جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « social inequality » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The main goal of this article is to investigate the consequences of educational inequality in the western region of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Ilam provinces.

Phenomenology is an interpretive paradigm, so in this case, looking at phenomena is a meaningful and scrutinizing look. Pursuing this interpretative aspect is a way to acquire deep knowledge through the discovery of meanings, goals,perspectives and underlying logic.The research was conducted with a qualitative method.The interviews were targeted and each interview lasted approximately 45 minutes, due to the spread of the corona virus in the country and the people being quarantined, the interviews were conducted over the phone.The interview text of each person was written and again sent to the interviewee to confirm the accuracy and correctness of the text. With this method, the validity of the interviews has been obtained. Summarizing the interview information, the content analysis of the social, economic and educational inequality phenomenon in the target provinces was analyzed. Targeted sampling is the sample size of interviews with twenty informed people and experts in the research area until theoretical saturation is reached. The participants in this research included twenty people working in the three provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Ilam, of which 11 were men and 9were women. The participants were university professors and education teachers, as well as health workers

Reducing the factors affecting the creation of social inequality in education can be the basis for the growth of various indicators in a society. Educational inequality has negative effects on the cultural, economic, social and even political conditions of a country. Removing the effective factors in creating social inequality in education, such as class gap, gender perspective, lack of efficient manpower and sufficient resources and equipment will lead to a growing trend and prosperity in the society.

Conclotion: 

Education is the basic pillar of development,in addition to providing an opportunity for people to develop their abilities and talents,it has social and economic effects and benefits.

The present article has been written with the aim of investigating the causes of high rates of social inequality in some provinces of Iran. To achieve this goal, the present study used Boolean algebra technique to provide an answer to the question of what combinations of socio-economic development indicators have led to the formation of high rates of social inequality in some provinces of Iran. In this regard, by reviewing the theoretical and empirical literature in the fields of sociology and economics and considering the close relationship between social inequality and socio-economic development, five causal factors were finally selected: GDP, industrialization, urbanization, literacy and life expectancy. The final results of the Boolean analysis indicate that four different combinations in the provinces of Iran have been employed as sufficient conditions for high inequality: A) a combination of low GDP plus low industrialization and low urbanization; B) High GDP plus low literacy and high industrialization and high urbanization; C) High literacy plus high industrialization and high urbanization and high life expectancy; and D) High GDP plus high literacy and low industrialization and high urbanization.

One of the very important consequences of the Corona epidemic was the intensification of social stratification and the reproduction of social inequality through the stability or instability of employment. Many jobs have been affected by the conditions of the corona disease and have had different experiences in job stability. Job stability means that the employee can play a role in his job role and use his job capital despite the presence of some pressures. Job stability shows itself in the form of no change in job, increase in working hours, remote work, online sales, business boom, etc. It seems that businesses with higher job capital are more stable and flexible in the face of economic and social crises. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between job capital, job stability and the reproduction of social inequality in the Corona era. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted among Iranian workers and 1250 people were interviewed. The findings show that during the Corona period, businesses that had higher job capital had higher job stability, and were less exposed to job loss and job injury, and in this way, they had an impact on stabilizing and intensifying social inequality.

People in the society suffer more from mental feeling or perceived inequality than from real inequality. To explain the issue, in this research, we sought to investigate the social factors affecting the feeling of social inequalities and we tried to answer this question: what are the social factors affecting the feeling of social inequality in Isfahan city? In terms of controlling the research conditions, this research is a mixed method (survey and grounded theory). The statistical population of the current study is all citizens aged 18 and older living in Isfahan city. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was 400 people, which was selected by random sampling according to the size. The data was collected with a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 28 items for independent variables and 18 items for the feeling of social inequality (dependent variable). Ensuring the validity of the questionnaire questions was done through the face validity method to ensure the quality of the instrument, the researcher used two criteria, checked its reliability and validity. Retest reliability was used to check the reliability, and the 99% reliability obtained indicated a very high reliability of the tool. To check the reliability, content validity was used (according to the Sen H Laushe formula - CVR coefficient) and the CVR coefficient was equal to 68%. To analyze the data, statistical methods of one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test were used. Based on the obtained results, there is a significant difference between the feeling of social inequality and the variables of social opportunities, geographical area and media programs. However, there is no significant difference between the feeling of social inequality and the variables of ethnicity, religion, social bases and education levels.

In the city of Tehran, socio-spatial inequalities are a serious issue due to the complex interactions of land and housing markets on the one hand and their relationship with employment, distribution and service quality on the other hand. In terms of the purpose of the present research, in the field of applied research, in terms of the statistical population, the entire statistical area of the city of Tehran is at the level of 22 regions and the method of secondary analysis. In order to achieve the purpose of research in this study, the data of Tehran city statistics (years 1400 and 1396) and information related to the employment status and occupational groups from the plan of cultural, social and identity typology of the neighborhoods of Tehran and identifying patterns of neighborhoods and communities Local (2016)", was used. The required data were analyzed in map format using GIS and GeoDa. Based on Moran's Eye and Lisa index, the results showed that the northern and southern areas of Tehran experience unbalanced and heterogeneous conditions in terms of social indicators. The pattern of spatial distribution of variables in 22 regions shows that Tehran has a tendency to polarize north-south. The results indicate that the urban space of Tehran is a cluster full of social imbalances and is experiencing significant social-spatial inequalities between different social strata and what exists in reality day by day. It adds to the spatial inequality.

Emerging consequences due to the expansion of urbanization, unfair distribution of wealth, facilities and services on the one hand, and the poor state of the economy, unemployment and the consequent reduction in government revenues, which leads to a reduction in the support of organizations for vulnerable people, on the other hand, have affected the social hope of citizens.using sociological theories, we tried to find the factors affecting social hope among Tehrani citizens, and five variables were obtained from theories to explain the causes of social hope, including life satisfaction, social security, feeling of powerlessness, social trust, and social inequality. The research method is a quantitative-survey type and the sample showed that all five independent variables had an effect on the social hope of Tehrani citizens, which according to the correlation coefficient, With the increase of social trust, social security and life satisfaction, the level of social hope also increases, but on the other hand, with the increase of the feeling of powerlessness and social inequality, the level of social hope will decrease. In addition, the results of direct, indirect and total standard coefficients in structural equations showed that the variables of life satisfaction and social inequality, in addition to the direct and significant effect on the variable of social hope, have an indirect and significant effect through the mediation of the three variables of social trust, social security And they also feel powerless.

the present research was written with the aim of achieving the relationship and relationship between the two categories of socio-economic development and social inequality in the provinces of Iran; Because the ratio of justice (= lack of inequality) and development has always been a challenging issue. While the early development economists considered any kind of orientation towards justice to be harmful to the economic system and assumed the increasing internal inequality as an inevitable result of Islamic development, but with the passage of time, it became clear that fair conditions are among the most important variables of favorable economic performance; In such a way that almost all reproductive factors of underdevelopment are rooted in neglecting the issue of social justice and unjustified inequalities.

In terms of the type of study, the current research is an explanatory research that has used a quantitative comparative method within the country in the position of testing the claim or confronting the theoretical hypotheses with the facts that they imply. In the current research, the unit of analysis and observation (province/year) and the level of analysis (Iran) with a longitudinal research design for the period 1368 to 1398 is considered.

The results and findings of this research have indicated that a significant negative linear relationship with relatively moderate intensity (beta: -0.324/sig: 0.000) has been seen between the two categories of socio-economic development and social inequality.

Based on the final findings of this research, it can be said that there is a kind of correspondence with Chalabi's theoretical point of view (a negative linear relationship between the two categories of socio-economic development and social inequality) and also the results of the current research with the theoretical points of view of Kuznets and Rafipour in It has been a contradiction.

The relationship between justice (= lack of inequality) and development has always posed a challenge. While some economists believe that growing inequality is an inevitable result of certain types of development, others believe that nearly all of the reproductive factors of underdevelopment stem from ignoring the issue of social justice and unjustified inequality. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between two crucial categories of socio-economic development and social inequality in post-revolutionary Iranian society.The article’s central issue concerns the relationship between these two categories at the national level between 1989 and 2019. To answer the research question, Kuznets (parametric relationship), Chalabi (negative linear relationship), and Rafipour (positive linear correlation) were used from three theoretical perspectives: Kuznets (parametric relationship), Chalabi (negative linear relationship), and Rafipour (positive linear correlation). The hypotheses derived from the above theoretical perspectives were tested using the quantitative comparative method and a single-country longitudinal research design.Between the two categories of economic-social development and inequality, there is a significant negative linear relationship with a relatively strong intensity (beta: -0.719 / sig: 0.000) and a proportional relationship in the shape of an inverted U; but according to the coefficients, the inverted U-shaped relationship is preferred.The research’s theoretical achievements demonstrate a degree of congruence with Kuznets’s point of view. This indicates that although Iran’s development was initially accompanied by a high level of inequality, the opposite has occurred over time, and the level of inequality has decreased. Therefore, it can be stated that Iran’s high development has led to a reduction in social inequality over time.

The relationship between development and inequality in contemporary Iran has always been one of the most important and challenging issues that has occupied the minds of many thinkers in Iranian society. In this regard, in the present study, an attempt has been made to experimentally examine the relationship between the set of variables that make up the socioeconomic development construct and the set of variables that make up the construct of social inequality in Iranian society by relying on canonical correlation analysis.

Considering the nature of the topic as well as the main question, the current research is an explanatory one that the in-country quantitative comparative method was used with the unit of analysis “Iran/year” for the period from 1368 to 1398.

The value of the canonical correlation coefficient for the first principal root was equal to 0.898, which indicated a strong relationship between the combination of two sets of variables indicating the constructs of socioeconomic development and social inequality. The square of this correlation was equal to 0.806, which showed that the set of variables that make up socioeconomic development have been able to predict and explain about 81% of the changes in the set of variables that make up social inequality. The value of the canonical correlation coefficient of the second function was also equal to 0.692, which was interpreted according to its significance level.

The first root canonical correlation results showed that there was a very strong relationship (with a correlation coefficient of 0.90) between a linear combination of two sets of variables that make up socio-economic development and social inequality in Iran, which was statistically significant. The final result is that the increase in socio-economic development indicators between 1368 and 1398 in Iran has greatly increased the possibility of social inequality.

Social inequality includes the lack or lack of access of people in human society to equal economic, cultural, educational, health, ethnic, etc. situations and opportunities. Societies suffering from socio-economic inequality are always faced with threats and anomalies, they face social damages and public dissatisfaction in individual and social dimensions. Therefore, the sociological investigation of this phenomenon is essential and considered as the goal of the present research. The research method, in terms of the purpose of the type of applied research, and in terms of the nature of the qualitative research method, has interviewed 20 informants in the named provinces by the phenomenological method and the tool for collecting interview information is unstructured deep, participatory observation and field notes. The research findings show that social inequalities, on one hand, cause poverty and on the other hand, they are the origin of social conflicts and contradictions. Therefore, the most important consequence of social inequalities are the class gap, as the creation of a disturbance in the order and cohesion and social solidarity of a society, which results in a feeling of relative deprivation and a sense of social injustice in people. The themes resulting from the lived experience of socio-economic inequality, which were extracted among the people living in the western provinces of the country, indicate the existence of discrimination and social and economic inequality in these provinces, which the statistics also confirm slow economic inequality leads to a decrease in social participation at the community level. Social inequalities have deepened as a result of global expansion and influence, and with the increase of social inequalities, the phenomenon of underdevelopment has clearly revealed its undesirable side effects.

Combating poverty and social inequalities is always one of the main concerns of policymakers. In Iran, this issue has always been considered in the form of development plans and poverty alleviation bills. Unfortunately, the poverty indicators do not show satisfactory results. Considering the importance of the subject, in this article, the content analysis of six development plans has been done with an emphasis on policies to reduce poverty and social inequalities. The results indicate that; 1) In none of the development plans (except for the fourth plan), there is no standard and official poverty line used as a criterion for policymakers, 2) The most important challenge of development plans in poverty alleviation is "identifying the poor", 3) The poverty alleviation program in Iran mainly emphasizes on removing the consequences of poverty rather than its causes and roots, 4) the issue of vulnerability has not been given serious attention in the plans. Therefore, it is recommended to emphasize the following principles in preparing the seventh development plan: 1) at the beginning of the plan, a specific definition of the poverty line and the relevant indicators should be provided, 2) the target groups, namely the poor and deprived areas, and their needs should be identified, 3) Instead of a complication- based perspective, a structural approach to poverty should be adopted, 4) Instead of isolated programs, try to compile a comprehensive plan.

The aim of the present study was sociological analysis of Mehr housing massification policy and its role in reducing social inequality under study (Mehr housing in the new phase of Hashtgerd and Shahr Lahijan in Gilan province). The research method is Grounded Theory and the studied population includes all citizens with their families living in Mehr housing in Hashtgerd city and Lahijan city in Gilan province. First, the sampling was purposeful and continued until the theoretical saturation stage. In the current research, interviews were conducted with 16 households, the head of the household living in Mehr Housing. Collected data were coded, conceptualized and categorized. Then, central and selective coding was done and based on concepts and core categories, the next samples were selected for interview. The findings of the research were based on the research paradigm model in five axes (causal conditions, intervening conditions and background conditions, strategies and consequences). The results of the research showed that the quantitative and qualitative problems of Mehr housing, poor location, economic security problems, environmental welfare problems and institutional problems are the most important problems of Mehr housing in the scope of the study, which are all rooted in the poor management of the various stages of the implementation of the Mehr housing project, and in case of neglect According to the identified problems, in the not-so-distant future, these social housing will face more complex and critical challenges.

"Water" has become an important social subject in terms of its lack in a large part of Iran's dry geography and the competition for its appropriation and exploitation. In recent decades, the implementation of water development and transfer plans, which are defined based on the abundance of water in one place and its scarcity in another area, has increased in intensity and speed; But these plans lack a precise and sensitive social view and have turned the plan's host areas into the focus of various social issues. Review of the history of these projects as well as the current situation of the host regions and provinces shows that these studies or They have not been done properly or they have been done formally and ostensibly.This research seeks to deeply study and identify the effects and social consequences of water transfer projects after the implementation of these projects at the source of the transfer and has chosen Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province as the most tense province in the country in terms of water transfer. In order to use the real data of the research field, "Grounded Theory" was chosen as a research method so that with the capabilities of this method, a diverse range of quantitative and qualitative data can be provided for this research. The analysis of the data obtained from the documents, interviews, virtual space, articles and survey shows the deep effects of these plans in the project implementation areas in terms of livelihood, inequality, social capital and citizenship in Water transfer has been placed and these areas are strongly affected by the projects in terms of various social indicators.

This study aimed to investigate fatalism and social factors affecting on it among Kerman's citizens. 385 men and women 18-65 were selected using multistage cluster sampling method. The data were gathered using questionnaire and data analysis was carried out using T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, Regression correlation coefficient and Path Analysis Tests. The results showed a positive correlation between independent variables (rate of religiosity, feeling of powerlessness, feeling of social alienation, feeling of social inequality and power structure) and fatalism. A negative correlation between the need for success and fatalism was documented. Regression analysis showed that the variables of feeling of powerlessness, religiosity, need for success and feeling of social alienation were effective in explaining the dependent variable and were able to predict 22 percent of the variance of the variable of fatalism. The study concludes that providing equal opportunities for all citizens to participate in society could reduce feelings of alienation, powerlessness, and social inequality that lead to decrease the level of fatalism.

This paper examines the effects of Covid 19 on inequalities based on various available data and available studies and analyses. Based on a general and theoretical rule as well as empirical contexts, it assumes that inequality and Covid 19 have intensifying effects on each other. Because events, whether negative-incidental such as pervasive diseases or positive-intentional type such as the implementation of policies and programs, in unequal structures in terms of severity and extent of victims and beneficiaries have disparate effects and generally deepen existing inequalities. Therefore, this study examines the effects of Covid 19 in interacting with important dimensions such as employment and income and previous contexts such as the economic and social base of individuals within and between countries. At the same time, in the age of cyberspace, the intensification of other forms of inequality has taken place mainly through the digital divide. Finally, it proposes policy recommendations to improve the situation, given the prevalence of Covid 19 and its long-term effects.

Given the importance of civic institutions as the main indicator of social development, the present study seeks to use the social interpretive approach to study the context and reasons for the growth of NGOs in Sanandaj and experience and understanding civic activity in a sample of Kurdish citizens of Sanandaj. The research methodology is qualitative and the qualitative data in this study were collected using in-depth interview technique. Grounded theory has been used to analyze the findings. Based on purposive sampling methods and maximum diversity and theoretical saturation criteria, 27 Kurdish citizens of Sanandaj participated in this study then their understanding and interpretation of the reasons and areas of activity in non-governmental organizations were examined and analyzed. The data collected in the form of 116 basic concepts, 9 major categories and finally one core category were coded and analyzed.  The results of the research indicate that the grounds such as inefficient administrative system and social inequality (feelings of discrimination and objectification of structural pressure) have a great role in their participation and activities in NGOs. In the meantime, the use of organizational channels and  liberating from dailiness and giving life meaning have been operated as facilitative grounds and social responsibility and  achieving social reputation has worked as interfering conditions. Meaningful reconstruction of experience and the understanding of civil activists through their attendance and participation in NGOs signify the fact that NGOs work as a path for social participation and solidarity and cultural and social change and a bridge for beneficiaries and administrative organizations. The core category is also related to non-governmental organizations; Constructing a new communication network as an alternative for structural constraints.

Social capital has positive and negative consequences as social relations, trust and norms. The quantity and quality of relationships in a society play a central role in the type and consequence of social capital. The social capital in Iran more intra-group. Does such social capital play a role in reproducing social inequality? The research method was qualitative and data gathering was done through in-depth interviews with 12 people in the second half of 2017 in Sanandaj. The analysis of the findings has resulted in the extraction of a paradigm model with three main categories: social relations context, intergroup capital (core category) and social inequality. The results showed that many relatives, traditional family relationships and the rituals associated with it were causal conditions that led to intra-group social capital. Using Strategies such as ethnocentrism, nepotism and relationships rather than rules by actors with the underlying economic, political and cultural society and confounding factors such as bureaucracy and lack of supervision led to consequences such as favoritism, nepotism and variation in the distribution of resources All of which points to the reproduction of social inequality in society. It is therefore necessary to consider intra- group social capital in the analysis of social inequality as well as in the distribution of public resources.

Along with population aging the gerontological social work, as a specialist area of social work practice, has become significant for research and policy. Well-being and life satisfaction among elderly are important and key issue in the gerontological social work. This article aims to assess the life satisfaction of the elderly and its related factors. The data were collected by a survey among 600 elderly aged 60 and over in the 22 districts of Tehran, who selected through a multistage probability sampling. The mean age of the elderly was 70 years old, 17% of the elderly were illiterate, and 16% of them lived alone. The results indicate a decrease in life satisfaction in the elderly with age. The results of the multivariate analysis revealed that health status, social support, age, employment status, education, and SES had a significant effect on life satisfaction of elderly people and explained 37% of variance in life satisfaction of elderly people. Hence, poor health statuses, lack of social support and poor financial resources have the greatest impact on the satisfaction of the elderly. Social protection of the family and government support and welfare programs can play an important role in increasing the happiness and life satisfaction in old age.

The main purpose of this paper is the conception of lived experienced of social exclusion among Ilamian rural poor people. The method used is qualitative research by grounded theory approach. Each village that has sever poverty index, was selected. Our study is based on information gathered from 35 unstructured interview and focus group in seven district of Ilam. By this 35 unstructured Interview and 7 focus group theoretical saturation was occurred.  "Inequality and social exclusion" was selected as central category. Casual conditions were congregational poverty, lack of proficiency, unemployment, diverse, widowhood, gender discrimination, infertility, and social inequality, lack of social ties, migration, and disability. Some strategies are creation of minority group, conformity, migration, self- impoverishment and social dispute. Some consequences were pessimism, distrust, lack of partnership, apathetic, raise of social deviance, scuff of social ties, depression of agriculture and free – range economy and finally persistence of poverty, inequality and social exclusion.

With the implementation of the "Mehr Housing" policy, in order to provide housing for the low-income groups, structural-physical and socio-economic problems emerged; Feelings of social inequality and spatial segregation (due to dependence on the neighboring metropolis) of residents are among the issues that have been less researched despite their importance. This study aims to identify the relationship between the physical structure of Mehr housing complex and its socio-economic structure, and explores the relevant responses of residents.

The research was performed by comparative method in two independent samples with a volume of 50 (Mehr housing in the new city of Sahand Tabriz and Golbahar city of Mashhad) by cluster method in different phases of the project. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS.20 software. First, to test the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and the test results confirmed that the data were normal. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research was tested by t-test.

According to the findings, there is a direct and significant relationship between spatial structure of Mehr housing development (25 main items) and its social structure (14 main items) (Pearson coefficient 0.68). The study of the samples with t-test shows that despite the significant difference in data in social and environmental dimensions (with more mean in Golbahar-sample) and service and economic dimensions (with higher mean in Sahand sample), but physical dimensions has a relatively similar condition in the samples. Also, in general, according to the computational averages of t-test, there was no significant difference between the components of "physical-spatial " and "socio-economic" structures, and despite the average to low computational score in both groups, in the Golbahar sample with a small difference, a higher score was estimated.

Based on the results, significant discrimination in providing services and access to urban facilities, along with spatial remoteness, has played an important role in the formation and intensification of feelings of social inequality and spatial separation of these complexes. Thus, by modifying the identified differences between the two samples studied and trying to obtain the satisfaction of residents in providing the services they need, we can take a step forward in the development of this type of housing pattern. Undoubtedly, since this housing model is commensurate with the income level of the households living in it, by providing ancillary services and especially meeting the easier transportation context, it is possible to provide the satisfaction of the residents of the complexes. Also, accuracy in terms of local requirements of each city and attention to the design of appropriate housing can be very important because as mentioned, it is not possible to implement a fixed pattern in different urban areas of the country and the need to localize the model always will be raised.