determination and will, policy, program, document, law and vision. Moreover, the role, function, and relationship of each of these institutions should be determined so that the right step can be taken in this direction

The culture of self-sacrifice and martyrdom is recognized as one of the important values ​​of Iranian society and it is necessary to study the attitudes of society, especially the younger generation towards the culture of self-sacrifice and martyrdom. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of institutional and media practices on students' attitudes toward the culture of self-sacrifice and martyrdom. This research is of quantitative type and has benefited from the survey approach. The statistical population of this study consists of students of Grand Ayatollah Boroujerdi University who were selected through random classification sampling. The sample size of this study was estimated to be 271 people using sample power software and research data were collected through a researcher-made online questionnaire and hypothesis testing was performed using Spss26 software and structural equation modeling was performed using Amos software. Graphics24 is drawn. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the variables of institutional and media performance and students' attitudes to the three dimensions of culture of sacrifice and martyrdom and the highest correlation between institutional and media performance with the emotional dimension of culture of sacrifice and martyrdom. Multivariate also shows that institutional performance with a rate of 0.452 and media performance with a rate of 0.386 on different dimensions of students' attitudes on the culture of self-sacrifice and martyrdom. Also, the fit of the structural equation model using different criteria is desirable and indicates the support of experimental data from the theoretical model of the research.

Family in Iran has taken a different path from governmental documents and going on through the same path as modern families has gone in dissolution and instability. This paper due to this purpose has studied forty grand documents including seventeen from the supreme leader of Islamic Republic of Iran, six rules of economic, social and cultural development program and sixteen documents of Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution that shows the semantic stability of family. Semantic stability of family is based on paragon and unidentified family which figured out of hidden Idea and also unrecognized transformation of the agencies during these four decades. This leads Iranian policy makers to have a subjective image of family that has the least connection to the objective family in lived experience of social actors. That made these tow have conflict of interests and also lots of problems for family and its members.

As an enthused group in the late Umayyad period, the Abbasids sought to mobilize their resources in the engagement with the ruling dynasty by presenting a new ideology, viz. the so-called Summon System, and undertook significant actions in enticing anti-Umayyad elements to bring them under the unified patronage promoted by the slogan “al-Riza min Al-e Muhammad.” The book “The Rise and Fall of the Abbasids (132‒324 AH): A Research into the Structure and Evolution of the Ideology, Economics and Military Institution” is an authored work by Mohammad Ahmadi Manesh, published by the SAMT Publications in 2018. The author has fittingly organized the book in the two sections of “A Historical Inquiry” (consisting of eight chapters) and “A Theoretical Inquiry” (comprising two chapters), producing a worthwhile work. The present article attempts to review the volume, pinning down and examining its strengths and shortcomings. At any rate, as a result of the lack of due care and laxity, the volume suffers somewhat from occasional shortfalls, among them being the choice of the title “The Fall and Down…,” and a series of points that are made in the Introduction but are not reflected in the text, not to mention the author’s failure to address the complexities involved in the Abbasid rule and to adopt a holistic approach to their rise to power, particularly in Khorasan.

Free trade and industrial zones have been one of the relatively successful strategies for technology development in order to achieve mainland economic growth in many countries around the world. Various studies show that the formation of innovation ecosystems in these areas due to having institutions such as protection laws, easier access to the network of international actors, well-equipped infrastructure, and a suitable business environment is easy. Global experience also confirms that many governments have contributed to the development of technology and, consequently, to economic growth in the mainland by shaping the ecosystem of value creation resulting from innovative activities in these areas. In Iran, despite the history of more than half a century in the field of establishment and management of free trade and industrial zones, but unfortunately not only the innovation ecosystem has not been formed in these zones, but also the basic missions of these zones such as re-export and attract investment Foreign direct has also been neglected. Studies conducted among the free trade and industrial zones of Iran and lessons learned from successful global experiences in this field indicate that to form an innovation ecosystem in the free trade and industrial zones in order to carry out activities Innovative, technological development, economic growth and thus impact on the mainland economy, the need to create new institutions or modify and eliminate existing institutions. This study seeks to provide an institutional model for the formation of the innovation ecosystem in the free trade and industrial zones of Iran.

The concept of power has always been a matter of controversy. On the one hand, some take power as a hard thing in the hands of the state or government. This enables states to use military force for subjugating people. On the other hand, some, mostly among contemporary theorists, believe the power to be a soft and subjective phenomenon and think it to become effective only when punitive discourses are effective in society. In fact, power in its second sense is a fluid and roaming thing the owners of which are endowed with the necessary influence in society. The social dimension of power can rightly display its softness and fluidity. In this article we intend to understand the reproductive process of power in social domain. To answer the question, we have adopted the library method and have surveyed this at three different layers. The first layer deals with the conceptual development of power and its consequences. The second examines three processes of managing the image, social rituals, and social institutions in relation with power. And finally, the third layer discusses the effect of the three processes on people’s perceptions and attitudes and behaviors. We conclude that the reconstruction of power is a three-phase process that is institutionalized in society at large to individuals’ mind and vice versa.

The bureaucratic system of Iran, dating back at least two and a half thousand years, inherits elements and characteristics that have undergone many metamorphoses and changes throughout their history, and many of these elements of the New Jubilee have been significantly influenced by factors and factors. The political, social, cultural and economic developments and processes have been of their time (in every historical period). This article aims to identify the features and changes of the Iranian bureaucratic system from the beginning to the end of antiquity (first phase of research), by using a qualitative structuralism method, to examine and explain the factors borrowing and deterring the bureaucratic institution in political, social, economic and cultural dimensions. The first organized administrative structure that can be used to explain the concept of bureaucracy has its roots in the Achaemenid dynasty, and especially in the reign of Darius I. Then during the Seleucid and Parthian period, the same method continued in the affairs of the state. Bureaucracy in the Sassanid era attains wider size and dimensions, becoming a dominant system of control and administration of the Imperial Territory, and finds coherent and normative formulation. The Patrimonial system, at the beginning of the Medieval period, had the particular role in the early formation of the bureaucratic institution in Iran; Find out. In the Achaemenid and Sassanid periods, the structural expansion and institutional power of Iranian bureaucracy increased to such an extent that it became a global model of the day.

According to historical sources, socio-cultural conditions governing the post-Islamic society lacked moral foundations in the domain of rights, especially family rights. Now, if we claim that morality is the foundation of Islamic law, the claim for the signing of marriage contract and other legal institutions needs serious reflection, and cannot be in line with the current realities of the Islamic society. From this, one can only claim to have signed the form of this institution as a covenant and consider its related juridical bases and principles to be established by Tom. With the new readings based on its institutionalization and its acceptance give way to the innovation in judgments and provides the ability to adapt to time and place in the best possible manner in different periods. Accordingly, this research uses descriptive-analytical method and library tools to provide a new explanation of family through juridical and legal essence, contrary to the famous jurisprudential sayings and proves the institutionalization of marriage based on the two principles of ethic and chastity and considers marriage as institutionalized in terms of contract, principles, rules and behavioral nature.

The function and historical role of the rural community is more extensive than agricultural culture and the supplying surplus production and manpower to urban, industrial, artistic and commercial sectors.  In the field of agriculture, the processes of Intensification cultivation and discoveries and inventions associated with them have an effect on the valuable nature of the rural community.  This research was carried out using documentary and survey sources. Of the nearly 3,000 books and scientific and research reports, three hundred sources have been reviewed and categorized with the help of M.A students of rural development. The author used survey data and sample statistics for analysis of rural and agricultural indicators. The results indicate that during the first decade after the victory of the Islamic Revolution and due to participatory development, the living standards of many villages increased, child mortality rates went down, and the level of welfare and awareness of the villagers rose, but the sectorization of rural development, has led many development indicators to decline over the past two decades. However, rural communities, have 38.5% of agricultural land, produce more than fifty percent of food products and seventy percent of agricultural products.  Since rural development and agricultural growth are two side of a coin, the simultaneous development of rural and agricultural communities and the reduction of urban marginalization following the realization of the strategic principles of modern protectionism will be a success. Decrease of income and welfare levels among rural communities, which is decrease from 60% in 2012 to 56% in recent years, has led to increase of parasitic situation and deepening of inequalities between rural and urban communities, both led to rise of malnutrition, disease and rapid marginalization. The best way to moderate the marginalization of the text is to return to local communities and create a rural development ministry.

Property right play basic role in the analysis of Douglass North’s new institutional about economic growth and decline of societies in different historical periods. In the concept of the property right, the issue of monopoly is important, Therefore there is costs for the possessor. In North’s view, guaranteed property rights that supported by the government and its interests are more than its costs, cause to economic growth. In the Safavid era the costs of property rights due to issues such as tax, seizures, etc., has often been more than assets profits. In other hand the safavid government placed the ownership of productive resources at the disposal of the elites ring and especially the king, and tried to control the trade. There were many forms of land tenure in the Safavid period that all of them had a common feature: land belonged to the king. Therefore the Safavid government has been a major obstacle against development and evolution of property right. Whenever with same type of inefficient property rights, government caused security, economic situation was improving. This article after giving theoretical frame, intends to review assessment of property right in Safavid era with due attention to costs of property right and role of government via descriptive –analytic method based on library information.

New sociological institutionalism regards the institutions as producing interests, identities and suitable action models being formed in larger social and cultural contexts. Emphasizing the priority of culture, This approach tries to explain how social structures, resources and meanings are created and lead to significant results. Reviewing the literature of sociological institutionalism, this article tries to discuss the concepts, theories and the viewpoint of this approach toward the organizational consistency, conformity and compliance; behavioral stability and continuity; organizational field; institutional environment; the relationship between actors (individuals and organizations) and environment and finally discusses analysis level which can have theoretical applications in political studies.What’s more, this article refers to the analytical characteristics and implications of sociological institutionalism. Moreover, this article presents a pattern for institutional change in the framework of sociological institutionalism using the concept of Eshtarus “Bricolage.

This article discussed the pathology of neoclassical economics in Iranian society and that is mostly because scientific theories of this branch of science had shaped based on institutions which have had significant differences with those that govern economic and social relations of Iranian society. Hence, neoclassical theories have met with epistemological challenges in Iran. Studying Iran's economy with an approach to the impact of its governing bodies is considered as a solution to this problem. Therefore, there is an unavoidable necessity for an economic reconstruction.

Disciplined Survey of Multidimensional Phenomena Such As World-Wide Legal Phenomena, Calls for The Extension of Conceptual framework and To overcomes Epistemological /Methodological Dogmatism of International Law and Its Analytic /Imperative Logic, Prevails On Ontological / Epistemological Aspects of The Progressive Science of International Law and Its Pluralistic Methodology that has Reduced to the Collection of Non Sanction rules, and So It has Modified To Phenomenology of States Will. Regardless of The Fact, The Application of Systemic Approach to Untested International Law Domain, Per se, Is Faced To Various Epistemological / Ontological Controversies and Methodological Challenges, However Epistemological Prerequisites Calls for In Regard to Rethinking Capacities of Systemic Explanation of International Law, Its Status and Its Place Draws In The General System of Science So That Publicists Can Distinguish Its Analytic And Imperative Logic of International Law From Homogeneous / Heterogeneous Sciences. To This Purpose, It Supposes That International Law Is Organic Totality (Wholeness) and On The basis of Systemic Analysis, International Law Is Analytic and Interactive System. In the First Level of Analysis That Concerning To Theoretical and Scientific structures of International Legal Science Will be Explained And Analyzed The Methodology, Patterns of Explanation, Legal Language, Making Theory Process, testing Theory, and In The Second Level of Analysis That Its Aim To Explain The Ontological Dimension of International Law It Will Be Analyzed Interactive Modes Of International legal System Which Is constituent Synthesis of Legal Institutions, Norms, Styles, Procedures and Mechanisms That Will Be Studied In External – Internal /Boundary Patterns of Interaction