جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تجلی » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

Manifestation (tajallī) is a frequently used concept in Islamic tradition, the interpretation of which has a great influence on ethical, epistemological, and religious beliefs. The background of this term goes back to the Holy Qur’ān and some ḥadīths with Muslim thinkers having provided several interpretations for it. Prior to Ibn ‘Arabī, manifestation was, more than anything else, a mystic concept that referred to the quality of the ontological-epistemological closeness of the wayfarer to Almighty Truth through removing veils and revealing the acts, attributes, and essence of God. However, Ibn ‘Arabī’s particular views and interpretation of this term were different from those of others. The present study employs a descriptive-analytic method in order to comparatively investigate the uses of the concept of manifestation in Ibn ‘Arabī’s view and in Islamic verses and traditions to reveal their similarities and differences. The findings of this study demonstrate that Ibn ‘Arabī’s ideas regarding some important discussions such as the definitions of manifestation, similarity, and essence or absolute non-existence; absolute judgment about God’s essence; limited terms; Man’s concepts of God; God’s manifestation in the Hereafter, and manifestation of denial are greatly different from the views in Islamic verses and traditions in relation to the concept of manifestation.

This paper explores the potentials of Ibn Arabi's teachings for developing a form of existential, non-metaphysical thinking. Metaphysical-conceptual thinking focuses on understanding “existents qua existents” through concepts. In contrast, existential thinking delves into the “reality of existence” itself, questioning its nature. This research proposes that the Islamic intellectual-mystical tradition, particularly Ibn Arabi's work, offers fertile ground for such an approach. The core question of this study is: Can Ibn Arabi's teachings be used to develop a framework for existential thinking that is distinct from metaphysical thought? This framework would offer a new lens for understanding the world and humanity, grounded in Ibn Arabi's rich mystical tradition. We utilize both analytic and axiomatic methods to explore how Ibn Arabi's concepts lead to an existential understanding. According to him, “existential thinking” begins by focusing on the “reality of existence” and opening to it, then, by paying attention to the poverty of existence and focusing on it, man realizes the dignity of his existence and his direct relationship to Being. This shift from the external to the internal allows for the experience of the absolute within the ordinary. Ultimately, this mode of thinking promises a transformed understanding of both self and world.

There is an ancient eager to know the truth of Being and to find an appropriate method for receive it appealing to reasoning or experience whether be experimental or mystical. Emerging rationalism, empiricism and intuitionism and so on has been the result of that efforts. Mulla Hadi Sabzevari, the famous commentator of Motaalieh School, has used several methods to analyze ontological issues and the article would focus on them, with a descriptive analytical procedure, to find which of them he most interested in. Research findings show that he did not satisfied to rational reasoning method even when he is engaging with philosophical issues in his works such as Description of Manzumah, Commentaries on Asfar, Commentaries on Shavahed al-Robubiah and Description on Divine Names and so on. Rather, Sabzevari with the help of a tasteful mystical method has connected the philosophical issues with issues  Love also plays fundamental role in creation and it is essentially the main source of creation.

Ibn Arabi is one of the gnostics who has paid particular attention to Man’s corporeal resurrection and its quality in his works. When demonstrating corporeal resurrection, he mainly relies on unveiling and intuition rather than rational demonstration. However, the authors of this paper believe that Man’s posthumous corporeal dimension in purgatory and the hereafter can also be proved based on Ibn ‘Arabī’s gnostic principles. Apart from the quality of corporeal resurrection, the question is whether corporeal resurrection itself can be demonstrated relying on such principles or not. This study, which was carried out following the method of content analysis, aimed to provide a convenient response to this question and, thus, concluded that corporeal resurrection is demonstrable based on some of Ibn ‘Arabī’s principles such as Man’s distinction and determination in the process of ascent, the relationship between the macro-anthropo and micro-anthoropo, the theory of contrasting names, nobility of sensory faculties, creation of Man in God’s face, gnostic knowledge of the soul, Man’s level of comprehensiveness and moderation, and repetition in epiphany and renewal of likes. The authors also conclude that the idea that Man is originally an incorporeal existent and finally returns to his incorporeal birthplace is absurd. They argue that the human face must possess a body; hence, even if Shari’a has not spoken of corporeal resurrection, it can be proved based on gnostic principles.

As all possible beings have a special order, determination, and emergence, each of these determinations is governed by a noun that is the origin of its emergence. It is the sovereign name that determines and governs the being’s manifestation.  In the system of creation, by the grace of the Almighty, there is a name ruling over this world and the hereafter, over the past, and over the laws revealed by the Divinity. These ruling names have governments which are endless for some and finite for some others. The names whose governments end are subordinated to other names or return to the essence of Supreme Being. The name that governs a human being is also the ruling and dominant name among his constant names, which is referred to as his "straight path". Therefore, the right path seeker, by taking on or determining and annihilating in his ruling name can achieve his levels of perfection. Of course, due to the comprehensiveness of the human species, in any order or in any world, man is also influenced by the ruling names in the order of the creation system. Among all names, the Exalted Name “Allah” belongs to the domain of the perfect man who is the epicenter of totality of all the names of God's beauty and glory; in this domain, no name prevails another, and this perfect divine body is in extreme moderation of all names. This ancient and eternal position is exclusive and limited to the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h). Therefore, the perfect human being, in accordance with his divine essence is the origin, reference and medium of the appearance of all the sovereign names and has the position of sovereignty and lordship over them, and is the absolute caliph of the Most High in all levels of existence.

In the mystical heritage, more attention is paid to the identity and cognitive and behavioral functions of the heart, and the dignity of the heart is presented as beyond the intellect and below the soul and in time below Fouad. It is placed again. But Ibn Arabi mentions the existential characteristic of the heart as cheating in forms and manifestations, and this research by emphasizing this characteristic seeks to draw the inner capacities of the heart for a phenomenological view and tries to use phenomenology according to Van Menen and Adding an existential attitude to it will answer this basic question; How can the inner capacity of the heart be used in Ibn Arabi's mysticism for existential phenomenological reflections? The achievements of this research are as follows: 1. The heart is the essence of a person's existence, and due to its application and fraud, it is receptive to various forms and manifestations, and what is meant by this fraud is intuitive existential fraud. To this credit, the heart has a good capacity to strengthen the phenomenological view with components such as astonishment, suspense, attention, and appearance, and helps to keep the file of reflection on the truth and its knowledge open; Second. The heart, with its face-to-face encounter with names and attributes, and in a sense, its pre-reflective confrontation, puts a powerful capacity for existential phenomenological reflections in front of the intellect, as one of the affairs of the heart.

This paper explores the position of principle of causality in explaining the divine action based on the viewpoint of Mulla Sadra and its compatibility with the religious texts. It pursues the hypothesis that by analyzing the causality and explaining the copulative existence of contingent identities, the divine action, based on his thoughts, is the reflection of the divine attributes and the manifestation of the divine names in the contingent manifested beings. On this basis, the effect, because of its dependent identity and existential indigence, does not exist separate from its cause, as such that the perception of its existence is impossible without the perception of the one it is dependent on. Therefore, the divine action is the manifestation and the contingent beings do not have any reality but being the reflection of the divine in essence, attributes and actions. Their absolute indigence is explained by the three domains discussed in the paper, from the aspect of coming into existence (ḥudūth) and their continuance. The whole universe is the mirror of His beauty, of course proportional to the capacity of the contingent identities. Amongst the outstanding results of this philosophical account are: the unity in creation, mastership and lordship, absolute divine presence and manifestation, Allah being the only praiser and the praised one, the concomitance of divine action with the objective reality of praise in the entire universe in all its immensity and eventually the proper combination of intellect and narration. Therefore, God, as an originating agent, is ever manifested and omnipresent.

The issue of vision of God has been one of the most challenging theological topics in the history of religions, especially Islam. Shia theologians influenced by the traditions of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and unlike some Sunni theologians, categorically rejected the vision of God through the eyes of the head and interpreted the relevant verses of the Qur'an with rational and mystical expressions. In this article, the views of two Sadraei philosophers, who are four centuries apart, have been compared and analyzed: One is Fayz Kashani, direct disciple and Mulla Sadra’s bridegroom, and the other is Ayatollah Hassanzadeh Amoli. The innovative aspect of the article is that it is proven that despite the time gap, there is no fundamental difference in the views of the two philosophers. Fayz Kashani interpreted the truth of vision and intuition by relying on the spiritual path, and Ayatollah Hassanzadeh explained this subject by relying on the spiritual path, but the inner meaning of both is the same. According to the philosophical superiority of Mulla Sadra's interpretations, Ayatollah Hasanzadeh's view can be considered as completed by Faiz Kashani's view.

Views on the relationship between divine foreknowledge and human free will have considerable diversity, ranging from the negation of prior knowledge from God to the negation of free will. Most Islamic philosophers, with different explanations, have tried to prove the compatibility of the two. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to discover Sadra's approach to this issue based on ontological and cosmological principles. The comparison of written parts on this subject focuses on evolution in Mulla Sadra's view. The research findings show that Sadr al-Mut`allihin in different works and in terms of ontological and anthropological principles, has taken three different approaches in explaining the compatibility of human free will and Divine foreknowledge. The final opinion of Sadr al-Mut'allihin is in accordance with his final view on the issue of personal unity of existence and manifestation of the worlds.

Moral liberalism is based on the separation of moral values from reality and emphasizes that the criterion of moral-value is the "person himself". In liberal ethics, one's happiness depends on himself and moral values have a relative meaning. According to Mulla Sadra, the process of creation in the arch of descent is based on manifestation and the effects are the pure connection to the cause and are abstracted from the manifestation of the cause. According to the view of existence of pure connection, morality is subject-oriented, absolute and gradational, but liberal morality is subject-oriented and relative.
According to Mulla Sadra's philosophy, between value and reality, concrete determination is prevailed , not separation and Individualism is related to the individual's existential order, and each person reveals the values of his existential order. The aim of the present study with using descriptive-analytical and critical methods and relying on the attitude of the existence of the pure connection to critique individualism, relativism and the separation of value from reality, which are the three important characteristics of liberal ethics .

In this article, we try to study the philosophical or metaphysical foundations of Islamic art by relying on the main currents of Islamic philosophies such as Peripatetic and philosophies and transcendent wisdom to focus on several key concepts such as the principles of light, the principle of unity and plurality, the principle of imagination. Explain the principle of manifestation, etc. and show that understanding philosophy of art or aesthetics in the general sense of the word in Islamic culture, unlike Western culture, feeds on philosophical, religious and even mystical principles. Mosques as an example of Islamic architecture as a work of great Islamic art throughout history have gathered all four principles in their various forms. The Islamic artist wears his mind and psyche on religious and mystical teachings before engaging in artistic creation. In this article, relying on the sayings of philosophers and mystics such as Suhrawardi or Ibn Arabi or Mulla Sadra, we try to show the elements or rather the above four supernatural principles by quoting the works of these thinkers and commentators of these thinkers that the content of Islamic art is completely spiritual and The boiling of this spiritual matter has been the boiling point of Islamic art throughout its long history.

The present article is concerned with the essence of man and his states of perfection from Ayn-al-Qużāt Hamadānī’s viewpoint. His anthropology, like that of other mystics, is based on the theory of manifestation, according to which the whole universe, including man, is the ‘manifestation’ of the existence of God. According to mystics, man is the perfect manifestation of God and therefore has the utmost similarity and consistency with His being. According to Ayn-al-Qużāt, man is a two-dimensional being composed of soul and body, but his essence originates from his spiritual dimension. Like philosophers, he considers the soul as an abstract being and as a result he has raised objections against theologians who deny the abstract nature of the soul. He considers their views blasphemous and contrary to the Qur'an and Tradition; At the same time, he rejects the philosophers’ view that man is a ‘rational animal’. He considers ‘insight’, perceived by intuitive knowledge and spiritual vision, as the most important human characteristic. In addition, he believes in the heavenly nature of man that has been imparted to him from the higher world. He highlights the mediatory function of the existence of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and asserts that "after a person becomes intoxicated with the wine of knowledge, when he reaches the perfection of intoxication and reaches his highest state, the soul of Muhammad (PBUH) will appear to him." His view of the Prophet of Islam stems from the same view based on the manifestation that reveals the knowledge of God to the wayfarer man. Our findings show that whatever Ayn-al-Qużāt has mentioned about human beings and existential perfection is taken from the Qur'an and Tradition, and that he was a true Muslim believer who adhered to the Shari'a and he himself practiced it. The method adopted in this study is descriptive-analytical.

There are two main views on the explanation of the creation of the world among theologians. The mystics and a group of philosophers present the theory of “manifestation” and, based on the personal unity of being, believe God has the real existence and the world of contingency is a manifestation of the attributes of perfection hidden in God’s essence. Yet most Islamic theologians believe God created the world from nothing and nonbeing and stress on the separation and heterogeneousness of the creator and the created. The mutual prevention of the bases of theologians on the one hand, and of the philosophers and mystics on the other hand, makes it impossible to believe in both theories for the real explanation of the world. However, the theory of “creation” is posed to deny the theory of “reduction of God’s creation to mere designer” and concerns that theory. Presenting an innovation in the analysis of the concept of “nothing”, this writing offers a new reading of the theologian’s views; on this base, the theories of “creation from nonbeing” and “manifestation” have an intersection in the point of “creation not from a thing”.

From Mulla Sadra's point of view, the existence of a disabled person is the same as that of a relative and has no independence and is one of the levels of existence of a cause. The effect of radiation from existential expansion is the real cause. In Sadra's intellectual paradigm, all causes are related to the real cause. The extension of existence is limited to the essence of the burden, and other causes come from the channels and mediators of grace. It is not only the existence of the active agent that is documented in him, but all his affairs are also documented in the real agent, and each of them extends the existence and all the existential affairs to the agent, because the agent's agent is the same as belonging to him. By analyzing Mulla Sadra's views and relying on the rule of substantial motion, some of the consequences of this type of attitude are: ultimate happiness and moral perfection, a sense of closer closeness and face-to-face knowledge of God, responsibility and moral duties as much as existential dignity, expansion of dignity. Inherent in all creatures, attaining existential freedom. This descriptive-analytical article seeks to examine the moral consequences of the objective view of the existence of a disability based on the views of Mulla Sadra.

One of the epistemological innovations of Ḥakīm Gharawī Isfahānī entails his gnostic and intuitive approach in practice and theory. Based on the fundamental principles of the Transcendent Philosophy, Muḥaqqiq Isfahānī has proposed an innovative view regarding the levels of the determinations and manifestations of Almighty Truth. He emphasizes the “graded unity of existence” instead of the “individual unity of existence”, “copulative existence and illuminative relation” instead of “manifestations and epiphanies”, and “simple truth and pure existence” instead of “absoluteness of the source of division”. Ḥakīm Isfahānī introduces three specifications for the truth of existence: the “negatively conditioned” level of non-existential limits or pure existence, the level of “non-conditioned” from contingent limits or holy blessing, and the level of “conditioned-by-something” in the sense of the act of Almighty Truth. This division is different from the related division in theoretical gnosis. In this study, the author initially analyzes the levels of manifestations in the view of Muḥaqqiq Isfahānī and then evaluates them.

In John Schellenberg’s eyes, divine Hiddenness has a special meaning and refers to the lack of empirical evidence to prove the existence of God. In his view, the existence of logical nonbelievers or agnostics is the best evidence of this claim. On this basis, Schellenberg sees the Hiddenness as a contradiction to the absolute love of God and, ultimately, as an evidence for the nonexistence of God. However, the concepts of agnostism and love as the two key points of this argument have different meanings in Henry Carbon's theological system. Paying attention to these meanings and presenting an analytical formulation of it can be an explanation for the divine Hiddenness from a different and original perspective and can be considered as a critique of the argument of divine Hiddenness. According to Carbon, the problems with rational theism include its reduction of the perceptual powers to sensory and intellectual faculties, its disregard for the cognitive role of the imagination faculty, and its elimination of the intermediary imaginal world from the levels of the world. This has caused the human to become agnostic in understanding the unseen (inward) aspect of the universe – i.e., God. Carbon's innovative way to overcome this epistemological crisis is to revive the cognitive position of the imagination faculty and its corresponding world. In this article, an attempt is made to introduce a novel path to knowing God by introducing the manifestation of Islamic mystics’ opinions in the works of Carbon. This way, the adequacy of the efforts of agnostics can be doubted.

Reducing Being hierarchies down to the physical entities, empirical science having occupied with destroying the sanctity of the universe; does thinking about Sacred architecture suggests a way to release contemporary man from nihilism? The authors’ response is affirmative; therefore, investigating the quality of Sacred disclosure in the religious architecture of Islam and Hinduism, they search for understanding a lost meaning that had been manifesting there. The method of research consists of a comparative study about Islamic mosques and Hindu temples according to phenomenology. Offering existential relation with Sacred architecture by a personal experience for understanding the quality of Sacred manifestation, they criticize semiology and phenomenology methods.

In the present article, the discussion is on how one can offer a single definition for beauty that can be applied to possible beings as well as exalted necessary being. The writer has attempted to get idea from Sheikh Ishraq’s method of “conceptual analysis” and adduce Mulla Sadra’s ontological views to offer a general definition of beauty in a way that covers both the necessary being and the possible beings. The beauty based on specific gradation of existence is “realization of mode of perfection existence in form”, and on the basis of personal unity of existence is “the mode of manifestation or appearance of perfections of absolute existence in form”. By adding stipulations to the abovementioned definition, one can present specialized definitions of beauty as well. To obtain those general and specific definitions, the writer, while arguably denying the quidditative mode for beauty, has regarded the existential mode for it, continuing his discussion by analyzing and extracting philosophical concepts which reflect the relationship between existence and beauty.

"The embodiment of deeds", or the ontological relationship of human actions and beliefs with pleasures and pains of afterlife, is one of the most important and complex issues raised in resurrection. Gnostics pointed to this issue before philosophers and explained their angles based on intuition and traditions. In this article, the ontological foundations of Ibn Arabi, those are involved (direct or even indirect) in the embodiment of deeds, have been examined and their relationship with the embodiment of acts has been clarified. The principles studied in this article are: unity of being, manifestation, the accordance of worlds and the renewal of likes. Among the above mentioned principles, the unity of existence and the manifestation have indirect influence on the idea of embodiment, and on the other hand, the accordance of worlds and the renewal of likes have had a direct influence on the formation of this view. Based on these principles, nothing in the universe has been annihilated and death is due to the appearance of the manifestations, namely the transfer of the visible world to invisible world and the embodiment of acts is nothing but the appearance of the immanence. Therefore, human actions will not be lost and become visible in other worlds.