جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « poverty » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Today, the status of women in any country has become one of the most important indicators of assessing social justice. On the other hand, international research in recent decades describes the status of women in the world as "feminization of poverty". This research seeks to identify and prioritize the factors influencing the feminization of poverty with an emphasis on health indicators. This research is exploratory in nature. The research community consists of experts and active professionals in the field of poverty, and the sampling method in this stage was judgmental, continuing using snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation, with 10 individuals selected. In the technical dimension, fuzzy logic was used to address the uncertainty of data gathered from experts, and for pairwise comparison of factors, the "Analytic Hierarchy Process" method was utilized to increase accuracy in prioritization. This research presents a novel approach in modeling poverty in Iran. Out of 92 variables affecting women's poverty in Iran, 27 top variables were identified and prioritized. According to the results, variables such as increased out-of-pocket payments, decreased human capital, household size exceeding 4 members, ratio of oil revenues to GDP, and poor governance have the highest impact on women's poverty.

The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the study aims to offer a realistic analysis of the local conditions and needs specific to the area, all within the context of the locality. To achieve these goals, purposeful sampling methods were employed, and data was gathered through the use of participatory observation tools and semi-structured interviews, followed by meticulous analysis using thematic analysis techniques. A total of 21 interviews were conducted across seven marginalized neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city. Following the coding process, 109 primary codes and 11 organizing themes were identified, ranging from issues such as dangerous living conditions, migrant populations, job insecurity, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited negotiating power, organizational shortcomings, confrontational management styles, perceptions of inequality, shirking of responsibilities, interventions for development, to the absence of institutional support. These findings culminated in the selection of the overarching theme of the study: "the entrapment of powerlessness and deprivation within the marginalized community." The crux of the article's argument lies in attributing the powerlessness and deprivation prevalent in Khorramabad's marginalized community to the unequal hierarchical structures within the planning and implementation systems, coupled with inefficient community organization. To ameliorate the marginalized community's circumstances, the study advocates for the adoption of a justice-centered urban governance approach and the reconfiguration of urban societal structures. 

Marginalization, predominantly an urban phenomenon, signifies the condition where residents lack access to the economic and official urban infrastructure, often resembling living conditions in slum areas. These marginalized communities typically form in semi-permanent or permanent settlements along rivers, railway lines, city entrances and exits, among other locations (Cahyani, D. Widaningsih, 2019). In recent years, the escalating number of marginal areas and the ensuing repercussions has propelled marginalization into a pressing challenge within the nation's planning and decision-making framework. Recognizing the gravity and repercussions of marginalization, various stakeholders such as experts, policymakers, and civil activists have scrutinized and elucidated this phenomenon through different lenses. Academic scholars and researchers delve into the causes, contexts, and consequences of marginalization; policymakers enact laws and regulations and undertake executive initiatives; while civil activists form campaigns and organizations to aid the impoverished and vulnerable populations residing in informal settlements and marginalized areas.
The predicament of marginalization gains heightened sensitivity in disadvantaged provinces like Lorestan. The prevalence of hierarchical disparities, inequities in access to resources at the macro level, soaring rates of unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and deeply entrenched ethnic and tribal biases amplify the ramifications and ramifications of this challenge within such regions. In Khorramabad city, marginalized communities are dispersed across the urban landscape, spanning central and peripheral areas, characterized by marginal infrastructure and external perceptions shrouded in pessimism, juxtaposed with the proliferation of poverty and social adversities. Addressing the issue of marginalization in Khorramabad city emerges as a pressing necessity.
Consequently, several studies have explored facets of marginalization issues (causes, contexts, and consequences) in Lorestan province. This article, employing a critical ethnographic approach and thematic analysis technique, endeavors to comprehend the predicament of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. It seeks to illuminate the predominant narratives drawn from individuals' lived experiences within these marginalized settings and, subsequently, offering a contextualized and realistic analysis tailored to the region's specific demands. Hence, this research endeavors to address fundamental questions such as: What is the marginalized community's perception of their marginalization situation? How do they interpret their experiences residing in these marginalized areas?

Numerous studies have delved into the realms of marginalization and informal settlements. Many of these research endeavors, adopting a survey approach, have explored the factors influencing the emergence of informal settlements and migration to the peripheries of cities (Rabbani et al., 2015; Zangiabadi and Mobaraki, 2011; Naqdi, 2012; Taleb and Yusuf-Vand, 2014; Biranvand, 2013; Mirzapur, 2014). These studies have highlighted that the socio-economic dynamics between the origin (village) and the destination play a pivotal role in shaping migration patterns and fostering the development of informal settlements. Additionally, there have been physical studies analyzing the spatial distribution of urban poverty (Mirzapour, 2014; Khodayi and Timuri, 2015).
Research in the field of marginalization boasts a rich historical background, encompassing various thematic areas. Primarily adopting a survey methodology, many of these studies have scrutinized the root causes, contexts, and repercussions of marginalization and migration. Some inquiries influenced by a physical perspective have explored aspects of marginalization and the spatial distribution of urban poverty. Others have focused on social issues, detriments, and the distinctive traits of marginalized populations. Amidst these endeavors, a scant few have approached the lives of marginalized communities through an emic lens, seeking to understand their perspectives and experiences firsthand.
Therefore, to contribute to and enhance the existing body of research, this study endeavors to elucidate and interpret the reality of marginalization through the voice of the marginalized community, aiming to enrich the scholarly discourse on this pressing issue.

This research employs a qualitative and critical ethnographic methodology, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Critical ethnography delves into power dynamics and mechanisms of domination to examine the conditions for progress and impediments to improvement (Madison, 2012). The study utilized purposive sampling to select participants, interviewing 21 marginalized individuals across seven neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city until theoretical saturation was achieved, indicating that no new insights were forthcoming from additional interviews. Consequently, the authors utilized this sample for data analysis, ensuring a comprehensive representation. Efforts were made to encompass a diverse range of perspectives by including participants of varying genders and age groups. The research commenced with an exploratory phase involving immersion in the community under study, followed by data collection through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. This methodological approach sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized individuals within the context of their lived realities.

The research findings reveal a multitude of challenges faced by marginalized and impoverished residents in the region, including insufficient income, engagement in precarious and informal work, widespread social issues (e.g., addiction, conflicts, theft), unsafe living conditions, disregard for civic responsibilities in accessing public resources, environmental degradation, inadequate housing and unauthorized construction, absence of essential amenities and services, and limited engagement in local governance. Within this study, disadvantaged communities have highlighted diverse facets of their struggles and hardships. Subsequently, the identified issues are synthesized into overarching thematic categories for presentation and analysis.

This research, adopting a critical ethnography approach and employing thematic analysis, aims to explore the circumstances and challenges faced by the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city. The research findings are presented through an analytical-thematic model, with the primary category derived from community data being "powerlessness and the entrapment of marginalization." This concept underscores the dire conditions and precarious existence of the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city, ensnared in a complex web of intertwined marginalization. Various facets of their powerlessness and deprivation intertwine to alienate them from mainstream society and official culture. This issue is rooted in the failure of organizational and administrative policies of government entities. Local residents critique the ineffectiveness, deficiencies, and incapacity of governmental institutions in managing and empowering marginalized areas. They perceive themselves as victims of unjust social policies implemented by these institutions, which have hindered societal development and neglected community needs and preferences.

The problem of poverty and inequality has been the concern of politicians and thinkers for a long time, and extensive efforts have been made to solve it. One of the most important programs designed and implemented with the aim of reducing poverty and inequality is social security programs, especially pension insurance. In Iran, most of the pensioners are covered by two pension funds: Social Security Organizations and Civil Servants Pension Fund.  The basic question is to what extent these two funds can be effective in controlling poverty and inequality?

In this study, the relationship between pension expenditures of two large pension funds in Iran, with poverty and inequality during the period 2014 to 2018 has been investigated. In this study, the type of research data is collected from panel,  and the generalized least squares method was used for estimation.

The results show that the Social Security Organization's pension expenses have a negative relationship with poverty and inequality indicators, but the Civil Servants Pension Fund’s expenses and poverty and inequality indicators are in the same direction.

The reason these two funds have different impacts on poverty and inequality can be related to the financial situation of the funds during recent years. Contrary to the Social Security Organization, expenses exceed revenues in the Civil Servants Pension Fund, and thus, and it suffers from a deficit, a large portion of which is paid by the government. This contradicts the nature of pension funds. The government allocates a portion of its welfare budget to pension funds with a financial deficit. Therefore, the actual budget of other supporting programs for the needy is reduced.

Poverty is a pervasive problem that impacts various aspects of human life and is caused by a range of factors. To address this issue effectively, a practical and scientifically-sound approach is necessary. However, in Iran, a homegrown theory for tackling poverty is lacking, which some experts attribute to the ineffective nature of social research in the country. We believe that one of the main reasons for this non-scientific approach is the absence of a coherent paradigmatic framework in these studies. By critically examining the methodological and paradigmatic frameworks of poverty studies, we can identify their shortcomings and gradually move towards a more scientific and effective approach. In this study, we focus on social studies of poverty in Iran, which have primarily relied on a positivist framework. Through a methodological and paradigmatic analysis, we aim to demonstrate that these studies have certain limitations, such as pre-determined results and a lack of value neutrality, which are fundamental attributes of positivist research. Our findings can help move social research in Iran closer to the goal of achieving more scientific and effective outcomes.

This research has investigated the impact of the support policies of the 9th to 12th governments on the problems of poverty and economic misery in Gilan province. In order to collect data, a technical interview was used and the purpose sampling method. The interview continued with 37 interviews. Data analyzed with MAXQDA software. The results show that in the field of health, the Ahmadinejad government focused on prevention and treatment in the family doctor plan, job creation, providing all sections of the society with health booklets and reducing treatment costs, and the Rouhani government by creating structural reforms in the health and treatment system and providing the basis Extensive insurance coverage has taken positive steps. In the field of housing, Mr. Ahmadinejad provided a platform for the development of urban development with his comprehensive management of housing distribution and created many jobs for young people and job seekers. This is while, as a result of Rouhani's government's policies, problems such as the formation of a housing bubble, a decrease in the amount of constructions, and also the intensification of internal migrations are observed as a result of the loss of employment opportunities. The Ahmadinejad government, by implementing redistribution policies, the Imam Reza Stamp Fund plan, the plan for early-returning enterprises, the distribution of equity shares and the targeting of subsidies, and the Rouhani government, by expanding the support umbrella for government institutions, tried to reduce the degree of relative deprivation among different classes. Society to reduce.

The most important policy challenge to reduce poverty and social inequalities in the country is the correct and real image of this phenomenon. Although relatively many studies have been conducted in the field of poverty, most of these studies have been single, diverse and unrelated, and sometimes focused in one scientific field , which makes it possible to consider poverty in its various dimensions, which is necessary for policy. The decision is facing difficulties., using the meta-analysis method, is looking for a relatively comprehensive and coherent understanding of the phenomenon of poverty and is looking for an answer to the question of what are the general factors affecting poverty and how much each of them explains the changes in poverty.poverty in Iran is scattered, isolated and mainly from an economic point of view, and we are faced with the poverty of sociological studies of poverty and the lack of interdisciplinary studies.Furthermore, poverty research often focuses on descriptive or normative claims without explaining the causes of poverty. Most of the researches have not relied on measuring the effect of variables on poverty, which seem to present a positivist and less realistic picture of the phenomenon of poverty in Iranian society

Several theories have been made to achieve it and eliminate poverty from human societies, so that these concepts have been the main interest of research in recent years. This study tries to evaluate and analyze the evolution of these concepts in geographical studies using Wittgenstein's co-citation method. For this purpose, a statistical population of 493 articles was extracted from the WOS citation database in between 1985 to 2019, and with the help of Citespace software, bibliographic analysis was performed to measure the relationship between the concepts of poverty and justice in previous studies. The results of this study indicate that the key concepts of "poverty, social justice and justice" have the highest repetition, "equality, sustainability and politics" the most reliability and "welfare, city and the poor" have the highest value of burst detection among the core center of researchers “John Rawls, David Harvey, Amartya Sen”. Also, the analysis of the centrality index indicates the formation of a new perspective on solving problems related to poverty and justice. This is evident in particular, in studies that have linked poverty and justice to the subject of unofficial urbanizations and marginalization. The common theme of most studies in this field is the increase of welfare facilities as a strategy in balancing geographical landscapes and less reference has been made to structural systems. By using the term neoliberalism alongside social justice, these studies emphasize that redefining poverty and justice is possible in the structural framework of the capitalism.

The purpose of this article is to examine the efforts made by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Tehran to alleviate destitution. It also attempts to answer the crucial question of whether these actions are consistent with the realities of the poor's lives.The research method used is qualitative content analysis. The sample consists of 29 participants, including NGO representatives, individuals intimately involved with the poor, and the poor themselves. This research employs the organizational ecology theory, institutional theory of poverty, spatial approach to poverty, social exclusion, weak ties, capability poverty, and poverty traps as theoretical frameworks.The main findings of the research include the struggles of the poor in meeting their daily needs, the heavy social damages and crises in the lives of the poor, the legal ignorance of the poor, the limited reach of services provided to the poor, the mismatch between the programs and services offered by NGOs and the crucial realities of the lives of the poor, and the difficulties faced by NGOs in addressing the daily challenges of the poor.The results indicate that the realities of the lives of the impoverished are complex and diverse, and that the programs and services provided by NGOs are frequently misaligned with these realities for a variety of reasons. Volunteers and the poor assert that these organizations are only concerned with alleviating the symptoms of poverty, providing irregular and insignificant assistance for subsistence, and ignoring absolute poverty and the need for comprehensive assistance. This has made it difficult for the impoverished to gain access to housing, resolve social issues, and improve their cognitive abilities. These organizations have only scratched the surface of poverty and have been unable to address major issues such as housing, addiction problems, legal challenges faced by women and orphaned and neglected children, physical and mental illnesses, school fees, etc., which are the most significant obstacles faced by the poor

Time and goal: 

I made my social determination. The goal is to write down where there are social and economic factors that are effective in providing a coarse crime, between two severely convicted criminals, in Zindan Hay Karman Est.

Rosh:

 Narratives (consideration) of a question related to its variables, as to the appointment of a consideration, content and ba gurdawori, the opinions of an experienced teacher, Karshnasan and specialists related (techniques of conceptualization) and Bray Barsi Payayi, as an accountant of Alfai Kronbacheh Rahdeh-e Kronbacheh 22. Dadaha mediated by Amar Tasifi and Azmounhai Amari Zarib Hempstegi Pearson-Regression and with the benefit of Nermafzar spss is a resource for segmentation and analysis of the Graft decision.

Yaftha: 

Yaftha Nashnan Midhad between his variables, close to the amount of (118/0), Bikari (290/0), the occasion of the Boden Mahal Zandji (311/0), the academic fatwa (328/0), the social sarayah (0/244), the Hamsalan area. (137/0), coarse (33/0), narcotic drug bank (732/0), a link with a straight image (fixed) with a coarse crime and the presence of a dard. There is an end between a social control and a rough gram, an inverse association and the meaning of Dared and the existence of a dard (109/0-).
The result of the gerry: Mei Tuan, the result of grafting Reftar Pehkaraneh more dron grohei nekhestin, beh wich grove hamsalan, faragrafeh mishod. .. . Divergent tangent number Anan Bish as tangent diffracted est.

Social inequality includes the lack or lack of access of people in human society to equal economic, cultural, educational, health, ethnic, etc. situations and opportunities. Societies suffering from socio-economic inequality are always faced with threats and anomalies, they face social damages and public dissatisfaction in individual and social dimensions. Therefore, the sociological investigation of this phenomenon is essential and considered as the goal of the present research. The research method, in terms of the purpose of the type of applied research, and in terms of the nature of the qualitative research method, has interviewed 20 informants in the named provinces by the phenomenological method and the tool for collecting interview information is unstructured deep, participatory observation and field notes. The research findings show that social inequalities, on one hand, cause poverty and on the other hand, they are the origin of social conflicts and contradictions. Therefore, the most important consequence of social inequalities are the class gap, as the creation of a disturbance in the order and cohesion and social solidarity of a society, which results in a feeling of relative deprivation and a sense of social injustice in people. The themes resulting from the lived experience of socio-economic inequality, which were extracted among the people living in the western provinces of the country, indicate the existence of discrimination and social and economic inequality in these provinces, which the statistics also confirm slow economic inequality leads to a decrease in social participation at the community level. Social inequalities have deepened as a result of global expansion and influence, and with the increase of social inequalities, the phenomenon of underdevelopment has clearly revealed its undesirable side effects.

Today, the response to the growing needs of society, which is in search of facilities, facilities and quality of life is higher and higher. The outskirts of the city are one of the most important population settlements that most unproductive economic activities in these areas are based on a direct relationship with the economic activity of the city and thus the development of the city.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of economic support on the empowerment of marginalized areas. Therefore, using descriptive and analytical methods and using a researcher-made questionnaire, data were collected through the Cochran's formula of 365 people in the suburban logic of Rasht.The findings showed that in most cases the mean of the studied indicators and items have a mean lower than the theoretical mean, which means that the government's economic support has not been able to improve the living conditions of informal settlements, but based on the chi-square test, The most economic support of the government belongs to the index of improving health and medical access, the index of dietary diversification, and the increase of purchasing power. In total, the government's economic support in the past few years has not been able to have an acceptable effect on the empowerment of informal settlement areas.

The monthly payment of welfare benefits not only fosters problematic dependencies, but also requires substantial resources. There is no holistic approach to empowerment among support institutions; rather, each institution concentrates on particular aspects of empowerment. Existing research has focused more on the concept of empowerment than on the empowerment process. This study aims to analyze the dimensions of the empowerment process in support institutions so as to formulate the operational process.This study was conducted using a qualitative approach grounded in grounded theory. The method of sampling was theoretical sampling. In 2020, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 support organization administrators in Mashhad. The text of the interviews was analyzed utilizing the Strauss and Corbin method and the MAXQDA-10 program.Environmental resources, identification of individual abilities, a sense of self-efficacy, expectations and values, choice and action, and accomplishments were identified as dimensions of the empowerment process.Empowerment is a gradual and cyclical process, and individuals with varying degrees of empowerment and capability engage this cycle. With each cycle, one’s abilities gain new capabilities. As a result, their self-efficacy and motivation to choose and practice for future empowerment are enhanced.

 Poverty reduction is one of the important macroeconomic goals of any country, but achieving this important issue requires examining the factors affecting it. Changing the age structure of the population is one of the effective factors in reducing poverty in countries. Therefore, governments can make the most of their population, given the capacity of countries and providing the necessary conditions, and as a result, achieve high growth and development among countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of population age structure on poverty in Iran.

 The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. First, theoretical topics and experimental studies and research data are collected, and the appropriate analysis model is selected. Then, with the Generalized Method of Momen for Iran since 1975 until 2017, the desired research models have been estimated, and finally, using statistical and econometric inferences, the research results have been studied.

 In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the dependent population of the child and years of schooling have a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable, the elderly dependent population has a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable and also the percentage of trade in GDP and Physical capital inventories have a negative relationship with the dependent variable.

 In this study, the years of schooling, the percentage of trade in GDP, as well as capital stock are based on a coefficient that agrees with the theory. The positive effect of the elderly population on poverty reduction indicates the existence of high savings in old age. Paying attention to the growth of highly educated employees as well as employing specialized personnel increases the productivity of the labor force and also creates the possibility of creating new production methods that have significant effects on poverty reduction.

Combating poverty and social inequalities is always one of the main concerns of policymakers. In Iran, this issue has always been considered in the form of development plans and poverty alleviation bills. Unfortunately, the poverty indicators do not show satisfactory results. Considering the importance of the subject, in this article, the content analysis of six development plans has been done with an emphasis on policies to reduce poverty and social inequalities. The results indicate that; 1) In none of the development plans (except for the fourth plan), there is no standard and official poverty line used as a criterion for policymakers, 2) The most important challenge of development plans in poverty alleviation is "identifying the poor", 3) The poverty alleviation program in Iran mainly emphasizes on removing the consequences of poverty rather than its causes and roots, 4) the issue of vulnerability has not been given serious attention in the plans. Therefore, it is recommended to emphasize the following principles in preparing the seventh development plan: 1) at the beginning of the plan, a specific definition of the poverty line and the relevant indicators should be provided, 2) the target groups, namely the poor and deprived areas, and their needs should be identified, 3) Instead of a complication- based perspective, a structural approach to poverty should be adopted, 4) Instead of isolated programs, try to compile a comprehensive plan.

Smuggling is one of the activities that are attributed to the so-called underground economy. The underground economy refers to all activities that take place outside the framework of current laws and regulations. Also, smuggling may be done from official sources or from unofficial sources. Every year, irreparable material and moral costs and damages are imposed on the country due to this abnormal behavior. The unfavorable economic situation of the border dwellers and the uneven growth and development in different regions of the country, which is the result of a certain type of historical process of nation-state formation in the country, has caused the level of development of the border regions to be much lower than the center.

In this research, according to data collection through interviews with elites and experts, or the Delphi method, and snowball sampling from the statistical population of Bushehr province, to investigate the phenomenon of cattle smuggling and the economic factors affecting this phenomenon. and the ways to reduce it have been discussed. Finally, the information obtained was analyzed using Excel and SPSS software, and the results of determining the reliability of the questions asked in the interview, which was also through Cronbach's alpha test, were the average reliability for the whole The number of components showed 0.89.

Results and findings of the research:

 The results of the research indicate that dealing with the smuggling of goods requires the study of two groups: small-scale smugglers and consumers. If it is possible to curb the smuggling at the micro level, it will be much easier to deal with the smuggling at the macro level because it is limited. The lack of employment opportunities in official sectors and poverty in the border areas make people tend to smuggle goods at the retail level; On the other hand, the expansion and continuation of goods smuggling in the long term will increase unemployment and as a result, the spread of poverty. The root of this sequence lies in the fact that the smuggling of goods generates large incomes for a limited number of people, and for the majority of people, it only serves the function of livelihood.

This study aims to analyze the television ads of the "Imam Khomeini Relief Committee". The main research question of is how to represent the concept of poverty in ads and how to use persuasive techniques to participate in charity activities in the studied samples. Based on a purposeful sampling method, 4 samples of advertisements were selected for the study, and these were evaluated by qualitative content analysis method. The results show that the Relief Committee ads for representing the concept of poverty used from the 6 components of women, permanent head of single-parent families; Food, the orienter of interpersonal communication; The old mezzanine; Poor appearance; Forced employment of women, and charitable activities as a poverty alleviator;. In other words, the Relief Committee has acted in accordance with the definition of the concept of poverty in selecting the components of poverty. Also, they have used techniques such as using values to validate themselves, emotional attractions, hypothetical positive responses, simple solutions, symbols, storytelling, moral attraction, and indirect (soft) methods. the constructivist representation approach has been used and they have tried to construct the concept of poverty and poverty alleviation; In this way, it becomes possible to build all-encompassing stereotypes about poverty and charity work. This method does not eliminate the representation of social poverty, but rather strengthens the existing class structure in society and seeks to help the poor and the case to the poor class of society simply by arousing the emotions of the audience.

Introduction Environmental sustainability is an essential element of sustainable development. Poverty and environmental degradation are perhaps the two main obstacles to achieving sustainable development. In addition to having a negative impact on obtaining sustainable development, poverty and environmental degradation have complex relationships. Therefore, during the last few decades, the role of people, especially poor people, and consequently poor countries in environmental degradation has become one of the most challenging issues among economists, biologists, and environmental experts. However, the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation is still unclear and is often challenged by various researchers. It should be noted that environmental degradation is a complex issue and other factors such as new technologies, customs, national programs, and strategies are also involved in this process. Most classical hypotheses and paradigms consider poverty to be the driving force of environmental degradation. This approach can be clearly seen in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which regards sustainable development to be dependent on eradicating poverty. In contrast, new approaches and theories have maintained that the negative roles of the poor and poor countries in environmental degradation are less than those of the rich and rich countries. Ecological Footprint (EF) index in accordance with the Treadmill of Production theory is the most important approach that emphasizes this belief. The differences in the views and results, as well as various indicators, have made it necessary to study the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between poverty, income, and Environmental Performance Index (EPI) was quantitatively examined at the country level by reviewing the literature and research background.  Materials & Methods In the present research, EPI (EPI) and the Percentage of Population below national Poverty (PPP) lines were used to examine the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation. The EPI data for 155 countries were obtained from a report issued by Yale University in 2020. Their national PPP data were also obtained from the World Bank website. Pearson correlation and linear regression were applied in SPSS software to analyze the relationship between the two parameters. Then, using World Bank income grouping, the study countries were divided into the 4 groups of low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries. Correlation analysis was separately utilized for each group. The Ecological Footprint (EF) of each group was also taken from the Global Footprint Network (GFN) site and analyzed.  Discussion of Results & ConclusionsThe findings showed that the overall correlation between the EPI and PPP was -0.505. Thus, reduction of poverty could improve the EPIs of the countries. The regression analysis between the two variables also revealed that about 25% of the changes in the dependent variable could be explained by the independent variable. In addition, correlation analysis with respect to the income group of the countries demonstrated that there was a negative and significant relationship between poverty in the low-income countries and their EPI scores. Therefore, the poor countries could increase their EPI scores by eradicating poverty. In the other groups, this relationship was weak and not significant. The findings also indicated that the average EF of the low-income countries was a little more than 1 in global hectare (1.06 gha/person), but they had a higher biocapacity (5.63 gha/person). The lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income groups had a footprint of 1.85, 2.75, and 4.98 global hectare, respectively. Therefore, the average EF of the groups increased with an increase in the incomes. The high- compared to the low-income countries put 5 times more pressure on ecological resources. Thus, the high-income and rich countries had a more negative effect on global environmental degradation in comparison with the low-income and poor countries.

Malnutrition is a big challenge in population and anti-poverty policy making. It could adversely affect productivity and lower income, which result in a food poverty trap. A diverse set of socio-economic factors affect malnutrition. Income growth could be an important factor in lowering malnutrition. However, a key requirement is that calorie and macronutrients demand also increase with income. In this paper we use parametric and non-parametric methods to estimate the income elasticity of calorie and macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and fat) for urban areas of Iran. We combine data from urban household income and expenditure surveys between 2008 and 2016 to calculate income, purchased calorie and macronutrients of households. The non-parametric results show that the income elasticity is significantly different from zero in low-income households but becomes insignificant in higher deciles. The parametric results show that the income elasticity of calorie and macronutrients are between 0.18 and 0.27. Thus, policies that enhance household income are effective in reducing malnutrition.

Numerous national and international studies confirm the definite link between marginalization and social injury. Poverty and the concentration of the poor in these areas are the cause of all kinds of injuries and social deviations. In this study, the method of analyzing documents and criminal records in law enforcement centers has been used to investigate the relationship between poverty concentration in marginalized areas and crime in these areas. The sample size used includes 1825 files. In addition, the results of other studies have been used to supplement the research data. In the section of explanation and solution, an attempt has been made to explain the relationship between poverty and social injuries based on the verses and narrations of logic. Findings show that the suburbs of Khorramabad are the main centers of crime and all kinds of social injuries, especially theft and addiction. According to verses and hadiths, poverty facilitates pessimism, cynicism, social isolation, humiliation and modesty in individuals. An important part of relief programs should focus on solving these psychological and social problems.

Social exclusion means the rejection of people from society and its resources and opportunities, and poor people are among those who are more vulnerable to social exclusion. However, research that looks at the phenomenon of social exclusion from the perspective of poor people has been less done in our country. The aim of this study was to explore the feelings and experiences of disadvantaged people regarding social exclusion and to further identify the characteristics of exclusion and its relationship with poverty. For this purpose, qualitative method and interview tools have been used. The interviewees were 18 poor people in Mashhad and the sampling in this study was theoretical sampling. The data obtained from these interviews were analyzed by the content analysis technique of Brown and Clark (2006). The findings of this study indicate two main types of social exclusion. Exclusion of interactions that include exclusion from family and relatives, and reduced interactions with individuals, and exclusion of socio-economic opportunities that include exclusion from financial resources (inaccessibility of loans and facilities), exclusion from the labor market (inaccessibility of employment), and Lack of proper support by government organizations and institutions.